Cambridge Institute of Technology

(Autonomous)
Bangalore -36
Department of Information Science and Engineering

RM306 – Methodology & IPR

PPTs Prepared By
Dr Loganathan D
Professor
Department of Information Science and Engineering
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Module 1
Research Methodology: Introduction, Meaning of Research,
Objectives of Research, Types of Research, Research
Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus
Methodology, Research and Scientific Method, Research
Process, Criteria of good research, Common Issues Encountered
by Researchers in India. Typical research outcomes – like
research publications, IP, research proposals.

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Textbooks:
1 Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, C.R. Kothari, Gaurav
Garg New Age International 4th Edition, 2018.
2 Research Methodology a step-by- step guide for beginners. (For the
topic Reviewing the literature under module 2) Ranjit Kumar SAGE
Publications Ltd 3rd Edition, 2011 Study Material.
3 Intellectual property, Debirag E. Bouchoux, Cengage learning, 2013.

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Reference Books:
1 Research Methods: the concise knowledge base Trochim, Atomic Dog
Publishing, 2005.
2 Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper
Fink A Sage Publications, 2009.
3 Engineering Research Methodology A Practical Insight for
Researchers, Dipankar Deb • Rajeeb Dey and Valentina E. Balas, springer
publications-2019

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Web links and Video Lectures (e-Resources):

• [Link]
[Link].
•[Link]
ar Research_Methodology_A_Step-by-Step_G.pdf

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Meaning of Research

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Meaning of Research

What is Research?
Knowledge or Fact: Discover Answers to Questions
What?, When?, Where?, Who?, How?..etc

Quotes:
❖ "Research is a voyage of discovery."
❖ "A movement from the known to the unknown."
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Meaning of Research

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection,

published in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859, is a Systematic
foundation for understanding how all species evolve

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Meaning of Research

Questions

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 ❖ Small stone or uplifpulley blockst pile
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Meaning of Research

Is a man working or is it a research?

Crowbar

Big Stone

Uplift pile or fulcrum

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Meaning of Research

1. Newton's second law or Law of Motion

F = m.a
❖ Force = mass of an object and
acceleration

2. Law of the Lever (crowbar)

F1​×d1​=F2​×d2​
Where:
F1​ = Force exerted by the person on the lever (effort force)
d1​ = Distance from the effort to the fulcrum (effort arm)
F2​ = Force exerted on the stone (load force)
d2​ = Distance from the stone to the fulcrum (load arm)
Impact: Uplift pile or fulcrum

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Research Methodology: An Introduction

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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

Definition:
❖ Research is a systematic search for knowledge through scientific
investigation.
❖ It involves exploring the unknown to discover new facts, theories, or
solutions.
❖ Key Aspects:
❑ Scientific and methodical approach
❑ Inquiry into a specific topic
❑ Advancement of knowledge

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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

Definitions by Scholars
[Link] Learner’s Dictionary:
1."A careful investigation or inquiry to discover new
facts in any branch of knowledge."
[Link] & Mory:
1."A systematized effort to gain new knowledge."

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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

3. Clifford Woody:
[Link] involves:
A. Defining problems
B. Formulating hypotheses
C. Collecting & analyzing data
D. Drawing conclusions
4. D. Slesinger & M. Stephenson:
1."Manipulation of things, concepts, or symbols to extend or verify
knowledge."

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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

Research:
❖Research is a structured, scientific inquiry for knowledge.
❖Essential for engineering innovation and problem-solving.
❖Follows a systematic process (problem → hypothesis →
data → conclusions).
❖Different types of research serve different purposes.
Final Thought:
"Research is creating new knowledge." – Neil Armstrong
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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

Importance of Research in Engineering

❖ Innovation & Problem-Solving:
❖ Develops new technologies and solutions.
❖ Scientific Progress:
❖ Validates theories and improves designs.
❖ Academic & Industrial Applications:
❖ Enhances learning and industry practices.
❖ Contribution to Society:
❖ Leads to sustainable and efficient engineering solutions.

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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

Characteristics of Good Research

[Link] Approach: Follows a structured
methodology.
[Link] & Objective: Based on facts, not opinions.
[Link]: Relies on observable evidence.
[Link]: Others can verify findings.
[Link]: Clearly defined objectives.

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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

Steps in the Research Process

[Link] the Problem
[Link] Literature
[Link] Hypotheses
[Link] the Study
[Link] Data
[Link] Data
[Link] Results
[Link] Conclusions
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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

Types of Research
[Link] (Fundamental) Research
[Link] theoretical knowledge (e.g., material science research).
[Link] Research
[Link] practical problems (e.g., renewable energy solutions).
[Link] vs. Qualitative
[Link] data vs. descriptive analysis.
[Link] vs. Analytical
[Link] experiments vs. theoretical modelling.

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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

Research Methodology in Engineering

❖ Experimental Research:
❖ Lab tests, simulations, prototyping.
❖ Computational Research:
❖ Simulations (FEA, CFD, AI models).
❖ Field Studies:
❖ Case studies, surveys, real-world data collection.

