HORSEED INTERTIONAL UNIVERSITY (HIU) GENERAL MATH

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS

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CONTENTS

Chapters Pages

Chapter One: Place Value and Total Value 3

Chapter Two: Factorization 9

Chapter Three: Decimal Point or Decimal Fraction 24

Chapter Four: Percentage 29

Chapter Five: Measurements 38

Chapter Six: Money 44

Chapter Seven: Square and Square Roots 55

Chapter Eight: Bases 58

Chapter Nine: Perimeter and Area of Regular Shape 62

Chapter Ten: Volume and Surface Area 73

Chapter Eleven: Ratio and Proportion 80

Chapter Twelve: Algebra 87

Chapter Thirteen: Equations 98

Chapter Fourteen: Inequalities 107

Chapter Fifteen: Quadratic equations 112

Chapter Sixteen: Sequences (Series) 122

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CHAPTER ONE
PLACE VALUE AND TOTAL VALUE

Every digit in a whole number has a place value and a total value. The total value of a
number depends on the place value of its digit. For example 1024 is less than 2041
although both the numbers have the same digits.

Example1: Find the place value and total value of digit 3 and digit 6 in a number 690
538 721.

Solution

Use this table:

Millions Thousands H T O

H T O H T O
6 9 0 5 3 8 7 2 1

The place value of digit 3 is ten thousands,

The total value of digit 3 is 3×10,000=30,000. The place value of 6 is hundred

millions

The total value of digit 6 is 6×100,000,000=600,000,000.

EXERCISE

1. What is the place value of digit 2 in each of the following numbers?

a) 307020 c) 642008 e) 7429658

b) 5243675 d) 902300 f) 528

2. What is the total value of digit 5 in each of the following numbers?

a) 75362 c) 6542 e) 5462

b) 24385 d) 9453 f) 957

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Write these numbers in words and figures

When a number is given in figures, we can write it in words by first writing the total
values of its digits. When a number is given in words we can write it in figure by
adding the total values of its digits.

Example1:

Write 53 762 481 in the words.

Solution:

Fifty-three million, seven hundred and sixty-two thousands, four hundred and eighty-
one

Example2:

Write twenty-seven million, four thousand, and five hundred and twenty- nine in
figure

Solution

Twenty-seven million in figure is 27000000

Four thousand in figure is 4000
Five hundred and twenty-nine in figure is 529
Twenty-seven million, four thousand, five hundred and 27,004,529
twenty-nine is

EXERCISE

1) Write each of the following numbers in words

a) 59043 d) 2478514 g) 8007006

b) 8289007 e) 275 h) 33033033

c) 70700700 f) 7000770 i) 54

2) Write each of the following in figures

a) Nine million and nine hundred.
b) Twenty- two million two thousand and two
c) Five hundred thousand eight hundred and seventy
d) Eleven million four hundred and five thousand

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Addition (+)

We add either in row or in column method as:-

Example1: Add 24 to 23

Solution checking

2 2

24 + 23 = 47

Example2: Add 342 to 255

Solution Solution checking

342 + 255 = 597 3 3

Example 3: Add 378 to 259

Solution Solution 0

378 + 259 = 637 7 7

Example 4: Add 45836 to 26957 + 24

Solution Solution Checking

45836 + 26957 + 24 = 72817 8

7 7

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EXERCISE

Add the following: then check "use column method"

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

7) 8) 9)

Solution Checking

5
3 3
2

6
2 2
4

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6 6

Problems

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CHAPTER TWO
FACTORIZATION

The number can be divided into more parts but we taking here some of them:
Even numbers: Number divisible by 2 without remainder is called Even
numbers.
Odd numbers: numbers are not divisible by 2.
Natural numbers: the numbers 1,2,3,4 and 5 are all natural numbers each
number is equidistance from each other by the unit number 1.
Whole numbers: starting from 0 in the set of natural numbers.
Composite numbers: is any whole number greater than one which has more
two factors hence (4, 6, 8, 9, and 10) or numbers from two
multiplied numbers.
Prime numbers: is any whole number greater than one which has any factor
itself and 1 hence (2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,………….).
Integer number: all negative and positive numbers are called integer
numbers.

Factors and Multiples

2×3=6.

“6” is a multiple of 2 and 3 but 2 and 3 are factors of 6.

Example1: what numbers are factors of∶-

a) 42
b) 75

Solution:

a) 42 = 42×1, 6×7, 14×3, 21×2, [1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 42]

b) 75= 75×1, 25×3, 15×5, [1, 3, 5, 15, 25 and 75]

Example2: write down multiples of 6 less than 60.

Solution:

6,12,18,24,30,36,48 and 54

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EXERCISE:

1. List the factors of

12, 32, 40, 55, 100, 35,

36, 10, 6, 81, 50, 24,

2. Write down multiples of

a) 4 less than 48
b) 2Less than 20
c) 5less than 24
d) 9 between 36 and 81
e) 3between 12 and 6

Divisibility Tests

The numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 are called digits. So that a number is divisible by:

2: if the last digit is even numbers or zero

Example: 350 or 182.

3: if the sum of digits is divisible by 3. (3, 6 and 9)

Example: 1257 or 1074.

4: if the last two digits of the numbers are divisible by 4 or become 00

Example: 1132 or 500.

5: if the last digit is 5 or 0

Example: 55 or 70.

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6: if it is divisible by both 2 and 3

Example: 258 or 444.

8: if the numbers formed by the last 3 digits is divisible by 8

Example: 2144 or 5128.

9: if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9

Example: 32157 or 1278.

10: if the last digit is zero

Example: 150 or 640

11: if the alternately subtract than odd the digits from L to R result
divisible by 11

Example: 385,627 or 8260439.

EXERCISE:

1. State whether 3762 is divisible by

a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5 e) 6 f) 8
g) 9 h) 10 i) 11

2. Test whether 11088 is divisible by

a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5 e) 6 f) 8
g) 9 h) 10 i) 11

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Highest Common Factors {H.C.F} and Greatest Common Divisor {G.C.D}

To find the G.C.D of two or more numbers, use the following methods.

Example1: Find H.C.F of 2, 6 and 10.

Solution:
2 2, 6, 10 2 is the H.C.F of 2, 6 and 10.
1, 3, 5

Example2: Find the G.C.D of 12 and 16.

Solution:
2 12, 16
2×2=4 is the G.C.D of 12 and 16.
2 6, 8
3, 4

Example3: Find the H.C.F of 12, 20 and 24.

Solution:
2 12, 20, 24
2 6, 10, 12 2×2=4 is H.C.F of 12,20 and 24.
3, 5, 6

EXERCISE

Find the H.C.F of the following

1) 5, 10, 15. 2) 30, 40, 50. 3) 60, 66, 10.

4) 10, 24, 32. 5) 2, 40, 160. 6) 10, 24, 35.

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Least Common Multiple {L.C.M}

To find the lowest common multiple of two or more numbers use these methods.

Example1: find L.C.M of 24 and 36.

Solution

2 24, 36 2×2×3×2×3=72 is the L.C.M of 24 and 36.

2 12, 18
3 6, 9
2 2, 3
3 1, 3
1, 1

Example 2: Find the L.C.M of 4, 6 and 2

Solution

2 4, 6, 2 2×2×3=12 is the L.C.M of 4, 6 and 2.

2 2, 3, 1
3 1, 3, 1
1, 1, 1

Example3: Find the L.C.M of 5, 10 and 20.

Solution
5 5, 10, 20 5×2×2=20 is the L.C.M of 5, 10 and 20.
2 1, 2, 4
2 1, 1, 2
1, 1, 1

EXERCISE

1) Find the L.C.M of

a) 2, 18 and 10 b) 30, 40 and 60 c) 5, 10 and 35

d) 9, 18 and 36 e) 80, 15 and 40 f) 35, 35 and 20
g) 35, 40 and 90 h) 18, 35 and 70

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2) Find the L.C.M of the following numbers of

a) 48, 45 b) 36, 64 c) 75, 100

d) 4, 6, 9 e) 10 30 165 f) 42, 84, 70
g) 8, 12, 20 h) 4, 6, 12 i) 9, 18,
36

3) Solve these

a) The G.C.D of two numbers is 12 and their L.C.M is [Link] one of the numbers
is 60. Find the other number.
b) What is the greatest mass that can be taken in an exact number of times from
144g, 216g and 126g?
c) What is the least length of a school working day in hours if it can be spilt in to
exact periods of 30min, 40min, and 45min?

Simplifying Fraction or Reducing Fraction

Simplify these

EXERCISE

Simplify the following

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Types of Fraction

Fraction can be divided in to three kinds:-

1) Proper fraction: is a fraction, its numerator is less than its denominator.

2) Improper fraction: is a fraction, it numerator is greater than it’s denominator.
3) Mixed fraction: consists of two parts of a whole umber and proper fraction

Converting Mixed and Improper Fraction

Example1: change these into mixed fraction.

