MODULE - I

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Transportation contributes to the economic, industrial, social and cultural development of any
country. Transportation is vital for the economic development of any region, since every
commodity produced whether it is food, clothing, industrial products or medicine needs
transport at all stages from production to distribution.

MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

1. LAND
 ROAD
 RAILWAY
2. WATER
3. AIR

[Link] transportation

 This mode has maximum flexibility for travel with refence to route, direction, time and
speed of travel etc.
 Provide door to door service
 The road network is therefore needed not only to serve as feeder system for other modes
of transportation but also to provide independent facility for road travel by a well-
planned network of roads throughout the country.

[Link] transportation

 The transportation along with railway track could be advantageous by railways between
the stations both for the passengers and goods, particularly for longer distance.
 The energy requirement to haul unit load through unit distance by the railway is only a
fraction (one fourth to one sixth) for that required by road.

[Link] transportation

 Transportation by water is the slowest among the four modes.

 This mode needs minimum energy to haul unit load through unit distance.

[Link] transportation

 The transportation by air is the fastest among the four modes.

 Air travel also provides more comfort apart from savings in transportation time for the
passengers and goods between the airports.
 Energy required and operating expense is high.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

It is a branch of transportation engineering which deals with the design, construction and
maintenance of different types of roads. It also called as road engineering and it involves the
study of the following:

a) Planning , location and development of roads.

b) Highway design, geometric and structure.
c) Materials required for construction
d) Highway traffic performance and its control.
e) Drainage of roads etc.

HISTORY OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT (world)

• ROMAN ROADS

• TRESAGUET CONSTRUCTION

• METCALF CONSTRUCTION

• TELFORD CONSTRUCTION

• MACADAM CONSTRUCTION

HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

o Jayakar committee (1927)

o Central road fund (1929)

o Indian road congress (IRC) (1934)

o Central road research institute (CRRI) (1950)

o Motor vehicle act (1939)

o National highway authority of India ( NHAI) (1995)

o Frist twenty year road plan (1943-61)

o Second twenty year road plan (1961-81)

o Third twenty year road plan (1981-2000)

Indian Road Congress (IRC)

• It was formed on 1934

• IRC has become the active body to recommend specifications regarding design and
construction of roads and bridges.
Function of IRC

(1) To providing a platform for expression of collective opinion of its members for all the

matters affecting the construction and maintenance of roads in India.

(2) To suggest improve method of planning, design, construction and maintenance of roads in

India.

(3) To promote the use of standard specification and practices for roads construction, roads

materials and designed of roads

(4) To Make Laws for the development, improvement and protection of roads..

(5) To conduct periodical meeting to discuss technical issues regarding road construction.

(6) To publish journals, research publication, Standard specifications and other guidelines on

various aspects of highway engineering.

IRC CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS

• NATIONAL HIGHWAY

• STATE HIGHWAY

• MAJOR DISTRICT ROAD

• OTHER DISTRICT ROAD

• VILLAGE ROAD

NATIONAL HIGHWAY

• National Highways are the main highways which run through the length and breadth
of India

• Connecting major ports, capitals of states, and large industrial and tourist
centres which includes various roads required for a strategic movement for the
defence of India.

• All the national highways are assigned the respective numbers.

• Responsibility of construction and maintenance of these roads given to CPWD and

military engineering services (MES)

STATE HIGHWAY

• The Highways linking up with the National Highways of adjacent States district
headquarters and important cities with the states are known as state highways.
 • The responsibility of construction and maintenance of the state highways taken by
State Government.

• The geometry design specifications and design speed for National Highways and
State Highways are the same.

MAJOR DISTRICT ROADS

• The major district roads are one of the important roads which are located within the
district.

• It serves an area of production and Markets and connecting these places with each
other or with the main highway.

• Lower speed and design specification than NH&SH

OTHER DISTRICT ROADS

• The roads serving rural areas of production and providing them with market centres,
headquarters, and block development headquarters, railway station, etc are known as
Other district roads.

• Lower design specification than MDR

VILLAGE ROADS

• The roads connecting villages or groups of villages with each other or with the nearest
road of the higher category are known as village roads.

• Village roads place a very important role in the development of rural areas.