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Research Methodology: An Introduction of Research

Challenges in Research
❖ Time & Resource Constraints
❖ Data Accuracy & Reliability
❖ Ethical Considerations
❖ Keeping Up with Advancements
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Real-World Engineering Research Examples

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Real-World Engineering Research Examples

1. Renewable Energy: Solar Panel Efficiency Improvement

❖ Research Focus: Enhancing photovoltaic cell efficiency using
perovskite materials.
2. Civil Engineering: Self-Healing Concrete
❖ Research Focus: Embedding bacteria or microcapsules in
concrete to repair cracks automatically.
3. Aerospace Engineering: Hypersonic Flight Technology
❖ Research Focus: Developing materials and aerodynamics for
aircraft traveling at Mach 5+ (hypersonic speeds)
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Real-World Engineering Research Examples

4. AI & Robotics: Autonomous Vehicles

❖ Research Focus: Machine learning algorithms for self-driving
cars.
5. Edge AI for Predictive Maintenance
❖ Research Focus: TinyML algorithms for real-time equipment
monitoring.
6. AgriTech Robotics
❖ Research Focus: Computer vision for selective fruit
harvesting
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Objectives of Engineering Research

(What? Why? How often? Cause-effect?, etc.,)

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Objectives of Engineering Research

Introduction to Research Objectives

Key Question:
"Why conduct research? What do we hope to achieve?"
Definition:
❖ Research aims to discover hidden truths through
systematic scientific methods.
❖ Each study has specific objectives, but they broadly fall
into four categories.
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Objectives of Engineering Research

Four Broad Objectives of Research

[Link] (Formulative) Research
[Link] Research
[Link] Research
[Link]-Testing Research

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Objectives of Engineering Research

1. Exploratory or Formulative research studies: To gain

familiarity with a miracle or to achieve new insights into it
Eg: The real story behind Archimedes’ Eureka! To Construct a Big ship
2. Descriptive research studies: To portray accurately the
characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group
❑ Eg: Propeller in a flight

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Objectives of Engineering Research

3. Diagnostic research studies: To determine the frequency

with which something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else
Eg: Prediction algorithm

4. Hypothesis-testing research studies: To test a hypothesis

of a causal relationship between variables
❑ Hypothesis: explanation for something but has not yet been found to be correct

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Objectives of Engineering Research

Comparison of Research Objectives

Type Purpose Methods Used
New insights, early Interviews, literature
Exploratory
understanding review
Descriptive Accurate portrayal Surveys, case studies
Frequency/associatio Statistical tools,
Diagnostic
n analysis experiments
Hypothesis- Cause-effect
Controlled experiments
Testing verification
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Objectives of Engineering Research

Why Are Research Objectives Important?

[Link] Methodology → Helps choose the right research
design.
[Link] Scope → Prevents unnecessary diversions.
[Link] Relevance → Keeps research aligned with real-
world problems.
[Link] Success → Clear objectives = measurable
outcomes.
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Objectives of Engineering Research

Real-World Engineering Applications

❖ Exploratory: Studying quantum computing for
cybersecurity.
❖ Descriptive: Mapping 5G network performance in
urban areas.
❖ Diagnostic: Finding why a drone battery overheats.
❖ Hypothesis-Testing: Validating if bio-concrete heals
cracks faster.
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Types of Engineering Research

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Types of Engineering Research

Introduction to Research Types

❖ Key Question:
"How do we categorize research based on purpose,
approach, and methodology?"
❖ Why Classify Research?
❑ Helps select the appropriate method for a study
❑ Clarifies research objectives
❑ Guides data collection and analysis

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Types of Engineering Research

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Types of Engineering Research

5 Major Types of Research

[Link] vs. Analytical
[Link] vs. Fundamental
[Link] vs. Qualitative
[Link] vs. Empirical
[Link] Classifications

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Types of Engineering Research

Descriptive versus Analytical

❖ Descriptive research includes comparative and co relational methods,
and fact-finding inquiries, to effectively describe the present state of
art (Describe "what is“)
❖ Example: Survey of Existing Structural Failures.
vs
❖ Analytical research, already available facts for analysis and critical
evaluation are utilized. Some research studies can be both descriptive
and analytical (Evaluate "why/how“)
❖ Example: Bridge/Structural Health Monitoring Using Vibration
Analysis
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Types of Engineering Research

Applied versus Fundamental

❖ Applied research seeks to solve an immediate problem facing the
organization (Solve practical problems)
❖ Example: Development of a New Composite Material for Aerospace
Applications
vs
❖ Fundamental research is concerned with generalizations and
formulation of a theory (expand theoretical knowledge)
❖ Example: Investigation of Material Properties at the Atomic Level

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Types of Engineering Research

Quantitative versus Qualitative

Quantitative research uses statistical observations of a sufficiently large number
of representative cases to draw any conclusions (Numerical, measurable Data )
Example: Analysis of Traffic Flow Using Mathematical Models
vs
Qualitative researchers rely on a few non representative cases or verbal
narrative in behavioral studies such as clustering effect in intersections in
Transportation engineering to make a proposition (Descriptive, subjective Data)
Example: Interviews with Engineers on Challenges in Implementing New
Technologies

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Types of Engineering Research

Conceptual vs. Empirical

Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory.
Example: Theoretical Framework for Autonomous Vehicle Navigation
vs
Empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often
without due regard for system and theory.
Example: Field Testing of Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Environments

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Types of Engineering Research

Other Research Classifications

[Link]-Based:
[Link]-time (e.g., "2023 survey on EV adoption")
[Link] (e.g., "10-year study on bridge corrosion")
[Link]:
[Link] (e.g., "Wind turbine efficiency in coastal areas")
[Link] (e.g., "Nanomaterial synthesis")
[Link]:
[Link] (hypothesis-generating)
[Link] (hypothesis-testing)
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Types of Engineering Research

Engineering Research Examples

❖Descriptive: "Inventory of IoT security vulnerabilities"
❖Applied: "Solar-powered desalination for rural areas"
❖Empirical: "Crash-testing autonomous vehicle
algorithms"
❖Longitudinal: "Monitoring dam structural health over
20 years"

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Types of Engineering Research

How to Choose the Right Type of research?

