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MIXED
METHODS

Ani Ginting Lestari

Philosophical foundations and Mixed

Methods research models/designs
PHILOSOPHICAL
FOUNDATION
The combination method holds the
view that every symptom,
phenomenon, and object contains
both quantitative and qualitative
values. Therefore, if the object is
only studied with one method, only
one type of data will be obtained.
Thomas D. Cook and Charles Reichard (1978)
suggest that ‘The conclusion is that qualitative
and quantitative methods can never be used
together, because they are associated with
different paradigms and because one must
choose between mutually exclusive and
opposing worldviews, one must also choose
between these types of methods.’
Susan Stainback, (1988) says that
‘Each methodology can be used to
complement the other in the same
area of enquiry, because they
have different aims or objectives’.
Sugiyono (2006) states that, first, the two
methods can be combined but used
alternately. In the first stage using qualitative
methods, so that a hypothesis is found, then
the hypothesis is tested with quantitative
methods. The two research methods cannot
be combined at the same time but only the
data collection techniques can be combined.
The combined philosophy of quantitative and
qualitative methods is referred to as the
pragmatic philosophy by Johnson and
Cristensen (2007). ‘Starting in the 1990s, many
researchers rejected the incompatibility thesis
and began to support the pragmatic position
that quantitative and qualitative research are
essential and often should be combined in a
single study’.
Newman & Benz in Creswell (2009) state that
‘Quantitative and qualitative approaches should not
be viewed as polar opposites or dichotomous; rather,
they represent different ends of a continuum.
Creswell (2009) states that ‘Mixed
methods designs are useful when
quantitative or qualitative approaches
alone are insufficient to better
understand the research problem or the
strengths of both quantitative and
qualitative research can provide the best
understanding.
 DEFINITION OF
MIXED METHOD

Johnson and Cristensen (2007) provide the following definition

of combination research methods. ‘Research that involves
mixing quantitative and qualitative approaches’.
Creswell (2009) states that this method is often referred to as
multimethod, convergence, integrated, and combined.
Qualitative research has important features that distinguish it from quantitative
methodologies. First and foremost, it is exploratory in nature, aiming to fully understand
phenomena in their natural state, without the use of factors. Secondly, descriptive data,
such as words, narratives, or photographs, are collected and evaluated interpretively.
Thirdly, this approach is adaptive, allowing the researcher to modify the research
process based on the dynamics of the area.
COMBINATION
RESEARCH Sequential Model/Design
METHOD
MODEL/DESIGN Creswell describes the
sequential mixed methods model
as follows. ‘A sequential mixed
methods procedure is one in
which the research seeks to
elaborate or extend findings
from one method to another’.
 SEQUENTIAL
MODEL/DESIGN
Sequential explanatory design

Creswell (2009) states that ‘The explanatory strategy in mixed

methods research is characterised by the collection and analysis of
quantitative data in the first stage followed by the collection and
analysis of qualitative data in the second stage that builds on the
initial quantitative results.
Research steps in Sequential Explanatory Design

Problems, Theoretical Data collection

Result of
/potentials, Foundations and
hypothesis
Problem and quantitative
testing
Formulation Hypotheses data analysis

Qualitative methods are used to complement,

improve accuracy, and new findings

qualitative quantitative
determination conclusions
data and
of research and
collection and qualitative
data sources suggestions
analysis data analysis
Sequential exploratory design

The Sequential Explanatory strategy in mixed methods

research involves a first stage of qualitative data collection
and analysis followed by a second stage of quantitative data
collection and analysis that builds on the results of the first
qualitative stage (Creswell, 2009).
 Research steps in Sequential Exploratory Design

Problems and Data collection and

Theoretical Review Hypothesis findings
Potential analysis

Quantitative methods: testing hypotheses

Population and
Data Collection Data Analysis Conclusion advice
sample
 Sequential transformative strategy

The combination method of Creswell's (2009) Sequential Transformative

Design model states as follows:
A sequential transformative strategy is a two-phase project with a theoretical
lens (gender, race, social science) overlaying sequential procedures. The
strategy also has an initial phase (either quantitative or qualitative) followed
by a second phase (either qualitative or quantitative) that builds on both
phases. The theoretical lens is introduced in the introduction of the proposal,
forming a purposeful research question that aims to explore the problem.
CONCURRENT Concurrent mixed method: a
procedure in which research
MODEL brings together or combines
quantitative and qualitative
data to provide a
comprehensive analysis of
the research problem
 CONCURRENT
TRIANGULATION STRATEGY

Concurrent Triangulation: a strategy in mixed

methods is an approach where the researcher
collects quantitative and qualitative data
simultaneously and then compares the two
databases to determine if there is convergence,
divergence, or combination.
Research steps of Concurrent Triangulation Model
Quantitative Qualitative
Similar problems
Problem Problem

Theoretical
Strengthening the
Foundations
researcher as a
human instrument
Hypothesis
Formulation
Qualitative data
Data Source Quantitative Data
collection
Collection

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

Analysis Analysis
Combination Analysis

Conclusion: strengthen, weaken, contradict

 CONCURRENT EMBEDDED
STRATEGY
Concurrent embedded: a mixed methods research strategy can be
identified through its use in the data collection stage, where quantitative
and qualitative data are collected simultaneously. Unlike traditional
triangulation models, concurrent embedded has a primary method that
guides the project and a secondary method that provides a supporting
role in the procedure.
Combined concurrent embedded research method, modelling
quantitative methods as the primary method

QUANTITATIVE data
collection and analysis
Problems and Theoretical
problem Foundations and
formulation Hypotheses
Qualitative data
collection and analysis

QUANTITATIVE and
Conclusions and Presentation of Qualitative
suggestions research data Data Analysis
Combined concurrent embedded research method, modelled on
qualitative method as primary method

QUALITATIVE data
collection and analysis

Problem focus Theoretical

and formulation Review

Quantitative data
collection and analysis

QUALITATIVE
Conclusions and Presentation of and Quantitative
suggestions research data Data Analysis
 CONCURRENT
TRANSFORMATIVE STRATEGY

As with the sequential transformative model, the concurrent

transformative approach is guided by the use of research from a
particular theoretical perspective and the simultaneous
collection of quantitative and qualitative data.
 SPs Dikdas

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