20 YEAR PLAN

• 1st 20 Year Plan

NAGPUR PLAN - 1943-63

• 2nd 20 Year Plan

BOMBAY PLAN - 1961-81

• 3rd 20 Year Plan

LUCKNOW PLAN - 1981-2001

1st 20 YEAR PLAN 2nd 20 YEAR PLAN 3rd 20 YEAR PLAN

Nagpur plan Bombay plan Luck now plan

Target road density

16km/100km² area 32km/100km² area 82km/100km² area

Category roads:

1. NH (national highway) EW (Express way) Primary Roads

2. SH (state highway) EW

3. MDR (major district road) NH

4. ODR (other district road) Secondary Roads

5. VR (village road) SH

MHD

Tertiary roads

ODR,VR

Target road length:

2 LAKH km road construction. 10 LAKH km road 12 LAKH km road

construction. construction.

Star grid pattern road Square and grid

DIFFERENT ROAD PATTERNS

Major SH &NH in Kerala

NH-44 (formerly NH-7) - Kanyakumari to Varanasi

NH-66 (formerly NH-17) - Panvel to Kanyakumari

NH-85 (formerly NH-47) - Salem to Kanyakumari

NH-183 (formerly NH-47C) - Kundannoor to Alappuzha

NH-544 (formerly NH-47) - Salem to Kochi

NH-766 (formerly NH-212) - Kozhikode to Mysore

SH 1 - Main Central Road or MC road

SH 2 - Thiruvanathapuram-Thenmala Road

SH 3- Nedumangad- Shorlacode Road

SH 5 - KP Road or Kayamkulam-Punalur Road

SH 6 - Kayamkulam-Thiruvalla Highway

SH 7 - Thiruvalla-Pathanamthitta-Kumbazha highway

URBAN ROAD CLASSIFICATION

1. EXPRESS WAYS

2. ARTERIAL ROADS

3. SUB ARTERIAL ROADS

4. COLLECTORS ROADS

5. LOCAL STREETS
EXPRESSWAYS :

 For speedy and heavy traffic.

 Speed – 120 kmph
 Pedestrians,2 wheeler not allowed
 Connect main markets, important places
 Complete separation of opposite moving traffic by divider or median
 Level crossing , sharp curves, steep gradients avoided

ARTERIAL ROADS:

 For heavy / important traffic inside city

 Usually along the expressways serving as principal network of traffic flow
 Parking, loading, unloading prohibited
 Pedestrians are allowed to cross only at intersections

SUB ARTERIAL ROADS

 Less traffic than arterial streets

 Pedestrians are allowed to cross only at intersections
 Parking, loading, unloading usually restricted and controlled.

COLLECTOR ‘S STREETS

 Meant for collecting the traffic from local streets to arterial streets.
 Full access allowed from properties along side
 Situated in residential , commercial, industrial areas.
 Few parking restrictions except for peak hours.

LOCAL STREET

 Open access from residents, business or other properties

 Does not carry large volume of traffic
 Unrestricted parking and pedestrians allowed.

HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
• The layout of centre line of highway on the ground is called the alignment.

• The horizontal alignment includes the straight path, horizontal deviation and curves.

• Change in gradient and vertical curves are covered under vertical alignment of roads

Requirements

• Short – short alignment

 • Easy – easy to construct and maintain the roads

• Safe – safe for construction and maintenance and also for traffic operation

• Economical – total cost is lowest

Factors controlling alignment

1. Obligatory points

2. Traffic

3. Geometric design

4. Economics

5. Other considerations

In hilly roads additional care has to be given for

- stability

- drainage

- geometric standards of hill roads

- resisting length - should be minimum

a) Obligatory points

There are control points governing the alignment of the highways

These control points may be divided broadly into two categories

(i) Points through which the alignment is to pass

- The various examples of this category may be bridge site, intermediate town, a mountain
pass etc

(i) Points through which the alignment should not pass

- This include religious places, very costly structures, unsuitable land etc

b) Traffic : The alignment should suit traffic requirements.

c) Geometric design : Geometric design factors such as gradient, radius of curve and sight
distance also would govern the final alignment of the highway.

d) Economy : The alignment finalised based on the above factors should also be economical.
In working out the economics, the initial cost, the cost of maintenance and vehicle operation
should be taken into account.
e) Other considerations : Various other factors which may govern the alignment are
drainage considerations, hydrological factors, political considerations.