We need to Ask:
[Link]’s the goal? (Discover, solve, or explain?)
[Link] data is needed? (Numbers or narratives?)
[Link] constraints exist? (Time, budget, tools?)
Involved Activity:
"Classify these engineering projects:"
1."Analyzing crowd behavior in smart cities" → Qualitative + Applied
2."Testing graphene’s tensile strength" → Quantitative + Empirical

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Research Approaches

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Research Approaches

Introduction to Research Approaches

Key Question:
"How do we systematically investigate engineering problems?"
Two Fundamental Approaches:
[Link] Approach
[Link] data, statistical analysis
[Link] Approach
[Link]-numerical data, subjective insights

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Research Approaches

Quantitative Research Approach

Definition: Systematic empirical investigation using measurable data and statistical
analysis.
❖ Characteristics:
✓ Rigid, structured methodology
✓ Large sample sizes
✓ Objective conclusions
❖ Engineering Applications:
✓ Material strength testing
✓ Algorithm performance metrics
✓ Energy efficiency calculations

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Research Approaches

Sub-Types of Quantitative Research

1. Inferential Approach
❖ Purpose: Generalize findings from a sample to a
population.
2. Experimental Approach
❖ Purpose: Establish cause-effect relationships.
3. Simulation Approach
❖ Purpose: Model complex systems.
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Research Approaches

Qualitative Research Approach

Definition: Exploratory research focusing on meanings, experiences, and
perspectives.
❖ Characteristics:
✓ Small sample sizes
✓ Flexible, open-ended methods
✓ Subjective interpretation
❖ Engineering Applications:
✓ User experience (UX) studies
✓ Ethical implications of AI
✓ Case studies of engineering failures

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Research Approaches

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Comparison

Aspect Quantitative Qualitative
Data Type Numbers, statistics Words, images, observations
Statistical software Thematic coding, content
Analysis
(SPSS, MATLAB) analysis
Sample Large, representative Small, purposive
"How much?" "How
Question "Why?" "How?"
many?"

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Research Approaches

Mixed-Methods Research
Definition: Combines both approaches for comprehensive
insights.
Engineering Example:
[Link]: Measure vibration levels in a machine.
[Link]: Interview operators about noise complaints.
→ Conclusion: Correlate data with human feedback for better
design.
Advantage: Balances hard data with contextual understanding.
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Research Approaches

Visual: Venn diagram showing overlap in mixed-methods research.

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Research Approaches

Choosing the Right Approach

Ask:
[Link]: Test a hypothesis (Quantitative) or explore ideas
(Qualitative)?
[Link]: Time, tools, and expertise available?
Activity:
"Classify these engineering studies:"
❖ "Statistical analysis of traffic flow data" → Quantitative
❖ "Interviews on challenges in renewable energy adoption"
→ Qualitative
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Research Approaches

Case Study – Engineering Applications

Project: "Optimizing Wind Turbine Blade Design"
❖ Quantitative: CFD simulations to measure airflow
efficiency.
❖ Qualitative: Interviews with maintenance crews about
real-world wear patterns.
❖ Outcome: Data-driven + human-informed
improvements.
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Research Approaches

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Research Approaches

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Significance of Research
(Importance)

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Significance of Research

Introduction to Research Significance

Key Quote:
"All progress is born of inquiry (Probe). Doubt leads to
inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention." — Hudson Maxim
Core Idea:
Research drives progress, innovation, and evidence-
based decision-making across all fields, especially in
engineering.
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Significance of Research

Broad Significance of Research

[Link] Progress
[Link] technological and industrial advancements.
[Link] Formulation
[Link] for government and economic policies.
[Link] & Industry
[Link] operational problems (e.g., market research, optimization).
[Link] Development
[Link] societal challenges (e.g., sustainability, healthcare).
[Link] Growth
[Link] for master’s/PhD theses and intellectual contributions.

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Significance of Research

Research in Government & Policy

Key Roles:
[Link]
[Link] facts about economic/social structures (e.g., census data).
[Link]
[Link] underlying forces (e.g., unemployment trends).
[Link]
[Link] future developments (e.g., climate change models).
Engineering Example:
❖ Urban planning research for smart city infrastructure.
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Significance of Research

Research in Business & Industry

Applications:
Type Purpose Engineering Example
Understand
Market Research Demand analysis for EVs
consumer needs
Optimize processes
Operations Research Supply chain logistics
(cost/profit)
Motivational UX design for industrial
Study user behavior
Research robots
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Significance of Research

Research in Engineering
Why It Matters:
❖ Innovation: Develops new materials (e.g., graphene, biodegradable
plastics).
❖ Problem-Solving: Addresses real-world challenges (e.g., renewable
energy, AI ethics).
❖ Validation: Ensures safety and efficiency (e.g., crash tests, software
debugging).
Case Study:
"NASA’s research on heat-resistant materials for spacecraft."
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Significance of Research