Solution Solution Solution

1 1 1
23 78 12 19
-2 -7 -12
1 1 07

Example 2: Change these into improper fraction

Solution Solution
Solution

EXERCISE

1) Change these into improper fraction

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2) Convert these into mixed fraction

Fractions

Addition and subtractions of fractions

The numerator of fraction whose denominators are equal can be added or

Subtracted directly

Example 1: Evaluate

Solution Solution

In the case of different denominators you may use L.C.M of the denominators

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Example 2: Evaluate

Solution Solution

Example 3∶ Evaluate

Solution Solution

Example 4: Evaluate

Solution Solution

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EXERCISE

:-

Multiplication and Division of fractions

Multiplication

We can multiply the numerators to get the numerators of product and multiply the
denominators to get denominator of the product, then simplify to get the lowest
term.

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1)
2) .
3) s [ ].

To

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22

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1)

2)

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Operations of decimals

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Solution Solution

Subtract the following decimal

Solution Solution

EXERCISE

Add the following decimals

1) 0.0789+11.299 6) 7.198 +10.345

2) 0.72+9.7854 7) 67.025 + 25.24 + 31.324
3) 5. 235.808+36.725+475.58+0.785 8) 94.7294 + 6.123
4) 7.94.230+2.31+0.42 9) 16.275 + 8.0456
5) 9.11.07+2.1235 10) 64.5 + 26.301 + 514.03 +3.069

Subtract the following decimals

1) 0.73-0.4213 6) 9.2784 – 3.24

2) 3. 421.21-31.64 7) 1 – 0.3260
3) 5. 256.42-4.530-2.0400 8) 241 – (51.480 + 29.91 – 4.29)
4) 7.30+ (6.481-3.2948+4.3)-3.44 9) 94.07 – 3.258
5) 3-2.46890 10) 0.54 – 0.0719

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Multiplication of decimal

This process is help full for use when solving multiplication of decimals

I) Multiply the decimals disregarding the decimal point

II) Add the number of digits to the right of decimal points in the number to
the multiplied
III) The sum gives the number of digits to the right of decimal point in the
product

Example1: 6.43×5.3 Example2: 0.25×1.2

Solution Solution

4 7
5 5 3 3
8 3

EXERCISE

1) 5.3×8=? 2) 87.12×0.0054=? 3) 251×1.3=?

4) 6.842×37.8=? 5) 23×2.4=? 6) 13.27×0.00897=?

7) 0.001×100=? 8) 41×97.15=? 9) 401.25×0.005

10) 0.89×0.56=?

Division of decimal

To divide a decimal by a decimal we first change the divisor to a whole number. This
is done by multiply both the divisor and the dividend by a power ten which makes the
divisor a whole number.

Example 1: Evaluate Example2: 5.16 ÷12 Example3: 1.44÷0.3

Solution Solution Solutiion

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EXERCISE

Divide the following decimals

1) 757.4÷10 2) 3.354÷0.583 3) 0.42÷0.5

4) 6.702÷100 5) 0.002÷10000 6) 10.008÷0.009

7) 78042.501÷10000 8) 13÷0.013 9) 9.16÷0.12

10) 8.75÷0.15

Multiplication with division

EXERCISE

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CHAPTER FOUR
PERCENTAGES

Decimals and percentages

A percentage is a decimal with denominator as 100 to change a decimal to

percentage, multiply the decimal by100% .to change a percentage to decimal write
the percentage as fraction with denominator 100 and simplify if possible. The sample
(%) is short for percent means hundred, a fraction in the form of 20% is called
percentage.

Change percentage to decimals.

Example 1: 16% Example2: 17% Example3: 15%

solution solution solution

Example 4: A jug contains 1.5 liters of water .if wanja drink 0.3 liters of the water
what percentage of water does she drink?

Solution

Changing decimals as percentage

Example1: Change 0.28 to a percentage? Example2: Change 4.2 to

percentage?

Solution Solution

0.28×100%=28%. 4.2×100%=42%.

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Example3: Express

a) 0.2 as percentage of 2.5.

b) 0.05 as percentage of 0.75.

c) 0.002 as percentage of 0.4.

Solution

EXERCISE

Convert these into decimals

a) 22% 2) 57% 3) 7.56% 4) 4.2%

5) 18% 6) 60% 7) 87.5% 8) 71%

9) 8% 10) 72% 11) 100% 12) 29%

Convert these into percentage

Express

a) 0.19 as percentage of 0.2.

b) 1.3 as percentage of 7.2.

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Problem about percentage

To calculate these problem use these formula∶-

Where R = rate N =total number P = portion

Example1: In an exam student scored 60 marks out of a possible 80 what percentage

is this?

Given Solution

Example 2: 3 girls are missing from a class of 25 girls what percentage of the class
is missing?

Given Solution

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EXERCISE

Test yourself to calculate these problems

1) 26 cm of wood is cut off on board 130 cm long what percentage has been cut
off?
2) 360 students were taken from examination 54 failed how many passed and
what percentage is failed? And what percentage is passed?
3) An examination was taken from me I got 18 marks if this is 45% .how many
was the total?
4) 40% of the passengers in a bus are women 12 are children the bus carried 80.
How many are men? And how many are women
5) A motorist buys a 5liteer of gear oil he uses [Link] percentage of oil has
he used? And what percentage is remained
6) Ahmed uses 20% of his salary on house rent? 40% on food 10% on
transportation he saves the rest of he gets 600 sh. how does he uses?
7) A man hammers a post 2.2m long into the ground .66cm of the post is blow the
ground. What percentage of the post is above the ground?
8) 200 oranges in a box 18 is bad what percentage is good.
9) 5000 kg of mangoes in a store 20% is bad
a) How many kilos are good?
b) How many kilos are bad?
c) What percentage is a good?
10) The distance between two villages is 8 km .A boy walks from one village to
other village. He walks most of the way but runs the last 480 meters. What
percentage of the journey did he run?

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Increase and decrease

Sometimes goods are sold a cost less than market cost ore more then .this is called
increase and decrease. The value before increase or decrease take place is called
initial (old) value

Symbols Formula

Inc = Increase (1) inc = new – old

Dec=decrease (2) dec= old – new

Old= old price (3) old= new +dec (or) new-inc

New =new price (4) new = old + inc (or) old – dec

Example1: The price of cow is 2643 and sold it 2440 .find the decrease?

Given Solution

Old=2643 dec=old-New

New=2440 dec=2643-2440

dec=? dec=203.

Example2: The price of shirt is [Link] and made [Link] many increase?

Given Solution

old=140 inc=new-old

new=147 inc=147-140

inc=? inc=7.

Example3: Halima bought a skirt for 900sh.s and making a profit of [Link] what
was her new price?

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Given Solution

old=900sh new=old+inc

inc=8sh.s new=900+8

new=? new=908sh.s.

Example4: Ali sold a cow for 6250 for marking loss [Link] what was his old price?

Given Solution

new=6250 old=new+dec

dec=20 old=6250+20

old=? old=6271.

EXERCISE

1) The price of chair is $ 430 and made $ 470 .how many increase?
2) The price of a car was 260 and now is [Link] many decreased?
3) The price of tax was 340 and now is [Link] many decreased.
4) The price of a house is 20000 and sold it 18000. Find the decrease?
5) The cost 5 books are [Link] and got from each [Link] find the increase?
6) 11goats cost is 5500 altogether and each one lost cost 300 find the decrease?
7) Kutubey sold her eggs for 5642 then got a profit for 50 what was her old price
8) The old price of pair of shoes is 7420and the price is increase by 24. what is
the new price?

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Percentage increase and decrease

We can use percentage to state by how much a quantity increase or decrease.

To calculate the percentage increase and decrease remember the following formulas:-

Example1: Aisha .s salary is increase by 15 % if the new salary is sh.4600 .

What was her salary before the increase?

Given Solution

Example2: Find the percentage increase in each of the following cases.

a) From 90 to 94
b) From 1200 to 1400
c) From 12.1 to 72.

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a) Given Solution

b)

c)

Example3: increase a) 1800 by 4% b) 7200 by 42%.

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Example 4: Decrease600 by 25%.

Given Solution

EXERCISE

1) Halima's cows decreased by 25% during a drought. if she now has 3600
cows, how many cows of did she have before the drought?
2) Find the percentage increase in each of the following cases:
a) From 500 to 550. b) From 640 to 700 c) From 90 to 100
3) increase:
a) 4500 by 18%. b) 6420 by 20%. c) 940 by 5%
4) Decrease:
a) Sh.500 to sh.375 b) 18.5 to 16.5 c) 700 to 80%

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CHAPTER FIVE
MEASUREMENTS

Length

Length is a measure of the distance between two ends of something. For

example, the length of class room and the length of chalkboard, Length is measured
meter but there are other units of length. The following are seven units of length.

