Alliance School of Applied Mathematics

Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

Module 1: Basic Calculus

Syllabus
Curvature, evolutes and involutes; Evaluation of definite and
MODULE 1: improper integrals; Beta and Gamma functions and their
Basic properties; Applications of definite integrals to evaluate surface
Calculus areas and volumes of revolutions

Curvature
 Curvature is an important property of curve. Curvature measures the
degree of sharpness of bending of a curve at that point of the curve.
 The rate of change of the direction of the tangent line, at a point on the
curve, with respect to the arc length ‘s’ along the curve is called the
curvature of the curve.
Curvature is a numerical measure of bending of the curve. At a particular point
on the curve, a tangent can be drawn. Let this line makes an angle ψ with
positive x- axis. Then curvature is defined as the magnitude of rate of change
of Ψ with respect to the arc length s.
In moving from P to Q through a distance δs , the tangent has turned through
the angle δψ . This is called the total bending or total curvature of the arc PQ.

δψ
The average curvature of arc PQ=
δs
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

The limiting value of average curvature when Q approaches P (i,e., δs → 0) is defined as the
curvature of the curve at P.
Thus,

dψ
curvature K (at P) ¿ ds

 Radius of curvature: The reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at any point P is called
the radius of curvature at P and is denoted by ρ . Thus,

ds
ρ=
dψ

 Centre of curvature: A point C on the normal at any point P of a curve distant ρ from
it, is called the centre of curvature at P.

 Circle of curvature: A circle with centre C (centre of curvature at P) and radius ρ is

called the circle of curvature at P.

Radius of Curvature
[1] Radius of curvature of Cartesian curve: y=f ( x )
3/ 2
( 1+ y 21)
ρ=
y2

2
dy d y
where, y 1=
dx
and y 2= 2
dx
.

[2] Radius of curvature of parametric curve: x=f ( t ) ; y=g ( t )

3 /2
( x' + y' )
2 2

ρ=
x' y' '− y' x' '
2 2
dx dy
'
where, x =
dt
'
and y =
dt
; x ' = dd tx
'
2 and y ' =
' d y
dt
2 .

Problems based on Radius of Curvature

1) Show that the radius of curvature for the catenary of uniform strength
y=a log ⁡sec ⁡( x /a)is a sec ⁡(x /a).
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

1
[ √ a −1−b ].
2
2) Find the radius of curvature for the curve y=a x2 +bx +c at x=
2a

3) Find the radius of curvature for the Folium of Decartes x 3 + y 3=3 axy at the point

(
3a 3a
,
2 2 )
on it.

4) Find the radius of curvature for the asteroid x=a cos3 θ, y=a sin3 θ at θ=π /4 .

5) Show that the radius of curvature at any point θ on the cycloid

x=a (θ+sin ⁡θ), y=a (1−cos ⁡θ)is 4 a cos ⁡(θ/2).

6) Find the radius of curvature for the curve x=a log ⁡(sec ⁡t+ tan ⁡t), y=a sec ⁡t .

7) Find the radius of curvature for the curve x=a cos ⁡θ , y=b sin ⁡θ .

Centre of Curvature
[1] Centre of curvature of Cartesian curve: y=f ( x )

Centre of curvature C (x , y )at any point P(x , y) on the curve y=f ( x ) is given by,

y 1 ( 1+ y 21 ) ( 1+ y 21 )
x=x− ; y=y+
y2 y2

2
dy d y
where, y 1=
dx
and y 2= 2
dx
.

[2] Centre of curvature of parametric curve: x=f ( t ) ; y=g ( t )

Centre of curvature C (x , y )at any point P(x , y) on the curve x=f ( t ) ; y=g ( t ) is given
by,
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

2 2 2 2

x' + y' x' + y'

x=x− y ' ' ' ' ' ' ; y= y + x ' ' ' ' ' ' '
'

x y −y x x y −y x
2 2
dx dy d x d y
; ; ; .
' ' ' '
where, x = dt y=
dt
x' = 2
y'= 2
dt dt

Evolutes and Involutes

 The locus of the centre of curvature for a curve is called its evolute and the curve is
called an involute of its evolute.

 If C' is the evolute of the curve C then C is called the involute of the curve C'.