Intellectual & Academic Significance

For Students & Scholars:
❖ Career Advancement: PhDs/theses open doors to R&D roles.
❖ Knowledge Expansion: Builds critical thinking and technical
expertise.
❖ Theoretical Contributions: New frameworks (e.g., machine
learning algorithms).
For Professionals:
❖ Livelihood (e.g., data scientists, research engineers).
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Significance of Research

Societal Impact of Research

[Link]: Medical devices (e.g., pacemakers, MRI
machines).
[Link]: Green tech (e.g., carbon capture, waste
management).
[Link]: E-learning tools (e.g., VR-based engineering labs).
[Link]

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Research Methods versus Methodology

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Research Methods versus Methodology

Research Methods versus Methodology

Key Question:
"What’s the difference between ‘methods’ and ‘methodology’ in
research?“
Build a House
❖ Methods = Tools in a toolbox (e.g., hammer, screwdriver).
❖ Methodology = Blueprint for how and why to use those tools
to build a house.

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Research Methods versus Methodology

Research Methods versus Methodology

[Link] = Tools (what you use).
[Link] = Logic (why and how you use them).
[Link] must master both for credible, impactful research.

Final Thought:
"A good engineer knows methods; a great engineer understands
methodology."

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Research Methods versus Methodology

Definitions
Research Methods Research Methodology
- What? Techniques for data collection - How & Why? Science of structuring
& analysis. research logically.
- Examples: Surveys, experiments, - Examples: Justifying why a survey fits
simulations. the problem.
- Focus: Execution. - Focus: Strategy, coherence, and validity.
Quote:
"Methods are the steps; methodology is the roadmap."

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Research Methods versus Methodology

Practical Comparison – Methods vs Methodology

Research Problem: "Evaluate a new solar panel coating."
❖ Methods:
❑ Lab experiments (efficiency tests).
❑ Field trials (durability in weather).
❖ Methodology:
❑ Why lab tests first? Controlled conditions isolate variables.
❑ Why 6-month field trials? To assess long-term degradation.

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Methods vs Methodology

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Research Methods versus Methodology

Research Methods in Detail

Three Groups of Methods:
[Link] Collection
[Link], interviews, sensors (e.g., IoT devices).
[Link] Analysis
[Link], ANOVA, machine learning models.
[Link] Evaluation
[Link] analysis, validation techniques (e.g., cross-validation).
Engineering Example:
•Using strain gauges (method) to collect bridge stress data → Analyzing with finite
element analysis (method).

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Research Methods versus Methodology

Research Methodology in Detail

Key Aspects:
[Link] Definition
1. Why is the research needed?
[Link] Selection
1. Why choose surveys over experiments?
[Link] Framework
1. How methods align with objectives (e.g., "Simulation was chosen to model extreme
conditions safely.").
Example:
•Methodology for testing a new alloy:
• Why? Corrosion resistance is critical for marine applications.
• How? Salt-spray tests (ASTM B117) + SEM imaging.
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Research Methods versus Methodology

Methods vs. Techniques

Methods Techniques
- Broader strategies. - Specific tools within methods.
- Example: "Tape recording
- Example: "Field research."
interviews."

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Research Methods versus Methodology

Methods vs. Techniques

Method: Lab research → Techniques: Spectrometry, microscopy.

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Research Methods versus Methodology

Why Methodology Matters in Engineering

[Link] Validity
[Link] tool for the right problem (e.g., Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD for
fluid dynamics).
[Link] Reproducibility
[Link] rationale lets others verify results.
[Link] Bias
[Link] sample sizes, controls, and parameters.
Case Study:
❖ Poor Methodology: Using a small sample size for traffic flow analysis → Flawed
conclusions.
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Research and Scientific Method

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Research and Scientific Method,

Introduction to Research & Scientific Method

Key Definitions: Research:
• "An inquiry into the nature, reasons, and consequences of circumstances."
• Focuses on repeatability and generalizability of results.

Key Definitions: Scientific Method:

• "A systematic, logical approach to discovering knowledge." (Karl Pearson)
• Unified across all sciences through its methodology, not subject matter.

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Research and Scientific Method,

Introduction to Research & Scientific Method

[Link] method = Systematic + Logical + Empirical.
[Link] relies on experimentation, observation, and logic.
[Link] use it to validate designs, optimize systems, and
innovate.

Final Thought:
"In God we trust; all others must bring data." — W. Edwards Deming

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Research and Scientific Method,

Visual: diagram showing research and scientific method.

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Research and Scientific Method,

Rubik’s Cube Chess Candy Crush

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 4X4 square
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Research and Scientific Method,

2X2 square 3X3 square 4X4 square if 8X8?

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Research and Scientific Method,

Core Principles of Scientific Method

Seven Basic Postulates:
[Link] on empirical evidence (observable data).
[Link] of relevant concepts.
[Link] (free from bias).
[Link] neutrality (impartial conclusions).
[Link] predictions (no absolute certainty).
[Link] methodology (replicability).
[Link] of general theories (axioms).
Quote:
"The scientific method is the same for all logically trained minds." — Karl Pearson

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Research and Scientific Method,

Scientific Method in Engineering Research

Key Components:
[Link]
1. Tests hypotheses (e.g., material strength under stress).
[Link]
1. Records natural phenomena (e.g., fluid dynamics in pipelines).
[Link] Reasoning
1. Derives conclusions from data (e.g., AI algorithm efficiency).
Example:
❖ Problem: "Does graphene coating reduce aircraft wing corrosion?"
❖ Scientific Approach:
• Hypothesis → Controlled lab tests → Statistical analysis → Generalizable.