1-kilometer

2-Hectometer

3-Decameter

4-Metre x ÷

5-Decimetre

6-Centimetre

7-Millimetre

Note: each two units a among ten .for example, 1Km=10hm, 1hm=10Dm

Km Hm Dm m dm cm mm

Remember:

From larger unit to smaller unit use multiply.

From smaller unit to larger unit use divide.

Example1: convert these in to meter:

a)1/2 km b) 2hm c) 500dm

Solution Solution Solution

a) →m 2hm→m 500dm→m

×1000=500m b) 2 x 100=200m c) 500÷10=50m

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EXERCISE

1) Convert each of the following measurements to dm

a) 70cm b) 12.9cm c) 1000cm

d) 20cm e) 0.5m f) 2.5m

2) Convert each of the following measurements to centimeter

a) 10dm b) 1.5dm c) 10.6dm

d) 1000dm e) 2hm f) 50km

3) Convert each of the following measurements to decameter

a) 20m b) 1400cm c) 7.4m

d) 6902m e) 20km f) 2hm

4) The distance from two towns is [Link] this distance in

a) meter b) hectometer c) decameter

5) The distance from Mogadishu to Jowhar is 90km. express this distance in

a) hectometer b)millimeter c) centimeter

Mass

The mass of an object is the quantity of matter contained in it.

The most common used of mass measurements are:

1-kilogram {Kg}

2-Hectogram {Hg}

3-Decagram {Dg}

4-Gram {g} x ÷

5-Decigram {dg}

6-Centigram {cg}

7-Milligram {mg}

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Remember∶

From larger unit to smaller unit use multiply.

From smaller unit to larger unit use divide.

Example1: 5kg convert to g Example 2: 400g convert to kg

Solution solution

4kg →g 400g kg

4×1000=4000g 400 ÷ 1000 = 0.4 kg

EXERCISE

1) Convert each of the following in to kilogram

a) 200hg b) 500g c) 6000g

d) 70Dg e) 8400hg f) 2mg

2) Convert each of the following in to milligram

a) 3kg b) 20hg c) 425cg

d) 62g e) 10000dg f) 10Dg

Capacity

Capacity is the amount of matter which the object can hold.

The most used of capacity measurements are:-

1-kilolitres {Kl}

2-Hectolitres {Hl}

3-Decalitres {Dl}

4-alitres {l} x ÷

5-Decilitres {dl}

6-Centilitres {cl}

7-Millilitres {ml}

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Remember∶

From larger unit to smaller unit use multiply.

From smaller unit to larger unit use divide.

Example1: 25kl convert in to L

Solution

25kl →L

25×1000=25000L

Example2: 40Lconvert in to kl

Solution

40L →Kl

40÷1000=0.04kl

EXERCISE

Convert the following in to litters

a) 50ml b) 70dl c) 100dl d) 90dl

e) 4000cl f) 50000cl g) 60000ml h) 32kl

i) 6kl j) 0.5hl

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Time

Time: is the interval between two events.

Note:

1year=12 months

1year=52 weeks

1month=30days x ÷

1month=4weeks

1week=7days

1day=24hours

1hours=60minutes

1minute=60seconds

Remember∶

From larger unit to smaller unit use multiply.

From smaller unit to larger unit use divide.

Example1: convert 4 days in hours?

Solution

4days →hrs

4×24=96hrs.

Example2: Convert 3 months in two weeks?

Solution

3month →weeks

3×4=12weeks.

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Exercise

1) Change the following in two hours

a) 1 second b) 1 minute

2) Convert 3 days in to hour?

3) Change 24 months in to a year?

4) Convert 1/2 months in to a year?

5) Change 2 years in two weeks?

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CHAPTER SIX
MONEY

We will discuss this chapter the following units

 Profit and Loss

 Discount
 Commission
 Simple Interest
 Profit and Loss:

Profit and loss

Profit∶ is the extra money traders make when they sell goods at price higher than the
price they bought the goods at.

Loss∶ if the cost price is higher than the selling price the trader makes loss cost price ∶
is the price at which the trader buys the goods at.

Selling price∶ is the price at which the trader sells the goods at.

Profit and loss are usually stated as percentage to calculate this increase in profit and
decrease in a loss use the following formulas

Symbols Formulas

1) P= profit 1) P = S.P-B.P

2) L= loss 2) L = B.P-S.P

3) B.P =buying price 3) B.P=S.P-P or S.P+L

4) S.P=Selling price 4) S.P = B.P+P or B.P-L

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Example 1: Aniso bought 2 hens at [Link] each she then paid [Link] each.
What was her profit?

Solution

B.P =2×150=300 P = S.P-B.P

S.P= 2×220=440 P= 440-300

P= ? P = 140

Example2: A shopkeeper made a profit 45 by selling a blanket of 236. What was the
buying price?

Solution

P = 45 B.P = S.P-P

S.P = 236 B.P = 236-45

B.P =? B.P = 191

EXERCISE

1) Geedi bought address at sh.150 and sold it at sh.180 what was his profit
2) Hani bought a pair of shoes at sh.336 he sold it making a profit of 48 what
price did he sell the pair of shoes?
3) A hawker sold a hammer for sh.200 making a profit of sh.50 what was her
buying price ?
4) The price of corrugated iron sheet is 80sh. For each, if each one sold
73sh. How many losses?

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Percentage profit and loss

Percentage profit is the profit expressed as percentage and percent loss is the loss
expressed as percent.

Example 3: Ali’s shopkeeper sold a radio at sh.1500 and made 25% loss what was
the cost?

Solution

Example 4: A shopkeeper sold a pen at a profit of 25% if the cost price of a pen was
sh.160. What was the selling price?
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Solution

Example 5: Ali bought a cow for 1900sh. and sold it for 2280 sh. Find his profit and
percent profit.

Solution

EXERCISE

1) A carpenter earns $6.95 per hour’s .if he receives a 7 1/2% pay raise. What is
his new pay rate?
2) A trader bought a sheep at sh.1900 and sold it making a 15% profit. What was
selling price?
3) A shopkeeper sold a bag of beans for sh.3600making a profit a 20%. What was
the cost price?

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Discount

Discount is the amount that is taken off the price of goods.

Discount is usually staked as percentage to calculate the problem

of discount us these formula

Example1:

a)
b)

Solution

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a)
b) ?

Solution

EXERCISE

1) Rukia bought a blouse at sh.2400 after getting a 20% discount.

a)What was the marked price of the blouse ?
b) How much discount did she get?

2) The marked price of a pair of shoes was sh.3600 after getting a discount
Ahmed paid 300
a) How much was the discount?
b) What was the percentage discount?
3) A shopkeeper offered a 10% discount on all goods purchased .Asha paid
sh.400 for flask.
a) What was the marked price of the flasks?
b) How much discount did she get?

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Commission

Commission is percentage of the amount of money paid to an agent for doing

business for someone else or for a company.

To calculate the problem of commission use these formula∶

Example1: A sales person gets 20% commission on the value of goods sold. In one
month she sold goods worth she 12000 how much commission did she get?

Solution

Example2: A sales person gets a monthly salary for sh.25000 he also gets 12%
commission on the value of goods sold in one month he sold goods worth sh.5000.

a) How much commission did he get that month?

b) What were his total earnings that month?

Solution

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EXERCISE
Hussein is a mechanic employed in a garage .he gets a salary of a sh.8000 he also
gets a commission of 6% of the money. He makes for in the employer through repairs
.in December he made sh.18000 for the employer

a) How much commission did he get?

b) How much money did he earn in that month?

Simple Interest and Compound Interest

Simple interest

Interest: is the extra money paid when money is borrowed or deposited in a bank.

Principle: is the money borrowed or deposited in a bank.

Rate: is the money calculated as percentage.

Time: is the time of money in a bank.

Amount: is the sum of interest and principle.

To calculate the problem of interests use these formula:

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Example1: Abdulle deposited sh.53600 for two years in a bank that paid 6% simple
interest per annum.

a) How much interest did he earn?

b) What was the total amount in his account at the end of the 2 years?

Solution

Example2: Ali deposited sh.24000 in a bank for 10 months; the bank paid 4% simple
interest. What was the amount in the bank at the end of 10 months?

Solution

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EXERCISE

1) Calculate the rate of interest if Farhia deposited sh.10000 in a bank for 3years,
and she gets the interest for 400.
2) Copy and complete the table:-

Principle {p} Rate {R} Time {T} Interest {I} Amount

{A}
Sh. 4,600 1 year Sh. 286
Sh. ? 20% 2 years Sh. 4000
Sh.32,500 8% 3 years Sh. ?
Sh. ? 9% 10 years Sh. 4200
Sh. 64,000 5% 3 ½ years Sh. ?
Sh.25,000 3% Sh. ? 30,000
Sh. 240 1 years Sh. 32
Sh. 40,000 2% 4 years Sh. ? 43200

Compound Interest

Compound interest is calculated based on the principle plus any interest earned in the
previous period. but there is another way to calculate compound interest, here it is:

Example1: Halima deposited sh.48000 in a bank for 2 [Link] paid compound

interest at the rate of 8% per annum (p.a).

a) How much interest did she earn?

b) How much money was in her account at the end of the two years?