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
• Deals with the improvement of traffic performance of road networks and terminals

Scope of traffic engineering

• To achieve efficient free and rapid flow of traffic, with least number of traffic
accidents

TRAFFIC STUDIES

1. Traffic volume study

• Number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time at any selected period

• Unit – veh/day, veh/hr

Counting of traffic volume

a) Mechanical counters

• Automatically record

• Fixed or portable

• methods

pneumatic hose

magnetic detector

radar detector

• Advantage : work throughout the day and night

• Drawback : not possible to get the traffic volume of various classes of taffic

b) Manual counts

• done manually

• classification of vehicle is possible

• not practical for 24 hours counting

PRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA

1. Annual average daily traffic

* AADT = no of. Vehicles in a year

365

* helps in deciding relative importance of route and in phasing road development

programme

2. Trend chart

* shows volume trends over a period of years

* helps in planning future expansion

3. Variation chart

* shows hourly, daily and seasonal variation

* helps in deciding the facilities and regulation needed during peak traffic period

4. Traffic flow map

* the thickness of line representing the traffic volume

* helps to find the traffic volume distribution

5. Intersection flow diagram

* showing details of crossing and turning traffic

* these data are needed for intersection design

6. 30th highest hourly volume

* it the hourly volume that will be exceeded only 29 times in a year and all other

hourly volumes of the year less than this value

7. Average daily traffic

ADT = no. of vehicles in a week

8. Annual average working day traffic

AAWT = no. of vehicle throughout the working day in a year

260
[Link] average hourly traffic

AAHT = AADT

24

TRAFFIC SPEED STUDIES

• Type of speed

1. Spot speed

* instantaneous speed of vehicle at a specified section

2. Average speed

* average spot speeds of all vehicles passing at a given point.

[Link] mean speed

* average of instantaneous speeds of observed vehicles at the spot

b. Space mean speed

* average speed of vehicles in a certain road length at any time

3. Running speed

Running speed = length of travel

running time

Running time = journey time – delays

4. Overall speed / travel speed / journey speed

Journey speed = length of travel

journey time

EQUIPMENT USED ARE:

• Enoscope

• Graphic Recorder

• Photo Electric Meter

• Speed Meter

• Photographic Method

• Radar
SPEED & DELAY STUDIES

• The speed and delay studies give the running speeds, overall speeds, fluctuations in
speeds and the delay between two stations of a road spaced far apart.

• They also give the information such as location, duration frequency and causes of the
delay in traffic stream.

• The results of the speed and delay studies are useful in detecting the spots of
congestion, the causes and in arriving at a suitable remedial measure.

• They are various methods of carrying out speed and delay study, namely:

[Link] observer method or Floating car method

2. License plate or vehicle number method

3. Interview method

4. Elevated observations

5. Photographic technique

ORGIN AND DESTINATION STUDY

USES/OBJECTIVES:

• It gives information on the actual location of origin of individual passenger trips and
their destination.

• These studies provides details such as direction of travel, selection of routes, trip
length & no. of trips.

• O&D studies on vehicular trip are essential for either comprehensive planning of new
road network or improvements in the existing road network

Methods used in O/D studies:

• Road side interview method

• License plate method
• Return post card method
• Tag on car method
• Home interview method

Representation of O&D studies

• O&D Tables- showing no of trips b/w different zones

• Desire lines- it is a graphical representation (more accurate)

• Contour lines- similar to topographic contours

PARKING STUDIES

• NEED FOR PARKING:

• All the vehicle don’t keep moving during entire day, so some portion of the
area will need to stop or park at the desired locations for durations.

• off street parking

• on street parking

* kerb parking

* parallel parking

* angle parking

ACCIDENT STUDIES

• The traffic accidents may involve property damages, personal injuries or even
casualities.

• One of the main objective of traffic engineering is to provide safe traffic movements.
Road accident cannot be totally prevented, but suitable traffic engineering and
management measures, the accident rate can be considerably decreases.

Objectives of accident studies

• To study the causes of accidents and to suggest corrective treatment at potential

location

• To evaluate the existing design

• To support the proposed designs

• To make computations of financial loss

INTERSECTIONS
• An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads.

• Its main function is to guide vehicles to their respective directions.