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Research and Scientific Method,

Role of Experimentation
Purpose:
❖ Validate/falsify hypotheses.
❖ Discover new relationships between variables (e.g., heat vs. conductivity).
Pitfalls to Avoid:
❑ Poor experimental design
❑ Faulty assumptions
❑ Biased interpretation
Engineering Case:
❖ "Why the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed—flawed assumptions in wind
resistance testing."

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Research and Scientific Method,

Surveys in Scientific Research

Purpose:
❖ Gather empirical data for analysis (e.g., user feedback on
ergonomic* tools).
❖ Complement experiments (e.g., field data vs. lab results).
Advantage:
❖ Provides real-world context (e.g., traffic patterns for smart city
planning).
* understanding interactions among humans and other elements of a system to
optimize human well-being and overall system performance
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Research and Scientific Method,

Logic in Scientific Method

Three Key Uses:
[Link] Propositions
[Link], testable statements (e.g., "Increasing turbine blade angle boosts
efficiency by 15%.").
[Link] Alternatives
[Link] outcomes (e.g., Algorithm A vs. B for energy optimization).
[Link] Conclusions
[Link] results to observable facts (e.g., "Nanocoating X performs best in saline
environments.").
Visual: Flowchart from Hypothesis → Experiment → Analysis → Conclusion.

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Research and Scientific Method,

Why Engineers Need Scientific Method

[Link] Reliability
1.e.g., Crash tests for vehicle safety.
[Link] Innovation
1.e.g., Iterative prototyping in robotics.
[Link] Complex Problems
1.e.g., Climate models for renewable energy.
Quote:
"Engineering is the art of directing science to practical ends."

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Research Process

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Research Process

Overview of the Research Process

Key Concept: Research is a systematic sequence of interdependent steps aimed at
solving problems scientifically.

Process Flow: Research is iterative – steps often overlap.

[Link] the Problem 6. Data Collection

[Link] Survey 7. Execution
[Link] Development 8. Data Analysis
[Link] Design 9. Hypothesis Testing
[Link] 10. Generalization & Interpretation
11. Report Writing
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Research Process

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Research Process

1. Formulating the Research Problem

Objective: Define a clear, specific problem
(e.g., "How does graphene coating affect aircraft wing corrosion?").
Approach:
[Link] → Narrow: Start with a general topic (e.g., material science) and narrow it
down.
[Link] with experts (advisors, industry professionals).
[Link] literature to contextualize the problem.
Engineering Example:
❖ Problem: "Optimizing battery life in EVs" → Specific: "Effect of temperature on
Li-ion battery degradation."

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Research Process

2. Literature Survey
Purpose:
❖ Avoid duplication.
❖ Identify gaps and build on existing knowledge.
Sources:
❖ Academic journals (IEEE, ASME), conference papers, patents, government
reports.
Tool Tip:
❖ Use Google Scholar with keywords like "nanomaterials + energy storage +
recent studies."

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Research Process

3. Hypothesis Development
Definition: A testable prediction (e.g., "Increasing graphene content by 5% reduces
corrosion by 20%.").
How to Formulate:
[Link] on literature gaps.
[Link] interviews/field visits.
[Link] studies.
Visualize: Hypothesis template – "If [variable X changes], then [outcome Y] will
[increase/decrease]."

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Research Process

4. Research Design
Types:
[Link]: Lab tests (e.g., stress tests on alloys).
[Link]: Surveys (e.g., user feedback on ergonomic tools).
[Link]: Computational models (e.g., CFD for aerodynamics).
Key Considerations:
❖ Resources, time, accuracy, and feasibility.

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Research Process

5. Sampling Design
Sampling Design Methods:
Type Example
Random Sampling Selecting 100 sensors from a batch of 10,000.
Stratified Sampling Grouping data by material type (metals, polymers).
Using available lab equipment due to budget
Convenience Sampling constraints.

Engineering Context: Use random sampling for unbiased results in quality control tests.

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Research Process

6. Data Collection
Methods:
[Link] Data: Experiments, surveys, interviews.
[Link] Data: Existing datasets, journals.
Tools:
❖ Sensors, questionnaires (Likert scales), lab equipment.

Tip: Validate tools via pilot testing.

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Research Process

7-9. Execution, Analysis, & Testing - Validate

[Link]: Ensure protocols are followed (e.g., calibrate instruments).
[Link]: Use statistical tools (Excel, MATLAB, Python).
[Link] Testing: Apply t-tests, ANOVA, or regression analysis.

Example: p-value < 0.05 → Reject null hypothesis.

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Research Process

10 & 11. Generalization & Report Writing

Generalization: Translate findings to broader applications (e.g., lab results →
industrial use).
Report Structure:
[Link], Abstract Quote:
[Link] (Problem, Objectives) "Good research is not
[Link] Survey about answers.
[Link] - Diagram It’s about asking the right
[Link] & Discussion
questions."
[Link] & Future enhancements
[Link]

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Visual: Sample IEEEScience
paper& Engineering
format.
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Criteria of Good Research

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Criteria of Good Research

Research Quality:
Essential Qualities of Valid and Reliable Research
Key Question:
"What distinguishes good research from poor research?"
Core Idea:
All scientific research must meet common criteria to ensure validity,
reliability, and usefulness.
Quote:
"Good research is the foundation for sound decisions."