Solution

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EXERCISE

Abdi deposited sh.24000 in a bank for 2 years .the bank paid compound interest at
the rate of 6% p.a
a) Calculate Abdi’s interest at the end of 2 years.
b) if Abdi withdrew all the money in his account after the two years, How
much did he with draw?

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CHAPTER SEVEN
SQUARE AND SQUARE ROOTS

Square: when a number is multiply by its self, the product is called the square

Example1: Find the Square of∶

(a) 3 (b)14

(c) 12 (d) 0.5

Solution

EXERCISE

Find the square of

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Square roots

In general any positive number has two square roots. the symbol for the square roots
of a number is . If both the positive and the negative square roots of a number
are needed we usually written .

Example1: find the square roots of

Solution

3 81 2 144
3 27 2 72
3 9 2 36
3 3 2 18
1 3 9
3 3
1

EXERCISE

1) Find the square root of the following use any way you know

a) 25 b) 36 c) 64 d) 100

e) 16 f) 169 g) 196 h) 225

i) 400 j) 441 k) 144 l) 6084

m) 3136 n) 7396 o) 2025 p) 3025

q) 1600 r) 8100 s) 2500 t) 1764

u) 3969

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2) Find the square root of the following "use general method’’

Square root of decimals

Example1: Find the square root of:

a) 0.09 b) 0.0324

Solution Solution

EXERCISE

Find the square root of

a) 3.59 b) 0.00081 c) 0.64

d) 0.16 e) 3.61 f) 4.41

g) 0.81 h) 0.01 i) 0.25

j) 0.044

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CHAPTER EIGHT
BASES

In generally, there are six (6) bases and they are:-

a) Base 2 b) base 4 c) base 5 d) base 8 e) base 10 f) base 12

Addition base 2 Addition of base 4

Addition of base 5 Addition of base 8

Example3: Example4:

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Example5: Subtraction Example6: Multiplication

EXERCISE

Work out

Conversion of bases

Base 2

Example1: Exapmle2:

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Base 5 Base 8

Exapmle3: Example4:

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1. 2.

3.

9.

12. 8

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CHAPTER NINE
PERIMETER AND AREA OF REGULAR SHAPE

Square

Square is a quadrilateral which four equal sides and four equal angles (90°)

Area∶ the area of the square is the product of the lengths of its sides.

Perimeter: the perimeter of a square is the sum of length of its sides.

a)
b)

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Rectangle

Rectangle is a quadrilateral which has four sides and two opposite sides are equal
and four angles.

Area of rectangle is the product of the length and width.

Perimeter of rectangle is the twice of the sum of the length and width.

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a)
b)

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Parallelogram

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with its opposite sides equal and its opposite angle equal.

b
Area: the area of parallelogram is the product of the base and height?

Perimeter: the perimeter is twice the sum of the base and the height.

a)

1)

2)

a) b)

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Rhombus

A parallelogram having all sides of equal length is called a Rhombus.

d1 d2
d1
d1

Area: the area of a rhombus is the product of the two diagonals times half.

Perimeter: the perimeter of a rhombus is the sum of the four sides.

a)
b)

6cm

8cm

=36+64=100

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a)
b)
c)
d)

respectively

Trapezium

A quadrilateral having exactly one pair of parallel sides is called trapezium.

Area: the area of the trapezium is the sum of two bases times height divided by two.

While a=upper base, b=lower base, h=height

Perimeter: the perimeter of trapezium is sum of sides.

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Example1:

Solution
a = 10 cm

b= 20cm

h= 3cm

A=?

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Triangle

Triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry with three corners or vertices and
three sides. The sum of its interior angles is 180°.

Kinds of triangles

Isosceles triangle Equilateral triangle scalene triangles

Area: the area of a triangle is the product of height and base divided by two

Perimeter: the perimeter of triangle is the sum of the three sides.

Example1: Find Area and perimeter of triangle with length, base and height are
5cm, 4cm and 3cm

Solution

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Circle

Circle is a set of point which equidistance from fixed point,

Area∶ the Area of circle is

( i) The product of radius squared pi (π)

(ii) The product of diameter squared, pi (π) dived by 4

Circumference: The circumference of circle is

( i) The product of pi (π ) and diameter (d)

(ii) The product of twice the radius and pi (π)

c= 2πr or c = π d

R = 3cm

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a) b) c)
7cm 4m 6m

7cm 7cm
d) e) 7cm f)

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CHAPTER TEN
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA

Cube

Cube it is a rectangular solid in which every face is square.

The volume of the cube is:

S
S

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


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L w

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Cylinder

Volume of cylinder: the volume of cylinder is obtained by the formula:

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r
r

h
r

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14cm

12cm

b)

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6m m 4m

4m

a) b) c)

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a)

b)

c)

1)

2)

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1)

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1)
2)

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Solve

1)

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CHAPTER TWELEVE
ALGEBRA

Algebra: is a branch of mathematics that deals with numbers and letters.

For example, 3x2, is an algebraic expression, coefficient =3, variable or

unknown is “x” while the exponent or index = 2

Polynomial (Many terms)

An algebraic expression that consists of many terms is called polynomials.

The highest exponent in the polynomial is the degree of polynomials

For example, x5 – 3x4+4x3 – 5x2+2x+7 is polynomial of degree 5.

Polynomials have different kinds:

 Monomial (one term ) e.g. 3x2

 Binomial (two terms) e.g. 3x+2y
 Trinomial (three terms) e.g. x2+4x+3
Degree one [linear polynomials] e.g. 3x+5

Degree two [quadratic polynomial] e.g. x2+4 x+3

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

When adding or subtracting polynomials, the like terms are collected.

Example (1):

(2a+3b+1) + (3a – 7b – 4)

Solution:

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(2a+3b+1) + (3a – 7b – 4)

2a+3a+3b – 7b +1 – 4 = 5a – 4b – 3

Example (2):

(4x2 + 5x – 3) – (2 x2 +4x – 4)

Solution

(4x2 + 5x – 3) – (2 x2 +4x – 4)

4 x2 – 2 x2 + 5 x– 4 x– 3 + 4=2 x2 + x+1

Multiplication of polynomials

When multiplying a polynomial by other polynomials, every term of the

first polynomial is multiplied by all terms of the second polynomial than
the like terms are collected.

Example (1):

(5a – 3b) (2a +4b)

Solution

(5a – 3b) (2a +4b)

10 a2+20ab – 6ab – 12b2= 10a2 + 14ab – 12b2

Example (2):

(2x – 3) (x2 – 4x +5)

Solution

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(2x – 3) (x2– 4x +5)

2x3 – 8x2 +10 x– 3x2 +12x – 15

2 x3 – 11 x2 + 22x – 15

Example (3):

(x – y) (x2+4 x-y+y2)

Solution

(x – y) (x2+4 x-y+y2)

x3+ 4 x2 y+ xy2 – x2 y – 4xy2 – y3

x3 + 4 x2 y –x 2y+ xy2 – 4xy2 – y3

x3+ 3 x2 y – 3 xy2 – y3

THE SQUARE OF A BINOMIAL

1) (a+b)2 = a2 +2ab+b2
2) (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab+b2
Examples:

1) (5x+3y)2 =25x2 +30 xy+9y2

2) ( 2x – 5)2 = 4 x2 – 20x+ 25
3) (a+b+c)2= a2+2a (b+c) + (b+c)2
= a2+ 2ab+2ac+b2+2bc+c2

= a2+ b2+c2+2ab+2ac+2bc

4) (x+y)2 = x2+ 2xy+y2

5) (4x+2y)2 = 16 x2+16 xy+4y2

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Division of Polynomials

A polynomial can be divided by another polynomial using the long

division.

