PHONETICS - PHONOLOGY
1. Organs of Speech
Labeling Exercise: a) This organ vibrates during the production of voiced sounds:
Larynx (vocal cords)
b) Air is modified here to create nasals like /m/ and /n/: Nasal cavity
c) The tip of the tongue touches this area in sounds like /t/ and /d/: Alveolar ridge
d) The airflow is interrupted here for stops like /p/ and /k/: Lips (for /p/) or Velum (for
/k/)
2. English Vowels
Classify Vowels: a) cat - Monophthong (/æ/)
b) coat - Diphthong (/əʊ/)
c) hair - Diphthong (/eə/)
d) mouse - Diphthong (/aʊ/)
e) tree - Monophthong (/iː/)
IPA Transcription:
a) cat: /kæt/
b) coat: /kəʊt/
c) hair: /heə/
d) mouse: /maʊs/
e) tree: /triː/
3. Consonants
Sound Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation Voicing
/b/ Bilabial Stop Voiced
/θ/ Dental Fricative Voiceless
/ʃ/ Post-alveolar Fricative Voiceless
/g/ Velar Stop Voiced
/ŋ/ Velar Nasal Voiced
4. Syllable Structure and Division
Syllable Division and Peaks: a) banana - ba•na•na (Peaks: a, a, a; weak vowel: /ə/)
b) elephant - e•le•phant (Peaks: e, e, a; weak vowel: /ə/)
c) syllable - syl•la•ble (Peaks: y, a, le; weak vowel: /ə/)
d) interesting - in•ter•est•ing (Peaks: i, e, e, i; weak vowel: /ə/)
e) umbrella - um•bre•lla (Peaks: u, e, a; weak vowel: /ə/)
Bonus Explanation:
Weak vowels (e.g., schwa /ə/) can serve as syllable peaks when they are the only vowel
sound in an unstressed syllable, as they form the nucleus of the syllable.
MORPHOLOGY
1. Morphemes
Word Morphemes Type
unhappiness un- (bound), happy (free), -ness (bound) Prefix, root, suffix
redo re- (bound), do (free) Prefix, root
nationality nation (free), -al (bound), -ity (bound) Root, suffix, suffix
playing play (free), -ing (bound) Root, suffix
misunderstanding mis- (bound), understand (free), -ing (bound) Prefix, root, suffix
2. Derivation and Inflection
Sentence Morpheme Type Reason
a) She is running in Indicates continuous tense; does not
-ing Inflectional
the park. change word class.
Marks 3rd person singular;
b) He plays the piano. -s Inflectional
grammatical change only.
c) The happiness of the Creates a noun from an adjective
-ness Derivational
child. (happy → happiness).
d) They have reopened Adds meaning (open → reopen); no
re- Derivational
the case. grammatical change.
e) His work was Alters meaning (believable →
un- Derivational
unbelievable. unbelievable); creates an adjective.
PHONETICS - PHONOLOGY
A. Organs of Speech
1. Multiple Choice
1. b) Larynx
2. b) Soft palate
3. c) Alveolar ridge
2. Essay
The soft palate (velum) controls airflow between the oral and nasal cavities. When
raised, it blocks the nasal cavity, producing oral sounds. When lowered, it allows air
to flow into the nasal cavity, producing nasal sounds like /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/.
The uvula helps close the nasal passage for oral sounds and plays a minor role in
some languages that produce uvular consonants.
B. English Vowels
1. Multiple Choice
1. b) Night
2. a) Banana
2. Short Answer
Monophthongs (IPA):
1. /iː/ - bead
2. /ɪ/ - bit
3. /æ/ - cat
4. /ʌ/ - cup
5. /uː/ - food
3. Essay
Monophthongs are single, stable vowel sounds where the tongue position does not
change. Examples: /iː/ in see and /ɪ/ in sit.
Diphthongs involve a glide from one vowel position to another, creating a complex
sound. Examples: /aɪ/ in night and /eɪ/ in day.
C. Consonants
1. Multiple Choice
1. b) Voiceless velar stop
2. b) /θ/
2. Short Answer
1. /f/ – Labiodental
2. /tʃ/ – Post-alveolar affricate
3. /dʒ/ – Post-alveolar affricate
4. /v/ – Labiodental
3. Essay
Voiced sounds are produced with vocal cord vibration (e.g., /b/, /d/, /z/).
Voiceless sounds lack vocal cord vibration (e.g., /p/, /t/, /s/). The difference lies in the
state of the glottis.
D. Syllable Structure and Division
1. Multiple Choice
1. d) All are syllable peaks
2. b) Memory
2. Essay
Syllable Analysis:
Beautiful: beau-ti-ful
Photography: pho-to-gra-phy
Elephant: e-le-phant
Syllable: syl-la-ble
Each syllable has a vowel as the peak; weak vowels (e.g., schwa /ə/) often occur in
unstressed syllables.
MORPHOLOGY
A. Morphemes
1. Multiple Choice
1. c) 3
o un- (bound, derivational), happy (free, root), -ness (bound, derivational)
2. b) Bound morpheme
2. Short Answer
Misunderstanding:
o Free morpheme: understand
o Bound morphemes: mis- (prefix), -ing (suffix)
3. Essay
Free morphemes can stand alone as words (e.g., book).
Bound morphemes cannot stand alone and must attach to a root (e.g., un- in undo).
B. Derivation and Inflection
1. Multiple Choice
1. b) Inflectional
2. b) Derivational
2. Short Answer
a) writing: Inflectional morpheme, changes grammatical tense without altering word class.
b) unacceptable: Derivational morpheme, changes the meaning and can affect word class
(adjective derived from verb accept).
3. Essay
Derivational morphemes create new words or change word class (e.g., -ness in
happiness).
Inflectional morphemes adjust grammatical features like tense or plurality without
changing word class (e.g., -s in dogs).
C. Immediate Constituents (IC)
1. Short Answer
a) The boy | kicked the ball → (The | boy) (kicked | the ball) → The | boy | kicked | the | ball
b) She is | reading a fascinating book → (She | is) (reading | a fascinating book) → She | is |
reading | a | fascinating | book
2. Essay
Immediate Constituents (IC) analysis divides a sentence into its components to
reveal its hierarchical structure. This helps linguists understand the organization of
phrases and clauses in syntax.