• Intersections are classified as follows :

(i) At Grade Intersection

(ii) Grade Separated Intersection.

AT GRADE INTERSECTION

• All roads meet at more or less the same level.

• Merging, diverging and crossing are involved in the intersection at grade.

• Sub classification:

• Un-channelized

• Channelized

• Rotary intersection

• Signalized intersection

Un-channelized intersection

• Intersection area is paved and there is absolutely no restriction to vehicles to use any
part of intersection area.

• Hence the un channelized (all-paved) intersections are

 the lowest class of intersection

 easiest in the design but most complex in traffic operations

• resulting in maximum conflict area and more number of accidents, unless controlled
by traffic signals or police.

• PLAIN INTERSECTION: No additional pavement width

• FLARED INTERSECTION: pavement is widened at intersection

Channelized Intersection

• Channelized intersection is achieved by introduction of islands into the intersectional

area, thus reducing the total conflict area available in the un channelized intersection.

• The radius of entrance and exit curves and the area are suitably designed to
accomadate channelizing island od proper size and shape

• Channelization may partial or complete.

• Superior to all paved intersection

ROTARY INTERSECTION

• it is an enlarged road intersection where all converging vehicles are forced to move
round a large central island in one direction before they can weaveout of traffic flow
into their respective direction
 • The main object of providing a rotary are to eliminate the necessity of stopping even
for crossing streams of vehocles and to reduce the area of conflict

• Dis advantage : Even when there is relatively low traffic, the vehicles are forced to
reduce their speed.

SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS

• The intersections at grade that are controlled by traffic signals.

GRADE SEPARATE INTERSECTION

• Highest form of intersection

• Much superior to intersection at grade from point of view of traffic safety and
efficient operation.

Classification of grade separate intersection

1. Underpass

2. Overpass

3. Trumpet Interchange

4. Diamond Interchange

5. Cloverleaf Interchange

Underpass

• An underpass or a tunnel is an underground passageway, completely enclosed except

for openings at each end.

• A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic.

• If an underpass is constructed for pedestrians and or cyclists beneath a road or

railway, allowing them to reach the other side in safety, then such a construction is
termed as a Subway.

Overpass

• An overpass also known as a flyover, is a bridge, road, railway or similar structure

that crosses over another road or railway.

• A pedestrian overpass allows pedestrians safe crossing over busy roads without
impacting traffic.
Trumpet Interchange

• Trumpet interchanges have been used where one highway terminates at another
highway.

• These interchanges are useful for highways as well as toll roads, as they concentrate
all entering and exiting traffic into a single stretch of roadway, where toll booths can
be installed.

• The principal advantages are low construction cost and are useful for highways as
well as toll roads.

Diamond interchange

• It is the simplest form of grade separated intersection between two roadways.

• The conflicts between through and crossing traffic are eliminated by a bridge
structure.

• It requires a minimum amount of land and is economical to construct

Cloverleaf Interchange

• A cloverleaf interchange is a two-level interchange in which left turns are handled by

ramp roads .

• The objective of a cloverleaf is to allow two highways to cross without the need for
any traffic to be stopped by red lights, even for left and right turns

• partial cloverleaf interchange is similar to a full cloverleaf, except that loop ramps are
present in three quadrants or less

ROAD MARKINGS
• Guide and control traffic on a highway

• Ensure safe, smooth and harmonious flow of traffic

• Types:

– Longitudinal markings

– Transverse markings

– Object markings

– Special markings
LONGITUDINAL MARKINGS

• Placed along the direction of traffic on road surface.

• Provided for separating traffic flow in the same direction.
• Predominant colour used is white.
• Yellow colour is used to separate the traffic flow in opposite direction
• Lines can be either broken, solid or double solid.

Types of longitudinal marking:

– Centre line

– Traffic lanes

– No passing zone

– Warning lines

– Border or edge lines

– Bus lane markings

– Cycle lane markings.

TRANSVERSE MARKINGS

• Transverse markings are marked across the direction of traffic.

• They are marked at intersections etc.

• Stop line markings, markings for pedestrian crossing, direction arrows, etc. are some
of the markings on approaches to intersections.

OBJECT MARKING

• Physical obstructions in a carriageway like traffic island or obstructions near

carriageway like signal posts, pier etc. cause serious hazard to the flow of traffic and
should be adequately marked.