Dividend = Quotient× divisor + reminder

D= Q×d + r

Example (1):

Divide x2 – 4x+5 byx+1

Solution Example (2):

x5
x  1 x 2  4x  5 ( x 3  4 x 2  5 x  7)  ( x  2)
 x2  x
 5x  5
 5x  5
10
Q  x  5
Solution:
R  10

x 2  2x  1
x  2 x 3  4 x 2  5x  7
x 3  2x 2
 2 x 2  5x
 2x 2  4x
x7
x2
5
Example (3)

(x3+x2-5x+4)÷(x-1)

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Solution

x  1 x 3  x 2  5x  4
x3  x2
2 x 2  5x
 2x 2  2x
 3x  4
 3x  3
1

Exercise: Simplify

1) (3a – 7b–5)+ (5a+6b+1)

2) ( 5x 2  6x  10)  (2x 2  x  8)
3) (3x 2  4 x  5)  ( x 2  3x  2)  (2 x  7)

4) ( x 3  4 x 2  x  1)  ( x 2  2 x  3)  (4 x  1)

II) Calculate the following:

1) ( ( x  3)( x  4)
2) ( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)

3) ( x 2  3x  4)( x 2  3x  4)

4) ( x  3) 2

5) (4 x  3) 2

6) (a  4 y ) 2

7) (m  n) 2

Find the quotient and the remainder:

1) ( x 2  5x  6)  ( x  3)

2) (3x 2  13x  4)  (3x  1)

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FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS

A. Factorizing binomials:
The H.C.F. of the terms is considered to be the first factor of the
binomial.

Example (1) 6 x  10  2(3x  5)

Example (2) 4a 2b 3  8a 3b 2  4a 2b 2 (b  2a)

Example (3) 10x 2 y 2  15x 2 y 2  5x 2 y 2 (2 x  3)

B. Factorizing by Grouping:-
The trinomial is changed to a tetranomial the tertanomial is factorized
by grouping

Example (1)

ax  bx  ay  by

Solution

a) ax  bx  ay  by

(ax  bx )  (ay  by )

x ( a  b)  y ( a  b)

( x  y )(a  b) #

b) ( xy  3 y  2 x  6)

y ( x  3)  2( x  3)

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( y  2)( x  3) #

c) 6ab  10b  9a  15

6ab  9a  10b  15

(6ab  9a)  (10b  15)

3a(2b  3)  5(2b  3)

(3a  b)(2b  3)

d) 12 x 2  15x  4 x  5

( 12x 2  15x)  (4 x  5)

3x(4 x  5)  1(4 x  5)

(3x  1)(4 x  5)

c) Factorizing Trinomials

The trinomial is changed to a tetranomial by decomposing the middle

term and then is factorized by grouping.

Example: a) x2  6x  8

x 2  6 x  8  x 2  2 x  4 x  8  ( x 2  2 x)  (4 x  8)

x( x  2)  4( x  2)  ( x  2)( x  4)

b) x 2  7 x  12

x 2  3x  4  12

( x 2  3x)  (4 x  12)

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x( x  3)  4( x  3)

( x  4)( x  3)

y 2  7 y  60
( y 2  12 y )  (5 y  60)
c)
y ( y  12)  5( y  12)
( y  5)( y  12)

6 y2  y  5
(6 y 2  10 y )  (9 y  15)
e)
2 y (3 y  5)  3(3 y  5)
(2 y  3)(3 y  5)

d) The difference of the Squares

The following formula is used to factorize the difference of squares:

a 2  b2  (a  b)(a  b)

Example:

1) x 2  25  ( x  5)( x  5)

2) 49x2  100  (7 x  10)(7 x  10)

3) x3  16  ( x 2  4)( x  4)  ( x  2)( x  2)( x  4)

e) The sum and difference of Cubes

The following formulas are used to factorize the sum and difference of
cubes:

1) a3  b3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b2 )

2) a3  b3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b2 )

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Example:

a) x3  1  33 x3  1  (3x  1)(9 x 2  3x  1)

125x3  8  53 x3  23
b)
(5 x  2)(25x 2  10x  4)

c) x3  8  x3  23  ( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4) x 3

f) Factorizing by substitution:

Some polynomials can be factorized by simply by introducing a new

variable

Example

Solve (1) ( x  y)2  8( x  y)  15

2) 4( x  2)2  12( x  2)  5

3) 4( x  2)2  16( x  2)  15

Solution

1)( x  y ) 2  8 ( x  y )  15
Let x  y  a

a 2  8a  15
a 2  3a  5a  15
(a 2  3a)  (5a  15)
a(a  3)  5(a  3)
(a  5)(a  3)
( x  y  5)( x  y  3)

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2) 4( x  2) 2  12( x  y )  5
Let x  2  y
4 y 2  12 y  5
4 y 2  10 y  2 y  5
(4 y 2  10 y )  (2 y  5)
2 y (2 y  5)  1(2 y  5)
(2 y  1)(2 y  5)
[2( x  2)  5)[2( x  2)  1]
(2 x  4  5)(2 x  4  1)
(2 x  9)(2 x  5)

3) 4( x  2) 2  16( x  2)  15
Let y  x  2
4 y 2  16 y  15
4 y 2  10 y  6 y  15
(4 y 2  10 y )  (6 y  15)
 2 y (2 y  5)  3(2 y  5)
 (2 y  3)(2 y  5)
 [2( x  2)  3)[2( x  2)  5]
 [2 x  4  3][2 x  4  5]
 (2 x  1)(2 x  1)

Exercise:

I) Factorise the following polynomials

1) x 2  10 x  24

2) x 2  5 x  84

3) 2x 2  7x  5

4) x 2  5 x  14

5) 4 x 2  12 x  5

6) 8x 2  4 x  9

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Factor of the Following Polynomials:

1) 81x 2  100y 2 2) 64  x 2 3) 4 y 2  49

4) 36 y 2  4 x 2 5) 25x 2  36 y 2 6) x2 1

Solve the sum & difference of cubes:

1) 8x3  27 y3 2) 64 x 3  125 3) y3 1

IV) Solve

1) (x+y)2-20(x+y)+64
2) 4(X+1)2+8(X+1)-5 #

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CHAPTER THERTEEN
EQUATIONS

Equations

The equality of two expression is called an equation. The equation is to be

solved to find truth value of the unknown. There are many kinds of
equation such as a simple equation, simultaneous equation and quadratic
equation.

Simple equations:

The equation of one variable are known as the simple equation.

Example: (1) Solve 5x-3=2x+9

5x-3=2x+9

5x-2x=9+3

3x 12

3 3
x4

Example (2):

3(2a-5)=4(a-1)

Solution 6a-15=4a-4

6a-4a=-4+15

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2a
a  4  15
2
2a 11

2 2
11 1
a 5
2 2

Example (3):

Solve:

x x 1 x  3
  2
3 4 3

Solution

x x 1 x  3
  2
3 4 3
 x  x 1  x 3
12   12   12   12  2
3  4   3 
4 x  3( x  1)  4( x  3)  24
4 x  3x  3  4 x  12  24
7 x  3  4 x  12
3x 15

3 3
x5

Exercise

(Solve the following equation)

1) 2 (3x-4)-5(2x-7)=39-7x
x x 1 x  3
2)   2
3 4 3

3) 4  4 x  9  12x

4) 3(4c  7)  4(4c )  0

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Problems about Simple Equations:-

1) Five times a number exceeds three times the number by 10 what is

that number?
Solution:

Let x be the number

5x=3x+10

2 x 10

2 2
x5

2) A wire 20m long is cut into two parts such that have one part is equal
to the one-third of the other part find the length of the two parts.
Solution

Let x be the length of one part then the length of the other part is [20-x]

x  20  x 
1 1
2 3

3x=40 -2x

5 x 40

5 5
x8

The length of the two parts are 8m &12m

3) The sum of three consecutive numbers is 48, find the numbers.

Solution

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Let the first number be x. then the second number is(x+1) and the third
number is (x+2)

X+(x+1) +(x+2)=48

X+x+1+x+2=48  the numbers are 15, 16, 17

3x+3=48

3x=48-3

3x 45

3 3
x  15

Exercise:

Solve the following problems by helping your examples:

1) When 35, is added to 5 times a number the result is 100 find that
number.
2) When 3 is subtracted form a number and the result is divided by unit
is equal to [Link] is that number?
3) Adding 19 to three times a number is the same as subtracting 17 from
seven times the number.
4) The length of a rectangle is 3 times its width and the perimeter is 56
cm, find the dimensions of the rectangle.
5) Ali and Ahmed, share 147$ and Ahmed receives $ 19 less than what
Ali receives?
6) The sum of three consecutive numbers is 66 find the numbers.
7) The sum of three consecutive numbers is 84, what are the numbers.

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Simultaneous Equations:-

The simultaneous Equations with two variables are solved by:

1) Elimination
2) Substitution
3) Comparison
4) Graph
5) By formula
6) By matrix
1) Elimination

The process which we get rid of one of the variable is called Elimination

Example (1):

Solve: by elimination method

3x+4y=11

-2 5x+2y=9

3x+4y=11 3x+4y=11

–10x –4y= – 18 3+4y=11

 17 7
x 4y 8
7 7 
4 4
x 1
y2

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Example (2):

Solve by using elimination method.

x y
 3
2 3
x y
 3
 2 3
x 3
 3
 4 3
x  4  2 x 2
 4 5 5 x
2 1
x4

3x  2 y  18

5 x  4 y  8

15 x  10 y  90
 15 x  12 y  24

22 66
y
22 22
y 3

Exercise:

Solve by Elimination:

4 x  4  7 4 x  6 y  136
1)  2) 
3x  4 y  9 6 x  5 y  164

 x  y  10 11x  8 y  31
4)  3) 
3x  2 y  25 13 x  6 y  83

2) Substitution:

The value of a variable is expressed interms of the other variable in one

equation and is substituted in the equation.

