SUBJECT CODE
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UNIT NO 1
WATER TREATMENT PLANT, COLLECTION AND
CONVEYANCE OF RAW WATER & DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
● Syllabus
III V ● Course Objectives
● Course Outcome
● Intake Structure
20CEPC502
PUBLIC HEALTH & SANITATION
ENGINEERING
1
UNIT - I
WATER TREATMENT PLANT, COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF RAW WATER &
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water Quantity Estimation : Population forecast; Water demand for various
purposes; Sources of water and their characteristics - Drinking Water quality
standards Collection & conveyance of water : Intake structures; Pipe materials,
Hydraulics of flow in pipes – Laying, jointing and testing of pipes – pipe
appurtenances, design of pumps; Types and capacity of pumps – Selection of pumps
Distribution system: Layouts of distribution networks,Components of distribution
system, Newton's and Hardy cross methods for network analysis.
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
● To design the water supply and waste water treatment systems
● To determine the treatment efficiency of treatment units
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COURSE OUTCOME
At the end of the course, the student will be able to,
Estimate the Water Quantity with Population forecast & Water demand for various purposes by identifying the
Sources of water and their characteristics with Drinking Water quality standards. (K3)
Describe the Intake structures , Pumps for Collection & conveyance of water, and Layouts of distribution networks,
Components of distribution system, Newton's and Hardy cross methods for network analysis.(K3)
Explain the Principles, functions, design , Construction, Operation and Maintenance aspects of water treatment plant
units for Unit operations and processes.(K2)
Elucidate the sources of sewage generation , characteristics of sewage and estimate sewage, Storm drainage and
Storm runoff for Sewer design.(K2)
Illustrate the Principles, functions and design of various Physical and Biological Unit Processes and Operation for
waste water. (K2)
Identify the suitable mode of disposal for sewage and sludge without endangering the environment and its standards
with recent advances.(K2)
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What are Intake Structures?
i. Structures are used for collecting water from
the surface sources such as river, lake, and
reservoir
ii. Conveying it further to the water treatment
plant.
iii. Circular or Rectangular
iv. Masonry or concrete structures
v. Provides relatively clean water, free from
pollution, sand and objectionable floating
material.
Selecting Location Of Intake Structure
1. Provide purer water so that its treatment may become less exhaustive.
2. Heavy water currents should not strike the intake directly.
3. Placed where sufficient quantity of water remains available under all the circumstances.
4. Well connected by good type of roads.
5. Positioned to provide more water if required to do so.
6. Not be located in navigation channels, because water of such channels is generally polluted.
7. During floods in rivers, flood waters should not be concentrated towards the intake.
8. Not be located on the curve of the river. If there is no alternative then intake should be located on
the outer bank and not on the inner bank.
9. Located on up stream side of the town.
Design of Intake
Intake should be designed on the basis of the following considerations:-
1. Should be sufficiently heavy, not be washed away by heavy water currents.
2. All the forces which are expected to work on intake should be carefully analyzed and intake
should be designed to withstand all these forces.
3. The foundation of the intakeshould be taken sufficiently deep - avoid
overturning of the
structure.
4. Should not be constructed in a navigation channel as possible.
5. Strainers in the form of wire mesh should be provided on all the intake inlets. This will avoid
entry of large floating objects and fishes into the intake.
6. Should be of such size and so located that sufficient quantity of water can be obtained from the
intake in all circumstances.
TYPES OF INTAKES
According to type of source
◦ River Intake
◦ Canal Intake
◦ Reservoir Intake
◦ Lake Intake
According to location
◦ Submerged Intake
◦ Exposed Intake
According to presence of water in the tower
◦ Wet Intake
◦ Dry Intake
Intake constructed in the middle of the river Intake constructed on the banks on the river
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RIVER INTAKE
WELL
i. Located - inside the river so that demands of
water are met with in all the seasons of the
year, or they may be located near the river
bank where a sufficient depth of water is
available.
ii. circular masonry tower
[Link] = 4 to 7 m iv.
constructed at such place from where
required quantity of water can be obtained
even in the dry period.
v. The water enters in the lower portion of the
intake known from penstocks.
CANAL INTAKE WELL
i. The entry of water in the intake
chamber takes through coarse
screen and the top of outlet pipe is
provided with fine screen.
ii. The inlet to outlet pipe is of
bell-mouth shape with
perforations of the fine screen on its
surface.
The outlet valve is operated from the
top
iii. and it controls the entry of
water into the outlet pipe from
where it is taken to the treatment plant.
CANAL INTAKE WELL
RESERVOIR INTAKE
WELL Intake pipes are located at different
levels with common vertical pipe.
ii. The valves of pipes are operated from
the top and they are installed in a
valve room.
Each intake pipe is provided with bell
mouth entry with perforations of fine
screen on its
iv. surface. The outlet pipe is taken out
through the body of dam.
. v. The location of intake pipes at
different levels ensures supply of
water from a level lower than the
surface level of water.
RESERVOIR INTAKE
WELL
LAKE INTAKE
i. These intakes are constructed in the bed of
the lake below the water level; so as to
draw water in dry season also.
ii. As these intakes draw small quantity of
water, these are not used in big water
supply schemes or on rivers or reservoirs.
iii. Advantages- no obstruction to
navigation,
the no danger from the
floating bodies and no trouble due to ice.
iv. Disadvantage - they are not
easily
approachable for maintenance.
LAKE INTAKE
●SUBMERGED INTAKE
Intake STRUCTURES
Structures
EXPOSED INTAKE STRUCTURES i. Constructed entirely under water
ii. Simple concrete block or a rock
i. Generally, a well or tower constructed near the
filled timber crib supporting the
bank of a river/lake, or in some cases even away
starting end of the withdrawal pipe
from the river banks.
Intake opening is covered by screen
ii. These are more common due to ease in the iii. to prevent the entry of debris, ice
operation and maintenance. etc.
iv. Generally, do not obstruct
navigation
v. The cost is lower compared to other
options 17
vi. Limitation: Not easily accessible
for cleaning and
● repairing
According to presence of water in the
tower
WET INTAKE DRY INTAKE
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Wet Intake Towers
i. Concrete circular shell filled with water up
to the river / reservoir level keeping water
level in the intake practically the same as
the level of the sources.
ii. Has a vertical inside shaft connected to
the withdrawal pipe
● iii.
Controlled gate based openings are made
in to the outer concrete shell as well as, in
to the inside shaft.
iv. The withdrawal pipe may lie over the river
bed or may be in the form of tunnels
below the river bed
v. It is often known as Jack well and is most
commonly used.
Wet Intake Towers
iii.
Dry Intake Towers
i. In case of dry intake there is no
outer shell (as in case of wet intake
towers).
ii. Water enters through entry port
directly into the withdrawal conduits.
iii.
● When the entry ports are closed and
there is no water in the withdrawal
conduit, a dry intake tower will be
subjected to greater buoyancy
forces.
iv. Hence it must be of heavier
construction than wet intake tower.
v. Operation of valves etc. are
reasonably simple in dry intake
towers.
Dry Intake Towers
iii.
Single Well vs Twin Well Intake
Twin Well Type Intakes consists of an inlet well, intake pipe, and a Jack Well. Intake pipe
connects inlet well with jack well with flow velocity <1.2 m/s.
Single Well Type Intakes, no inlet well & inlet pipe in needed, and opening or ports fitted with
bar screens are provided in the jack well itself.
THANK YOU
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