Objects within the carriageway

• The obstructions within the carriageway such as traffic islands, raised medians, etc.
may be marked by not less than five alternate black and yellow stripes.

• The stripes should slope forward at an angle of 45 degree with respect to the direction
of traffic.

• These stripes shall be uniform and should not be less than 100 mm wide so as to
provide sufficient visibility.
Objects adjacent to carriageway

• Sometimes objects adjacent to the carriageway may cause some obstructions to the
flow of traffic.

• Objects such as subway piers and abutments etc. are some examples for such
obstructions.

• They should be marked with alternate black and white stripes at a forward angle of
45degree with respect to the direction of traffic.

• Poles close to the carriageway should be painted in alternate black and white up to a
height of 1.25 m above the road level.

WORD message

• Information to guide, regulate, or warn the road user may also be conveyed by
inscription of word message on road surface.

• Characters for word messages are usually capital letters.

• The legends should be as brief as possible and shall not consist of more than three
words for any message.

• Some of the examples of word messages are STOP, SLOW, SCHOOL, RIGHT
TURN ONLY etc.

Parking marking

• The marking of the parking space limits on urban roads promotes more efficient use
of the parking spaces

• Such parking space limitations should be indicated with markings that are solid white
lines 100 mm wide.

• Words TAXI, CARS, SCOOTERS etc. may also be written if the parking area is
specific for any particular type of vehicle

Hazardous location

• Wherever there is a change in the width of the road, or any hazardous location in the
road, the driver should be warned about this situation with the help of suitable road
markings.

• Road markings showing the width transition in the carriageway should be of 100 mm
width.

• In the figure, the driver is warned about the position of the pier through proper road
markings.
TRAFFIC SIGNALS

• Traffic signals are control devices which could alternately direct the traffic to stop and
proceed at intersections using red and green traffic light signals automatically.

Advantages of traffic signals:

• They provide orderly movement of traffic and increase the traffic handling capacity of
most of the intersections at grade.

• They reduce certain types of accidents, notably the right angled collisions.

• Pedestrians can cross the roads safely at the signalized intersection.

• Signals provide a chance to crossing traffic of minor road to cross the path of
continuous flow of traffic stream at reasonable intervals of time

• Automatic traffic signal may work out to be economical when compared to manual
control.

TYPE OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL

The signals are classified into the following types:

1. Traffic control signals

a. Fixed-time signals

b. Manually operated signals

c. Traffic actuated (automatic) signal

2. Pedestrian signal

3. Special traffic signal

1. TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNALS

RED light - STOP

GREEN light - GO

AMBER or YELLOW light - CLEARANCE TIME

a). Fixed-time signals

• Fixed-time signals or pre-timed signals are set to repeat regularly a cycle of red ,
amber and green lights.

• The timing of each phase of the cycle is predetermined based on the traffic studies

• Simplest type of automatic traffic signals which are electrically operated.

 • Drawback : sometimes the traffic flow on one road may be almost nil and traffic on
the cross road may be quite heavy.

B).Traffic actuated signals

Traffic actuated signals are those in which the timings of the phase and cycle are changed
according to traffic demand.

[Link] actuated Signal

In fully actuated traffic signals the detectors and a computer assigns the right of way for
traffic movements on the basis of demand and pre-determined programming. But these are
very costly to be installed at all intersections.

[Link] actuated Signal

In semi-actuated traffic signals the normal green phase of an approach may be extended up to
a certain period of time.

C).Manually operated signals

This type of signal operated by manually.

Normally traffic police can operate this type signals.

[Link] SIGNAL

It give the right of way to pedestrians to cross a road during the “walk period” when the
vehicular traffic shall be stopped by red or stop signal on the traffic signals of the road.

3. SPECIAL SIGNALS

Flashing red – shall stop before entering at an intersection

Flashing yellow – driver may proceed with cautions

TRAFFIC SIGNS
Traffic signs are the signs erected at the side of roads to provide information to road users

Types of signs

1. Regulatory signs

2. Warning signs

3. Informatory sign
REGULATORY SIGNS

• These signs are also called mandatory signs because it is mandatory that the drivers
must obey these signs.

• If the driver fails to obey them, the control agency has the right to take legal action
against the driver.