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Example (1) Solve

2 x  3 y  5

4 x  5 y  9

Solution 4x  5 y  9 4x  5 y  9
2x  3y  5 5  2 x) 5  2 x)
4 x  5( 9 4 x  5( 9
3y 5  2x 2 2
 25  10 x 25  10 x
3 3 4x  9 4x  9
5  2x 3 3
y 12 x  25  10 x  27 12 x  25  10 x  27
3
2x 2 2x 2
 
2 2 2 2
x 1 x 1

Example (2)

10  4 y
x
3
2 x  5 y  1 10  4(1)
3 x  4 y  10 x
  10  4 y  3
2 x  5 y  1 2   5 y  1 6
  3  x
 3
x2

20  8 y
3  5 y  3  1  3
3x  4 y  10 3
3x 10  4 y 20  8 y  15 y  3

3 3  23 y  23

10  4 y  23  23
x
3 y 1

Exercise:

Solve the following by substitution

4 x  3 y  3 5 x  4 y  3
1)  2) 
2 x  3 y  2 x  3 y  3

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2 x  5 y  16 2 x  y  9
3)  4) 
3x  4 y  22 3x  5 y  4

3) Comparison

A variable is expressed in terms of the other variable in both equationsand

the two values are equalized:

Example: Solve

3x  4y  53 yy
2x - 5y  - 26 53  3x 2x
 26 
4 5
 265  15 x  104  8 x
Solution 15 x  8 x  104  265
23 x 161
3x+4y =53 
23 23
x  7 y  53
4 y 53  3x x7

4 4 53  3
3x y (7 )
y  53  4
4 32
2 x  5 y  26 y
4
 5 y  26  2 X y 8

5 5

Exercise

Solve the following equations by comparison:-

5x  2y  2 - 2x  56 y  16
1)  2) 
2x  3y  - 8 3x  4y  22

5x  7 y  56 4x  3y  3
3)  4) 
x  2y  9 2x  3y  2

5x  2 y  16 4x  3y  1
5)  6) 
3x  7 y  27 2x  5y  45

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4) BY FORMULA

If the equations are in the form of:

ax  by  c

dx  ey  f

Then the solution my formed by:

ce  fb af  dc
x y
ae  db ae  db

Example: Solve

1) 2x+3y= – 6

4x – 2y =20

a b c
Solution: 2x+3y–6
d e f

4x–2y=20

ce  fb af  dc
x y
ae  db ae  db
(4)(4)  (7)(3) (2)(7)  (3)(4)
x y
(2)(4)  (3)(3) (2)(4)  (3)(8)
16  21 14  12
x y
89 89
5 2
x y
1 1
x5 x  2

Exercise: Solve all methods

3x  y  7
2x - y  3

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HORSEED INTERTIONAL UNIVERSITY (HIU) GENERAL MATH

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
INEQUALITIES

Any mathematical sentence containing < or > is called in equality.

Properties of an inequality

1) If a some number is added or subtracted from both sides of an

inequality, the sense doesn’t change.
2) If both sides of an inequality are multiplied or divided by the same
positive number, the sense doesn’t change.
3) If both sides of an inequality are multiplied or divided by the same
negative number, the sense changes.
4) If a reciprocal is taken, the direction of the inequality changes.

Solving inequalities

Example (1):

Solve and show the result on the number line

3 (2x – 1) > 2 (x – 4) + 9

Solution

3 (2x – 1) > 2 (x – 4) + 9

6x – 3 > 2x – 8 + 9

6x – 3 > 2x + 1

6x – 3 – 2x > 2x + 1 – 2x

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4x – 3 > 1

4x – 3 + 3 > 1 + 3

>

:. X > 1

The solution set is [all numbers greater than 1]

Exercise

Solve and show the result on the number line.

1) 2 (3x + 1) ≥ (3 (x – 2)
2) > -2

Equations and in equalities containing absolute value

The absolute value of a number is the number of units it is from zero on

the number line. The symbol | | indicates the absolute value.

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The following formulas are used to solve in equalities and equations

involving absolute value.

1- |x| = ax = a or x = -a
2- |x| < a  -a < x < a or x > -a and x < a
3- |x| > a  a < x < -a or x > a and x < -a

Example (1):

Solve |3x – 1| = 5

Solution

|3x – 1| = 5 3x – 1= 5

3x = 5 + 1 or 3x = - 5 + 1

= =

:. X = 2 :. X =

Example (2):

Solve |2x + 1| < 7

Solution

|2x + 1| < 7

2x + 1 < 7 2x + 1 > 7

2x < 7 – 1 and 2x > – 7 – 1

< .

:. X < 3 :. X > -4

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Example (3):

Solve |3x + 2| ≥ 5

Solution

|3x + 2| ≥ 5

3x + 2 ≥ 5 or 3x + 2 ≤ - 5

3x ≥ 5 – 2 3x ≤ – 5 – 2

≥ ≤

:. X ≥ 1 :. X ≤

Example (4):

Solve |2x – 5| < 4

Solution

|2x – 5| < 4 |2x – 5| < 4

2x – 5 < 4 2x – 5 > 4

2x < 4 + 5 or 2x > – 4 + 5

< >

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:. X < 4 :. X >

Exercise

Solve

1) |4x – 3| = x + 1
2) |2x – 3| < 5
3) |7x – 8| ≥ 6
4) |5x – 4| > 1
5) O ≤ x – 1 ≤ 3

6) |2x + 1| < 7
7) |7x – 8| ≥ 6
8) |2x + 1| < 7
9) |3x + 2| ≥ 5

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CHAPTER FIFTEEN
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Quadratic Equation
An equation of the type ax2+bx+c = 0 is called quadratic equation.
The constant a, b and c have any numerical value and a ≠ 0.
A quadratic equations are solved by using one of the methods:
(i) Factorization method
(ii) Completing square method
(iii) By formula method
(iv) Graphical solution
1. Factorization Method
Example (1) factorize

(a) x2 + 4x – 21 (b) x2 – 27x + 50 (c) 5x2 + 7x + 2 = 0

Solution

(a) x2 + 4x – 21 (c) 5x2 + 7x + 2 = 0

x2 + 7x – 3x – 21 5x2 + 5x + 2x + 2 = 0

(x2 + 7x) – (3x + 21) (5x2 + 5x)+(2x + 2) = 0

x (x + 7) – 3 (x + 7) 5x(x+1) + 2(x+1 )=0

(x – 3) (x + 7) . (5x + 2) (x + 1) = 0

(b) x2 – 27x + 50 5x + 2 = 0 x+1=0

x2 – 25x – 2x + 50 5x = 0 – 2 x=0–1

(x2 – 25x) – (2x – 50) = x = -1

x (x – 25) – 2 (x – 25) x =

(x – 2) (x – 25).
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Exercise: Factorize:
1) x2 + 2x + 1 8) x2 – 5x – 6
2) x2 + 4x – 5 9) 2x2 + 8x + 8
3) x2 + 11x + 24 10) 3a2 + 4a + 1
4) x2 – 10x – 11 11) 12m2 – 5m – 3
5) x2 + 3x – 10 12) x (x + 5) + 6
6) x2 + 5x + 6 13) 6t2 – 10t – 4
7) x2 – 5x – 6 14) 2y2 – 3y – 9
Quadratic Equations
If the product of two numbers is 0, then one of the numbers (or both of
them) must be 0.
Example (2): Solve the equations
(a) (x – 4) (X + 9) = 0 (b) (a + 5) (a – 6) = 0
Solution
If (x – 4) (x + 9) = 0 If the (a + 5) (a – 6) = 0

x – 4 = 0 x+9=0 a+5=0 a–6=0

x=0+4 x+0–9 a=0–5 a=0+6
x=4 x=–9 a=–5 a=6
Example (3): solve 2x2 + 13x = 15

Solution

2x2 + 13x = 15 2x2 + 13x – 15 = 0

2x2 – 2x + 15x – 15 = 0 (2x2 – 2x) + (15x – 15) = 0

2x (x – 1) + 15 (x – 1) = 0 (2x + 15) (x – 1) = 0

2x + 15 = 0 x – 1 = 0 2x = 0 – 15 x = 0 + 1

= x = 1 x = Or –7

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Exercise

Solve the following

(1) (2x – 9) (x + 8) = 0 (5) d2 – 5d + 6 = 0

(2) (5 – b) (12 – 5b) = 0 (6) 6z = 5z2
(3) (2y + 7)2 = 0 (7) p2 – 10p – 24 = 0
(4) c2 + 10c = 0 (8) x2 = 2x + 15

2. Completing the Square Method

After the factorizing method, quadratic equation can be solved by solved by completing square.