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Criteria of Good Research

Seven Criteria of Good Research

Based on Kothari's Scientific Method, good research must:
[Link] define objectives and use standard concepts.
[Link] procedures for replicability.
[Link] objective, well-planned designs.
[Link] flaws transparently (e.g., limitations in experimental setup).
[Link] appropriate data analysis (statistical rigor).
[Link] justified conclusions (no overgeneralization).
[Link] conducted by credible researchers (experience + integrity).

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Criteria of Good Research

Four Key Qualities of Good Research

1. Systematic -> Structured Way
2. Logical → Specific
3. Empirical -> Real-world data
4. Replicable -> Verification by others

1. Systematic
•Follows a structured, rule-based approach (no guesswork).
•Example: Standardized testing protocols for material strength.

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Criteria of Good Research

Four Key Qualities of Good Research…

2. Logical
•Uses induction (specific → general) and deduction (general → specific).
•Example:
• Induction: "All tested graphene samples conduct heat well → Graphene is a good thermal
conductor."
• Deduction: "All metals expand when heated → This steel beam will expand in summer."
3. Empirical
•Based on real-world data (not just theory).
•Example: Field measurements of bridge vibrations under traffic.
4. Replicable
•Methods should allow verification by others.
•Example: Publishing lab procedures for battery efficiency tests.

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Criteria of Good Research

Why These Criteria Matter in Engineering

[Link]: Flawed research → Unsafe designs (e.g., faulty load calculations in civil
engineering).
[Link]: Replicability enables peer validation (e.g., AI algorithm
performance).
[Link] Efficiency: Clear objectives prevent wasted time/funding.

Case Study:
❖ The Challenger Disaster (1986): Poor research practices overlooked O-ring*
failure risks.
❖ *Prioritize safety over Evaluation, deadlines or budgets.

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Criteria of Good Research

Practical Checklist for UG Researchers/Scholars/Students

How to you reach a destination: to reach “Darjeeling”
Ask Before Starting:
Is my research question/Problem Statement clearly defined?
Are my methods documented for others to repeat?
Am I using objective measures (not opinions)?
Can I defend my conclusions with data?

Activity: "Critique this abstract: Does it meet the criteria?“

Final Thought: "Science is not just about truth; it’s about trustworthy methods."

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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India.

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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

Introduction
In general:
❖ India's research output is growing, but methodological and systemic
challenges block quality.
❖ Both academic and industry-led research face unique obstacles.

Key Question:
"What barriers prevent Indian researchers from achieving global
standards?"
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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

Major Problems & Solutions
1. Lack of Scientific Training in Research Methodology
Problem:
❖ Many researchers lack formal training → "Trial and error" or "copy-paste"
research.
Solution:
❖ Mandatory short-term courses on research methods.
❖ Integration of research methodology in UG/PG curricula.

Example:
❖ IITs/NITs now offer credit courses on technical writing and data analysis.
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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

Poor University-Industry Collaboration
Problem:
❖Minimal interaction → Untapped industry data and impractical academic
research.
Solution:
❖ Establish liaison cells (e.g., CII-University hubs).
❖ Incentivize joint projects (tax breaks for R&D collaborations).

Case Study:
❖ ISRO-Academia Partnerships: Fuelling space tech innovations.

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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

Industry Secrecy & Data Accessibility
Problem:
❖Businesses withhold data fearing misuse (e.g., proprietary tech).
Solution:
❖ Confidentiality agreements and anonymized data sharing.
❖ Government-led open-data initiatives (e.g., MeitY's India Datasets).

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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

Duplication of Research
Problem:
❖Overlapping studies waste resources (e.g., multiple papers on similar solar cell
materials).
Solution:
❖ National research registry (e.g., Shodhganga for theses).
❖ AI tools to detect plagiarism/overlaps.

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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

Absence of Ethical Code of Conduct
Problem:
❖ Inter-departmental oppositions and unethical practices (e.g., data fabrication).

Solution:
❖ Adopt UGC’s Research Integrity Guidelines.
❖ Promote collaborative research over competition.

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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

Delayed/Inconsistent Published Data
Problem:
❖ Government reports (e.g., census, economic surveys) often outdated.

Solution:
❖ Real-time data portals (e.g., RBI's Database on Indian Economy).
❖ Standardize data collection methods across agencies.

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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

Conceptualization & Data Collection Issues
Problem:
❖ Vague research questions → Poor data quality.

Solution:
❖ Workshops on problem formulation (e.g., NSF’s (National Science
Foundation)"Broader Impacts" criteria).
❖ Use validated tools (e.g., ASTM (Advanced Standards Transforming Markets)
standards for lab tests).

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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

Case Study – Bridging the Gap

Example: AICTE’s "Margdarshan" Scheme

❖ Goal: Mentor Tier-2/3 colleges to improve research quality.
❖ Outcome: 500+ colleges trained in research methodology and industry
collaboration.

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Common Issues Encountered by Researchers in India

Key Problems Faced by Researchers in India

[Link]: Strengthen methodological skills.
[Link]: Foster university-industry partnerships.
[Link]: Implement codes of conduct.
[Link]: Improve accessibility and reliability.

Quote: "Research is creating new knowledge, but only if done right."

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Criteria of Good Research

Researchers/Scholars/Students

Software:
❖ MATLAB (data analysis) or any software tools, Programming
Language – Front End, Back End, Database and LaTeX
(reporting).
Hardware:
❖ Sensors with Arduino, Computer Systems

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Typical research outcomes – like research publications, IP,

research proposals.