• Circular in shape, except

STOP – OCTAGONAL

GIVE WAY – INVERTED TRIANGLE

Regulatory signs are further sub-divided into two types:

1. Prohibitory signs

• These signs are part of the regulatory signs, which are intended to inform the
highway users of traffic laws or regulation.

• The may be of the following types:

• Movement prohibition (such as prohibition of right turns, prohibition of

overtaking, prohibition of entry, one way streets)

• Waiting restriction signs

• Speed limit and vehicle control signs

• According to the I.R.C. standards, the prohibitory signs are

circular in shape

white in colour
red border
diameter of 600mm
The common prohibitory signs are:

• straight prohibited, no entry, bullock cart and hand cart prohibited, cycle prohibited,
pedestrian prohibited, right/ left turn prohibited, U-turn prohibited, overtaking
prohibited, horn prohibited

No parking sign

• It is meant to prohibit parking of vehicles at that place

• The No Parking sign is :

circular in shape
 blue black ground
red border
oblique red bar at an angle of 45 degrees.

No stopping/standing sign
It is meant to prohibit stopping of vehicles at the place
circular in shape
blue background
red border
two oblique red bars at 45 degree and right angle to each other.

Speed limit signs

• It is meant to restrict the speed of all or certain classes of vehicles on a particular
stretch of a road.

circular in shape
white background
red border
black numerals indicating the speed limit.

Compulsory direction control Signs

using arrows
blue background
white direction arrows

2. Mandatory signs

• Mandatory signs are part of regulatory signs and are intended to convey definite
positive instructions when it is desires that motorist take some positive actions.

• The two most important mandatory signs are the

(i) STOP sign

(ii) GIVE WAY sign.

(i) STOP sign

• According to I.R.C stop sign is :

octagonal in shape
 red in colour
white border
the side of the octagon being 900mm
• It is generally used at an intersection where the following conditions exit:

(i) Street entering a through highway or street

(ii) Un signalized intersection in a signalized area

• The stop sign should not be used:

(i) On the through expressways

(ii) For speed control
(iii) At signalized intersections

(ii) GIVE WAY sign

• It is used to control the vehicles on a road so as to assign right of way to traffic on
other roadways.

• According to the I.R.C :

shape is downward pointing equilateral triangle
red border band
white background.
It is used under the following conditions:

(i) On a minor road at a entrance to an intersection where it is

necessary to assign right of way to the major road.
(ii) On the entrance ramp to an express way when acceleration lane is
not provided.
The GIVEWAY or YIELD sign should not be used:
(i) On the expressways

(ii) To control the major flow of traffic at an intersection

(iii) On the approach more than one of the intersection streets

WARNING SIGNS
• Warning or cautionary signs are used to warn the road users of certain hazardous
conditions that exist on or adjacent to the roadway.
• Shape - equilateral triangle with its apex pointing upwards.
 • According to I.R.C warning signs are :
white background

red border
black symbols
side of triangle is 900mm

The commonly used warning signs:

• right hand/left hand curve, right/left hair pin bend, right /left reverse bend, steep
ascent/descent, narrow bridge/road ahead, Slippery road, pedestrian crossing, school
zone, men at work, falling rock.

INFORMATORY SIGNS

• These signs are used to guide the road users along routes, inform them of destination
and distance and provide with information to make travel easier, safe and pleasant.

• The information signs are:

• Direction and Place Identification signs

• Facility Information Signs

• Parking signs

• Flood Gauge

1. Direction & place identification signs

• Rectangular in shape with longer horizontal.

• Colour of the background of sign board and the colour of arrows and letters depends
on the class of the road where signs are installed.

• For NH & SH

green background

word message white in colour

• Other roads

white background

word message black in colour

2. Facility information signs

• Signs are rectangular with blue background and white/black letters/symbols

• Some of these signs are

Public Telephone, Petrol Pump, Hospital, Eating Place etc.

3. Parking signs

• PARKING SIGNS are setup parallel to the road using square sign board with blue
background and white coloured letter ‘P’.

• Definition plate may used to indicate the category of vehicle for which parking space
is reserved, direction of parking space etc.

4. Flood gauge

It is installed at causeways and submersible bridge or culverts to indicate the road users the
height of the flood above road level.