Example (1): Solve

(a) x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 (b) 2x2 + 7x – 9 = 0

Solution

(a) x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 x2 + 4x = 5 x2 + 4x + 4 = 5 + 4

x2 + 4x + 4 = 9 (x + 2)2 = 9 x+2=±

x = -2 ± x = -2 ± 3 x = -5 or x = 1.

(b) 2x2 + 7x – 9 = 0 + = x2 + =

x2 = + = + x2 + + = +

x2 + + = x2 + + =

= x+ =±

x+ =± x= =

x= x = 1

or x = x=

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Exercise
Solve the following equation by using completing square
(1) x2 – 8x + 3 = 0 (6) 25 – 7x2 = 18x
(2) x2 – 8x + 15 = 0 (7) m2 – 7m + 11 = 0
(3) x2 + 5x – 14 = 0 (8) 7x2 + 2x = 32
(4) 2x2 – 3x = 2 (9) x2 + 6x + 7 = 0
(5) x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 (10) x2 + 10x + 22 = 0

3. By Formula Method
The formula or solving quadratic equations:
The general form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0.
The roots of the general quadratic equation are found by completing
square.

ax2 + bx + c = 0

x2 + + =0

x2 + =-

x2 + + = +

x2 + + = +

x2 + + =

x2 + + =

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x+ =±

x+ =±

x=- =±

x =

Example (1):
Solve: 3x2 – 5x – 7 = 0
Solution
3x2 – 5x – 7 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 3, b, = -5 c = -7

x=

x= x

x= x=

x= or  x = 2.57 or – 0.91.

Example (2):
Solve x2 – 5x + 4 = 0
Solution

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x2 – 5x + 4 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 1, b = -5 c = 4. x=

x=
x=

x= x = 4 or x = 1.

x=

Exercise
Solve by formula: (10) 2x2 – 18 = 0
(11) x2 – 36 = 0
(1) x2 – 9x + 18 = 0
(12) x2 – 4x = 0
(2) x2 + x – 6 = 0
(13) x2 – 36 = 0
(3) x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
(14) x2 – 2x – 4 = 0
(4) x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
(15) 6x2 + 13x + 6 = 0
(5) 3x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
(16) 3x2 – 12x + 10 = 0
(6) 5x2 – 3x – 2 = 0
(17) 4x2 + 7x – 2 = 0
(7) 2x2 + 7x – 3 = 0
(18) 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
(8) x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
(19) 2x2 – x – 1 = 0
(9) 5x2 + 3x – 3 = 0
Quadratic Discriminant
The number Δ = b2 – 4ac, if so the equation of quadratic will have three
possible solutions.
(1) If Δ = + Ve “two real distinct roots”
(2) If Δ = - Ve “two imaginary roots”
(3) If Δ = 0 “two equal roots”

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Example (1):
(a) x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 b) x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 c) x2 – x + 4 = 0
Solution
a) x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 b) x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 c) x2 – x + 4 = 0
Δ = b2 – 4ac Δ = b2 – 4ac Δ = b2 – 4ac
Δ = (4)2 – 4(1)3 Δ = (4)2 – 4 (1)4 Δ = (-1)2 – 4(1)4
Δ = 16 – 12 Δ = 16 – 16 Δ = 1 – 16
Δ = +4 Δ=0 Δ = -15

“It has two real “It has two real “Two imaginary
distinct roots” square roots” roots”
Exercise
State the type of the solution of:

(1) x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 (5) x2 – 10x + 25 = 0

(2) x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 (6) 4x2 – 2x + 6 = 0
(3) x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 (7) 2x2 + 3x + 15 = 0
(4) x2 + 2x – 15 = 0 (8) x2 – 4x + 4 = 0

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Sum and Product Of Roots

We know that:

r1 = , r2 =

Proof: r1 + r2 = also r1•r2 =

Solution

r1 + r2 = +

r1 + r2 =

r1 + r2 =

r1 + r2 = =

 r1 + r2 = . Proved.

r1 • r2 =

r1 • r2 = (-b)2 -

r1 • r2 = = =

 r1 • r2 = .

 The quadratic equation can be found when the roots are given:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
x2 + + =0

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x2 – x+ =0

x2 – (r1 + r2) x + (r1•r2) = 0

Example (1):
Find the sum and product of roots:
4x2 + 12x – 8 = 0
Solution
4x2 + 12x – 8 = 0 a = 4, b = 12, c = -8

r1 + r2 = = = = -3.

r1 • r2 = = = -2.

Example (2):

Find the quadratic equation whose roots are and ?

Solution
x2 – (r1 + r2) x + (r1 • r2) = 0

*r1 + r2 = + *r1 • r2 = ×

r1 + r2 = r1 • r2 = =

r1 + r2 = x2 – (r1 + r2) x + (r1 • r2) = 0

x2 - x+ =0

20x2 – 23x + 6 = 0.

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Exercise
I- Find the sum and product of the roots.
1) 3x2 – 9x – 6 = 0 2) 4x2 – 8x + 2 = 0
3) 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 4) 10x2 + 5x – 15 = 0
II- Find the quadratic equation whose roots are:
a) – 4 and – 3 f) and
b) - and
g) 2 and – 4
c) and h) – 2 and 4
i) 5 and 0
d) 3 and 1
j) – 1 and – 2.
e) 3, -3

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CHAPTER SIXTEEN
PROGRESSIONS (SEQUENCES)

A progression is a function whose domain is the positive integers and

range is the real number.
Types of Progression
There are two types of sequence namely finite and infinite.
(i) Finite sequence:- is a sequence which contains the last number of
terms.
E.g: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. Finite sequence.
(ii) Infinite sequence:- is a sequence which does not contains a last term.
E.g: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ………………………… infinite sequence.
Example (1):
If the nth tem of progression is given by 2n + 3. Find the first term, 5 th term
and 12th tem. If the common difference is 2.
Solution
(i) 2n + 3 (ii) 2n + 3 (iii) 2n + 3
let n = 1 let n = 5 let n = 12
2 (1) + 3 2 (5) + 3 2 (12) + 3
2+3 10 + 3 24 + 3
=5 = 13 = 27.
5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27

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Exercise
If nth term of a sequence is given by 3n – 7. Find the 1st term, 5th term and
12th term. (d = 3).

Example (2):
Find the first 5 terms of the sequence given by: an = 3n – 1, N ≥ 1.
Solution
*an = 3n – 1 *an = 3n – 1 *an = 3n – 1
a1 = 3 (1) – 1 a2 = 3 (2) – 1 a3 = 3 (3) – 1
a1 = 3 – 1 a2 = 6 – 1 a3 = 9 – 1
a1 = 2 a2 = 5 a3 = 8.
*an 3n – 1 *an = 3n – 1
a4 = 3 (4) – 1 a5 = 3 (5) – 1
a4 = 12 – 1 a5 = 15 – 1
a4 = 11 a5 = 14

The progression is 2, 5, 8, 11, 14.

Example (3):

Find the first four terms of progression an = (-1)n • . n ≥ 2.

Solution

* an = (-1)n • * an = (-1)n •

a2 = (-1)2 • a3 = (-1)3 •

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a2 = . a3 = .

* an = (-1)n • * an = (-1)n •

a4 = (-1)4 • a5 = (-1)5 •

a4 = . a5 = .

Exercise
1) Find the first five terms of a sequence: an = 2n – 1 and n ≥ 1.
2) Find the first 5 terms of the sequence: an = 1 - , n ≥ 1.
3) Find the first 4 terms of the progression
a) an = , n ≥2. b) an = , n ≥ 1.

Arithmetic Progression (A – P)
The progression in which the terms either increase or decrease in equal
steps is called an arithmetic progression.
The constant number between the terms is called common difference (d).
In general:
If a is the first term of A.P, and d then the common difference between its
terms, then progression is written as
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d

Ln = a + (n – 1) d

Example (1):
Find (a) the common difference and (b) the twentieth term of the A.P
7, 11, 15, 19 ………………………….
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Solution
(a) common difference:
d = 11 – 7 or 15 – 11 or 19 – 15
d = 4. these are all equal to 4.
(b) n = 20th term.
Ln = a + (n – 1) d L20 = 7 + 76
L20 = 7 + 20 – 1) 4 L20 = 83.
L20 = 7 + (19 × 4)
Example (2):
The 9th term of A.P is – 20 and the 34th term is – 70. Find the first term and
the common difference between the terms of the progression. Write down
the first terms of the progression.
Solution
When n = 9 a + 8d = - 20
a + 8d = - 20 a + 8 (-2) = -20
When n = 34 a – 16 = -20
a + 33d = - 70 a = - 20 + 16
–
The first term is –4 and the
common difference is –2.
The first five terms of the
= progression are -4, -6, -8, -10, -12.