Problems on Centre of Curvature and Evolutes

1) Find the coordinates of the centre of curvature at any point of the parabola y 2=4 ax .
Hence show that its evolute is 27 a y 2=4 ( x−2 a )2.
2) Find the evolute of the parabola x 2= y .
2 2
x y
3) Find the evolute of the ellipse 2 + 2 =1.
a b

Improper Integral
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

The integral ∫ f ( x ) dx is called improper integral if

a

1) a=−∞ or b=∞ or both i.e., one or both integration limit is infinite.

2) f ( x ) is unbounded at one or more points of a ≤ x ≤ b .

 Integral corresponding to [1] and [2] is called improper integrals of first and second
kind, respectively.

Examples of Improper Integrals

∞

1) ∫ e
0
−x
dx .
∞

2) ∫ 1+1x dx.
−∞
2

3) ∫ sin x dx.
0
2

4
1
4) ∫ x−3
0
dx.

Beta and Gamma functions and their properties

Gamma Function
 Introduced by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1729) in18th century.
 Generalization of factorial function to non-integer values (more specially, to all
complex numbers except the non-positive integers).
 A translated version of factorial function is the following recurrence relation:
1) f ( 1 ) =1.
2) f ( x +1 )=xf ( x ).

We define Gamma function as:

∞
Γ ( n ) =∫ e x
−x n−1
dx
0
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

Gamma Function

Some properties of Gamma function

[1] Γ ( 1 )=1

[2] Γ ( 2 )=√ π
1

[3] Reduction Formula: Γ ( n+1 ) =nΓ ( n )

Remark: Reduction formula is used in three different ways:

(a) Γ ( n+1 ) =( n ) ! ; if n is positive integer.
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

(b) Γ ( n+1 ) =nΓ ( n ) ; if n is positive real number.

Γ ( n+ 1 )
(c) Γ ( n ) = ; if n is negative integer.
n

Beta Function
Beta function is denoted and defined as follows:
1
β ( m, n ) =∫ x
m −1 n−1
( 1−x ) dx ; m , n > 0
0
 If m > 1 and n > 1, then the integral is definite integral. When m < 1 and/or n < 1,
this integral is improper of second kind at 0 and/or 1.

Some properties of Beta function

[1] Beta Function is symmetric i.e.,
β ( m, n ) =β ( n , m )

[2] Another definition of Beta Function:

∞ m−1
x
β ( m, n ) =∫ dx ; m , n > 0
0 ( 1+ x )m+ n

[3] Another definition of Beta Function:

π /2
β ( m, n ) =2 ∫ sin
2 m−1 2 n−1
θ cos θ dθ
0

[4] Relation between Beta and Gamma Functions:

Γ ( m ) Γ ( n)
β ( m, n ) = ;m,n>0
Γ ( m+n )
[5] Euler’s Reflection formula:
π
Γ ( n ) Γ ( 1−n )=
sin nπ
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

[6]
π /2

∫ sin p θ cos q θ dθ=

Γ ( p+12 ) Γ ( q+12 )
2Γ (
2 )
0 p+ q+2

Problems based on Beta & Gamma function

[1] Evaluate the following:

(i) Γ ( 5.5 ) (ii) 5 Γ ( 2/3 ) (iii) Γ (−7 /2 ) (iv) β ( 2 ,− 2 )
Γ ( 3 ) Γ (2.5 ) 6 Γ ( 8/3 ) 7 1

[2] Evaluate the following integrals:

∞ ∞

(i) ∫ x e dx
0
3 /2 −x
(ii) ∫ x 0
1 /4 − √ x
e dx
1 1

(iii) ∫ √−log x dx
0
(v) ∫ ( xlog x ) dx
0
4

∞ c

(vi) ∫ cx 0
x
dx

∞ ∞ −y
2
2
e π
[3] Show that ∫ √ y e d y ×∫ .
−y
d y=
0 0 √y 2 √2

[4] Evaluate the following integrals:

π /2

(i) ∫ √ cot θ dθ
0
π /2

(ii) ∫ sin θ dθ
0
6

π /2

(iii) ∫ sin θ cos θ dθ

0
4 3

[5] Evaluate the following integrals:

 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

√
1 1
( 1−x )
(i) ∫ x0
3 /2
( 1−x ) d x
1/ 2
(ii) ∫ 0 x
dx
2 3 2 2
x
(iii)∫ ( 4−x ) dθ 2 2
(iv) ∫ ( 2−x dx
0 0 √ )
∞

(v)∫ √ x dx
0 ( 1+ x )

π /2 π /2
dθ
[6] Show that: ∫ 0
× ∫ √ sin θ dθ=π .
√ sinθ 0
∞ m−1
x
[7] Show that : β ( m, n ) =∫ dx .
0 ( 1+ x )m+ n
1

[8] ∫ x m ( 1−x n )
p
Express dx in terms of beta function and hence evaluate
0
1

∫ x 5 ( 1−x 3 )
10
dx .
0
1

[9] Show that ∫ x 0

m−1
( 1−x 2 )
n−1 1 m
dx= β
2 2
,n ( ).
1 n
(−1 ) n !
[10] Prove that ∫ x ( log x ) dx=
m n
where n is a positive integer and m>-1. Hence
0 ( m+1 )n +1
1

evaluate ∫ x ( log x )3 dx .
0

Surface area and Volume of Revolution

Surface area of Revolution

The surface area the solid generated by the revolution about x-axis, of the arc of the
curve y=f (x ) from x=a to x=b , is
b
S= ∫ 2 πyds
x=a

[1] Cartesian form [for the curve y=f (x )]:

√
b

= 1+ ( )
2
S= ∫ 2 πy d x , where,
ds ds dy
dx dx dx x=a
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

[2] Polar form [for the curve r =f (θ)]:

b
S= ∫ 2 πy dθ ,
ds
dθ θ=a

√ ( )
2
ds dr
where, y=r sinθ ;
dθ
= r 2+
dθ

[3] Parametric form [ x=f (t); y=g (t) ]:

b
S= ∫ 2 πy
ds
dt
dt ,
θ=a

√( )( )
dx 2 dy 2
ds
where, dt
=
dt
+
dt

Problems based Surface area of Revolution

[1] Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving y= √9−x 2; −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 about
the x-axis.

[2] Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving y= √ x ; over the interval [ 1 , 4 ]
about the x-axis.

[3] Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving the cardioid r =a ( 1−cos θ )
about the initial line.

[4] Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving the cardioid r =a ( 1+cos θ )
about the initial line.

[5] Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving the lamniscate r 2=a2 cos 2θ
about the initial line.

Volume of Revolution
The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the x-axis, of the area
bounded by the curve y=f (x ), the x-axis and the ordinates x=a , x=b is:
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

b
V= ∫ π y d x
2

x=a

The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the y-axis, of the area
bounded by the curve x=f ( y ), the y-axis and the ordinates y=a , y=b is:
b
V= ∫ π x d y
2

y=a

Problems based Volume of Revolution

[1] Find the volume of a sphere of radius r (or) Find the volume of the solid
generated by the revolution of the curve y= √r 2 −x2 along the x-axis.

[2] Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the curve y=x 2−1
along the x-axis.

[3] Find the volume generated by revolving the portion of the parabola y 2=4 ax ,
cut off by the latus-rectum about the x-axis.

[4] Find the volume generated by revolving the area between the curve y =x and
the ordinates x =0 and x =4.

[5] Find the volume formed by the revolution of loop of the curve
y (a+ x)=x (3 a−x) ,about the x-axis.
2 2

[6] Find the volume formed by the revolution of loop of the curve
y (a−x)=x ( a+ x) , about the x-axis.
2 2

2 2
x y
[7] Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ellipse 2
+ 2 =1 (i)
a b
about the major axis (ii) about the minor axis.

[8] Find the volume generated by revolving the cardioid r =a(1−cosθ)about the
initial line.

[9] Find the volume generated by revolving the cardioid r =a(1+ cosθ)about the
initial line.
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester I
Calculus and Linear Algebra

Note: For solutions, refer to the class notes.

Reference Books:

1. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Khanna Publishers.

2. Peter V. O’Neil, Engineering Mathematics CENGAGE Learning India Pvt

Ltd .Publishers.

3. B.V. Ramana, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest Edition, Tata Mc. Graw Hill
Publications
4. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Wiley
Publications.