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Research publications, IP, research proposals

Publications, IP, Proposals & Beyond

Introduction to Research Outcomes
Definition:
"Tangible (Touch and Feel) or intangible(in Mind) results generated from
systematic research efforts."
Why They Matter?
❖ Measure research impact.
❖ Contribute to academia/industry.
❖ Enhance career opportunities.

Research lifecycle diagram (Problem → Methodology → Outcomes).

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Research publications, IP, research proposals

Publications, IP, Proposals & Beyond

Research Publications: Types:
[Link] Papers
[Link]-reviewed (e.g., IEEE Transactions, Elsevier).
[Link] credibility, slow process (6–12 months).
[Link] Papers
[Link] dissemination (e.g., ASME Conferences).
[Link] opportunities.
[Link] Papers
Summarize existing research (e.g., "Advances in Renewable Energy")

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Research publications, IP, research proposals

Publications, IP, Proposals & Beyond

Research Publications: Types:
1. Journal Papers
1. Peer-reviewed (e.g., IEEE Transactions, Elsevier).
2. High credibility, slow process (6–12 months).
2. Conference Papers (Students: Start with conference papers → Build to journals.
❖ Use tools: LaTeX, Zotero, Grammarly)
1. Quick dissemination (e.g., ASME Conferences).
2. Networking opportunities.
3. Review Papers
Summarize existing research (e.g., "Advances in Renewable Energy")

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Research publications, IP, research proposals

Publications, IP, Proposals & Beyond

Research Publications: Types:
1. Journal Papers
1. Peer-reviewed (e.g., IEEE Transactions, Elsevier).
2. High credibility, slow process (6–12 months).
2. Conference Papers (Students: Start with conference papers → Build to journals.
❖ Use tools: LaTeX, Zotero, Grammarly)
1. Quick dissemination (e.g., ASME Conferences).
2. Networking opportunities.
3. Review Papers
Summarize existing research (e.g., "Advances in Renewable Energy")

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Research publications, IP, research proposals

Publications, IP, Proposals & Beyond

Intellectual Property (IP): Types Relevant to Engineers:
[Link]
1. Protect inventions (e.g., new drone design).
2. Filed with Indian Patent Office (IPO) or USPTO.
[Link]
1. Software code, technical manuals.
[Link] Secrets
1. Proprietary manufacturing processes.
Case Study:
❖ IIT Bombay’s "Aakash Tablet" – Patent challenges and lessons.

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Research publications, IP, research proposals

Publications, IP, Proposals & Beyond

Research Proposals
Purpose:
❖ Secure funding (e.g., from SERB, DST).
❖ Outline planned research (Problem → Methodology → Expected Outcomes).
Key Sections:
[Link] & Abstract
[Link] Review
[Link]/Hypotheses
[Link]
[Link] & Timeline
Example:
❖ "Development of Low-Cost Water Filters Using Nanocellulose" (Hypothesis-driven).

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Research publications, IP, research proposals

Publications, IP, Proposals & Beyond

Other Research Outcomes
[Link] Reports
[Link] industry/government (e.g., DRDO, ISRO reports).
[Link]/Products
[Link] models (e.g., Solar-powered EV charger).
[Link] & Software
[Link]-source tools (e.g., GitHub repositories).
[Link] Recommendations
[Link] on findings (e.g., Smart City guidelines).

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Research publications, IP, research proposals

Publications, IP, Proposals & Beyond

Maximizing Outcomes (UG Focus)
Actionable Steps:
[Link] Early
1. Aim for college tech fest papers.
[Link] Everything
1. Lab notebooks → Future patents.
[Link]
1. Join profs’ projects for co-authorship.
[Link] University Resources
1. IP cells, writing workshops.
Quote: "Research is creating value, not just data."

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Content Beyond Syllabus

Research Articles / Papers Search

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Research Articles / Papers Search

I. General Academic Search Engines (Multidisciplinary)

These are excellent starting points for most subjects:
❖ Google Scholar:
[Link]
❖ BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine):
[Link]

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Research Articles / Papers Search

I. General Academic Search Engines (Multidisciplinary)

❖CORE:
[Link]
❖Semantic Scholar:
[Link]
❖RefSeek:
[Link]

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Research Articles / Papers Search

I. General Academic Search Engines

(Multidisciplinary)
❖ScienceDirect (Elsevier):
[Link]
❖Scopus (Elsevier):
[Link]

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Research Articles / Papers Search

I. General Academic Search Engines

(Multidisciplinary)
❖Web of Science (Clarivate):
[Link]
❖JSTOR:
[Link]

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Research Articles / Papers Search

II. Subject-Specific Databases

If your research is in a particular field, these specialized databases
can be incredibly valuable:
❖ PubMed / PubMed Central:
[Link]
❖ IEEE Xplore:
[Link]

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Research Articles / Papers Search

II. Subject-Specific Databases

❖ ERIC (Education Resources Information Center):
[Link]
❖ arXiv:
[Link]

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Research Articles / Papers Search

III. Tools for Literature Review and Organization

Once you start finding articles, these tools can help you manage and analyze
them:
❖ Connected Papers:
[Link]
❖ ResearchRabbit:
[Link]
❖ Litmaps:
[Link]
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Research Articles / Papers Search

III. Tools for Literature Review and Organization

❖ Consensus (AI Search Engine):
[Link]
❖ SciSpace (by Typeset):
[Link]
❖ ResearchPal:
[Link]

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Research Articles / Papers Search

IEEE

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Research Articles / Papers Search

Science Direct

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Research Articles / Papers Search

Springer

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Module 1 : Question Bank

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Question Bank

Module 1 – Two Mark Questions

1. Define research in simple terms.
2. State any one objective of research.
3. What are the two main types of research approaches?
4. Mention one significance of research.
5. What is the difference between research methods and research methodology?
6. Define research process.
7. What is meant by criteria of good research?
8. State one common issue encountered by researchers in India.
9. Give one example of a typical research outcome.
[Link] is meant by research and scientific method?