Example (3):
Find the number of terms in the following progression.
2, 4, 6, ………………………………46.
Solution
Given n= +1 There are 23 terms in

a=2 n= +1 the A.P.

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d=2 n= +1
Ln = 46 n = 22 + 1
n=? n = 23.
Examples (4):
If a between b and c.
Proof that a =
Solution
Given
bac Ln = a + (n – 1) d
a=b c = b + (3 – 1) a – b
d=a–b c = b + 2a – 2b 

Ln = c c = 2a – b
n=3 = Prooved.
Exercise
1) Find the first 20th term of A.P (3, 7, 11 ……………).
2) Find the number of terms in the following arithmetic progression.
(a)5, 7, 9 ……………… 23
(b) 50, 47, 44 ……………….. 14
(c)-3, 0, 3 ………………54
3) Find the 9th term of the A.P 5, 7, 9, 11 …………….
4) Write down the A.P whose 5th term is -17and 9th is -27?
5) An Arithmetic Progression is 4, 11, 8 …………….. find
(a)1st term
(b) common difference
(c)6th term
6) The second term of A.P is 15, and the fifth term is 21. Find the
common difference and the first term.
7) The fourth term of an arithmetic sequence is 18 and the common
difference is -5. Find the first term and the sixteenth term?

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Arithmetic Mean

If a, b, c are three quantities in A.P, then b is said to be the arithmetic mean between a
and c.

Equally, If a, b, c, d, e, f are six quantities in A.P then b, c, d, e, are said to be the four
arithmetic means between a and f.

Let a, b, c, be three quantities in A.P

then b – a = c – b

 =

Example (1):

Find the arithmetic mean of 7 and 13.

Solution

b= b=

b= b = 10.

Example (2):

Insert three arithmetic means between 4 and 16.

Solution

a=4  a + 4d = 16

Ln = 16 4 + 4d = 16

4d = 16 – 4

=  d = 3.

The A.P = 4, 16.

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Example (3):
Insert 4 numbers between 9 and 13 so that the resulting sequence is an
A.P.
Solution
9 ---------------------- 13
a + 5d = 13
9 + 5d = 13
5d = 13 – 9

= .

The required numbers are

9, 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13.

Exercise
1) Find the arithmetic means of:
(a)7 and 10
(b) 3 and 8
(c)-3 and 4
(d) 10 and -2
(e)a + b and a – b
2) Insert 5 arithmetic means between:
(a)10 and 28
(b) 4 and – 20
(c)5 and 40
(d) 5 and 35.
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The sum of an Arithmetic Progression

The following expression represents a general arithmetic progression (A.P): a + (a + d)

+ (a + 2d) + …………….. + (L – d) + L. Where a, d and L are the first term, the
common difference and the last term respectively it is possible to find an expression for
the sum, S, of the first n terms of the general AP: S = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + …………
+ (L – d) + L

In reverse:

S = L + (L – d) + (L – 2d) + …………. + (a + L) + ……….. (a + L)

= n (a + 1) (since there are n terms)

2S = (a + L) + (a + L) + (a + L) + ………….. + (a + L)

S = n (a + L)

Let L = a + (n – 1) d

S = n [a + a + (n – 1) d]

 Proved.

Example (1):

Find the sum of the A.P .

20, 16, 12 ……………… to 15 terms.

Solution

Given Sn = n •

a = 20 S15 = 15 •

d = -4 S15 = 15 •

n = 15 S15 = 15 (-8)

Sn = ? S15 = -120.

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Example (2):
In the Arithmetic series 1, 4, 7, 10 …………… find the sum of the first
(a) 10 terms (b) 100 terms
Solution
Given
a=1 S10 = 5 × 29
d=3 S10 = 145
n = 10
*Sn = n (2a + (n – 1) d)
n = 100
Sn = ? S100 = (100) (2 (1) + (100 – 1) 3)

*Sn = n (2a + (n – 1) d) S100 = 50 (2 + (99 + 3))

S100 = 50 (2 + 297)
S10 = (10) (2(1) + (10 – 1) 3)
S100 = 50 (299)
S10 = 5 (2 + 27)
S100 = 14,950.
Example (3):
The first term of an AP are 0 and 108 respectively. If the sum of the series
is 702, Find: (a) The number of the terms in the AP (b) The common
difference between them?
Solution

(a) Using S = n (a + L) (b) L = a + (n – 1) d

702 = n (0 + 108) 108 = 0 + (13 – 1) d

702 = 54n =

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The common difference is 9.

Example (4):
Find the sum of the A.P 2, 7, 12 ……………………..47.
Solution
Given
a=2 n= +1
d=5
n=9+1
Ln = 47
Sn =?
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1) d]
n =?

Sn = n (2a + (n – 1) d) S10 = (10) [2 (2) + (10 – 1) 5]

n= +1 S10 = 5 [4 + 45]
S10 = 5 [49]
n= +1
.

Exercise
1) Find the sum of the first 30th terms of the A.P . 4, 7, 10 ………………..
2) Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the A.P . 16, 9, 2
………………….
3) Find the sum of A.P . 3, 7, 11 ……………….. 31.
4) Find the sum of the first 40th terms of the A.P 2, 4,
6……………………

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Geometric Progression (G.P)

A progression in which the terms either increase or decrease in a common ratio is
called a geometric progression.
In general: If a is the first term of a geometric progression, and r is the common ratio.
between its terms, then the sequence is written as:
a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4 ………………

Example (1):
Find the common ratio and the sixth term for the G.P (2, 6, 18, 54 ….)
Solution
Common ratio r=62=3
a=2 Ln = arn-1
r=3 L6 = 2  (3)6 – 1
n=6 L6 = 2  35
Ln = ? L6 = 2  243 L6 = 486.
Example (2):
Given the G.P 4, 12, 36 …………………..
Find: (a) 4th term (b) 5th term (c) 8th term
Solution
Given (b) Ln = arn – 1
L5 = 4  (3)5 – 1
a=4
L5 = 4  34
r=3 L5 = 324
(c) Ln = arn – 1
Ln = ? L8 = 4  (3)8 – 1
(a) Ln = arn – 1 L8 = 4  37
L4 = 4  (3)4 – 1 L8 = 4  2187
L4 = 4  33 L8=8748
L4 = 108

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Example (3):
How many terms are in the Geometric Progression (G.P) 3, 6, 12 …. 1536
Solution
Given =
a=3
512 = 2n – 1
r=2
2 9 = 2n – 1
Ln = 1536
n – 1 = 9
n=?
n=9+1
n–1
Ln = ar
n = 10.
The G.P: 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384, 768, 1536
Example (4):
The second term of G.P is 20 and the 4th term is 500. Find
(a) The first term
(b) The common ratio?
Solution

=
a (5) = 20
r2 = 25. =
r=
a = 4.
r = 5.  The first ratio is 4 and common
ar = 20 ratio is 5.

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Exercise

(1) Find the 9th term of the G.P (3, 9, 27 ……….)

(2) How many terms are in 2, 4, 8 ……….. 128.
(3) The second term of G.P is 40 and the 4th term is 1000. Find the first term
and the common ratio?

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Geometric Mean
The geometric mean of two positive
numbers a and b is . If we denote
the geometric mean by G, then G2 = ab.
The numbers a, G, b are in geometric

progression, for = =

Example (1):

Find the geometric mean of 4 and 9.

Solution

Given
G=
=

G = 6.

Example (2):

Insert 3 numbers between 3 and 768 so

that the resulting sequence is a G.P Exercise
Solution 1) Find the geometric means of: 8 and 16
2) Insert two geometric means b/w 3 and -24?
3 768.

ar4 = 768
r4 = 44

r4 = 256 r=4

The G.P is {3, 12, 48, 192, 768}

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The Sum of a Geometric Progression Example (1):

The following expression Find the sum of the following
represents a general geometric GPs: 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 …………..
progression: 1458
– 1
Solution arn
 or = Ln

Given
= S=
 If r < 1, Formula (1) is More
Convenient. a=2 3n-1 =
 If r > 1, Formula (2) is More 729 S=
convenient
r=62 3n-1 =
36 S =

r=3 n – 1
=6 S = 2186.
n=? n = 6
+1
Sn = ?

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SIGMA NOTATION
The Greek letter () is used to
express the sum of a progression.
Example (1):
Evaluate

= (1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2

+ (5)2
= 1+4+9+16+25 = 55
Exercise
 = 55.
(1) Evaluate the following
Example (2): a)
Solution b)
c)
= (43 – 10) + (53 –
(2) Find the value of:
10) + (63 – 10)
a)
= 54 + 115 + 206 b)
= 375
c)
 = 375. (3) Write the expanded form:
a)
Example (3):
b)
Write the expanded form: c)
Solution (4) Write in full:
a)
= 21+22+23+24+25+26
b)
= 2+4+8+16+32+64 c)
= 126

 =126.

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