DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCE OF INDIA, CHINA AND PAKISTAN
Indicator India China (People’s Republic Pakistan
of China)
Area 32,87,263sq km. 95,96,961sq km. 7,96,095sq km
Population 1.45 billion 1.42 billion 257 million
Independence 15 August,1947 14 August,1947 1 October,1949
Nature of the Democratic One party Government Democratic
Government (Mostly Military Rule)
Economy Mixed (Co-existence of Socialist( All critical Mixed (Co-existence of
public and private sectors of economy, public and private
sectors.) enterprises and land sectors.)
Emphasis on Public Sector owned by were brought Emphasis on Public Sector
under government
control)
Development Path 1. First Five Plan 1951- 1953 1956 ( now called the
Five Year Plans 1956 Medium Term
(All three countries had Development Plan)
started planning their
development strategies in 2. Until March 2017 India China working on 14th Plan Pakistan working on 12th
similar ways.) has completed 12 Plans (2021-2025) Plan(2018-2023)
and now following Five
Year Plan-based
development Model.
Historical path of 1. Pre-reform Industrial 1. All critical sectors of 1. A variety of regulated
development Policy : economy, enterprises and policy framework:-
i) Emphases on Public land owned by were [Link]:
Sector:- the core sector brought under i)Import substitution-
units established under government control. based industrialization.
PSUs. 2. The Great Leap Forward ii) Protection for
ii) Restriction and control (GLF) 1958: i) manufacturing of
on private sector. Aimed to Industrialisation consumer goods by tariff
iii) Import substitution. on a massive scale. and import controls.
iv) Protection of domestic ii)People were iii) In the 1970s
industries. encouraged to set up nationalization of capital
v) Product reservation for industries in their goods industries took
small scale industries. backyards. place.
vi) Licensing Policy for [Link] System: i) In iv) In late 1970s and 1980s
private sector. rural areas peoples Pakistan shifted its policy
Vii) Look inward policy. collectively cultivated and adopted
viii) Restriction on foreign lands. denationalization and
investment. ii) In 1958 there were encouraged private
2. Agriculture:- about 26000 communes sector.
India Introduced Green covering almost all the v) Pakistan received
Revolution which led to farm population. financial support from
increased the production (Problems:- A severe western nations and
of food grains and India drought caused havoc in remittances from
became self sufficient in China and killed 30million emigrants to the Middle-
food grains. people. east.
Russia withdrew its 2. Agriculture:- i)
professionals industrial Introduced Green
helpers from China.) Revolution and public
4. Great Proletarian investment which led to
Cultural Revolution 1966- rise food grains
1967:- Mao introduced production.
GPCR. Under it students ii) This changed the
and professionals were agrarian structure.
sent to work and learn In 1988 Pakistan initiated
from the countryside Economic reforms.
Economic Reforms Adopted in 1991 (rural).
1. In 1991 under New China introduced reforms
Economic Policy India in phases started from
initiated Liberalisation, agriculture in 1978.
Privatisation and Agriculture:- i) Commune
Globalisatioin (LPG) lands were divided into
policy. small plots and allocated
2. Under LPG India to households.
opened its economy for ii) They were allowed to
foreign inverters, keep all income from the
deregulated, abolished land after paying
licensing policy and quota stipulated taxes.
system. Industry:- i) Private firms
and township and village
enterprises, which were
owned and operated by
local collective were
allowed to produce
goods.
ii) State Owned
Enterprises-SOEs were
made to face competition.
iii) Dual Pricing System:-
Farmers and industrial
units were required to by
and sell fixed quantities of
inputs and outputs on the
prices fixed by the
government and the rest
were purchased and sold
at market prices.
iv) In order to attract
foreign investment,
Special Economic Zones
(SEZs) were set usp.
Demographic Indicators
(2022)
i) Estimated Population(in 1412 1417 236
million)
ii) Annual Growth of 0.68 -0.01 1.89
Population
iii) Density (per sq. km) 473 150 300
iv) Sex Ratio 938 959 982
v) Fertility Rate 2.0 1.2 3.4
vi) Urbanisation 36 65 38
Gross Domestic Product
Annual Growth Rate %
1980-90 5.7 10.3 6.3
2015-2017 7.3 6.8 5.3
2022 7.0 3.0 4.8
Sectoral Share in 2021 (%)
Contribution to GVA
i) Agriculture 19 8 24
ii) Industry 29 39 20
iii) Services 52 53 56
Distribution of
Employment in 2021 (%)
i) Agriculture 46 23 37
ii) Industry 25 32 25
iii) Services 29 45 38
Some Selected Indicators
of Human Development,
2017-2019
i) HDI (Value)
ii) Rank (based on HDI)
iii) Life Expectancy at
Birth(years)
iv) Mean years of
Schooling (aged 15 and
above) in %
v) Per Capita Income
(PPP)
vi) BPL (%)
vii) Infant Mortality Rate
(per 1000 live birth)
viii) Maternal Mortality
Rate ( per 1 lakh births)
ix) People Using at least
basic Sanitation(% of
population)
x) People using at least
basic drinking water
source (% of population)
Prevalence of
undernourishment (% of
population)