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Question Bank

5-Mark Questions (Short Answer)

[Link] research and list its key objectives.
1. Hint: Use Kothari’s definition + 4 broad objectives (exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic,
hypothesis-testing).
[Link] between qualitative and quantitative research approaches.
1. Hint: Contrast data types (numerical vs. descriptive), methods (surveys vs. interviews), and
goals (generalization vs. context).
[Link] the significance of research in engineering.
1. Hint: Link to innovation (e.g., EV batteries), safety (e.g., structural testing), and policy (e.g.,
renewable energy).
[Link] are the criteria of good research according to Kothari?
1. Hint: List 4 key qualities (systematic, logical, empirical, replicable) + examples.
[Link] five common problems faced by researchers in India.
1. Hint: Lack of training, industry-academia gaps, data secrecy, duplication, funding delays.
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Question Bank

6. List the steps in the research process.

6. Hint: 11 steps from problem formulation to report writing (Kothari’s flowchart).
7. What is the difference between research methods and methodology?
6. Hint: Methods = tools (e.g., surveys); Methodology = logic/strategy behind tool selection.
8. Give examples of typical research outcomes in engineering.
6. Hint: Journal papers (IEEE), patents (IIT innovations), prototypes (3D-printed models).
9. How does the scientific method guide research?
6. Hint: Steps: Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Conclusion (use O-ring failure
case).
[Link] is a literature survey essential in research?
6. Hint: Avoids duplication, identifies gaps, provides context (cite Kothari’s emphasis).

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Question Bank

10-Mark Questions (Long Answer)

[Link] the types of research with examples relevant to mechanical engineering.
1. Hint: Compare fundamental (material science theories) vs. applied (engine design
optimization).
[Link] the research process with a flowchart. Use an example from civil engineering.
1. Hint: Steps 1–11 + example: "Developing earthquake-resistant concrete."
[Link] analyze the challenges faced by Indian researchers and suggest solutions.
1. Hint: Problems: Training gaps, funding; Solutions: NSF-style grants, industry partnerships.
[Link] deductive and inductive reasoning in research. Use examples from computer
science.
1. Hint: Deductive = Theory → Observation (e.g., algorithm efficiency); Inductive =
Observation → Theory (e.g., ML pattern detection).
[Link] are the ethical considerations in research? Relate to IPR and plagiarism.
1. Hint: Cite Kothari’s "code of conduct" + patent ethics vs. copy-paste journals.
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Question Bank

6. Describe the criteria of good research. How does poor methodology affect outcomes?
Hint: Use Challenger disaster (O-rings) or Theranos case (fraudulent data).
7. Discuss the role of research proposals in securing funding. Outline a sample structure.
Hint: Sections: Title, Objectives, Methodology, Budget (reference DST/SERB formats).
8. How do research approaches (quantitative/qualitative) differ? Use a case study from
electrical engineering.
Hint: Quantitative = Smart grid data analysis; Qualitative = User feedback on IoT devices.
9. Explain the importance of IP in engineering research. List steps to file a patent in India.
Hint: Types: Patents, copyrights; Steps: Prior art search → Application → IPO review.
10. Analyze how ASTM/NSF standards improve research validity. Give examples.
Hint: ASTM E8 for material tests; NSF’s "Broader Impacts" for societal relevance.

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Question Bank
Text book Questions
1. Briefly describe the different steps involved in a research process.
2. What do you mean by research? Explain its significance in modern times.
3. Distinguish between Research methods and Research methodology.
4. Describe the different types of research, clearly pointing out the difference between an
experiment and a survey.
5. Write short notes on: (1) Design of the research project; (2) Ex post facto research; (3)
Motivation in research; (4) Objectives of research; (5) Criteria of good research; (7) Research
and scientific method.
6. “Empirical research in India in particular creates so many problems for the researchers”.
State the problems that are usually faced by such researchers. (Raj. Univ. EAFM., M. Phil.
Exam., 1979)
7. “A research scholar has to work as a judge and derive the truth and not as a pleader who is
only eager to prove his case in favour of his plaintiff.” Discuss the statement pointing out the
objectives of research.
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Question Bank

8. “Creative management, whether in public administration or private industry, depends on

methods of inquiry that maintain objectivity, clarity, accuracy and consistency”. Discuss this
statement and examine the significance of research”. (Raj. Univ. EAFM., M. Phil. Exam., 1978)
9. “Research is much concerned with proper fact finding, analysis and evaluation.” Do you agree
with this statement? Give reasons in support of your answer.
10. It is often said that there is not a proper link between some of the activities under way in the
world of academics and in most business in our country. Account for this state of affairs and
give suggestions for improvement

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Module 1 : Thank You…!

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