INTRODUCTION:
WHAT IS PLANT CELL?
For you what is PLANT CELL?
Define by your own.
The smallest structure in the structure in the universe capable of growing and
reproduction.
A cell is the smallest structure in the universe capable of growing and reproducing.
This means that even though it is microscopic, it has all the necessary components to
perform life processes—such as obtaining nutrients, producing energy, and replicating
itself. Without cells, life simply cannot exist.
The basic unit of every living organism
Every organism, whether it’s as simple as a single-celled bacterium or as complex
as a giant sequoia tree, is made up of cells. This concept is one of the key principles of
the Cell Theory: all living things are composed of one or more cells.
An autonomous living systemc capable of independent existence and
propagation.
"A cell is an autonomous living system—it can carry out essential life processes
independently. In unicellular organisms, the single cell performs all necessary tasks
for survival. In multicellular organisms like plants, cells work together but still
maintain the machinery to survive on their own if isolated under the right conditions."
Fundamental morphological unit of plant body.
In plants, cells are the fundamental morphological unit—they are the basic structural
components forming tissues, organs, and ultimately the whole plant. The shape, size, and
arrangement of these cells determine the plant’s physical characteristics.
Alright class, here we have a diagram of a plant cell.
A plant cell is a type of eukaryotic cell, meaning it has a true nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles. Let’s go through the key parts one by one:
1. Cell wall
2. Cell membrane
3. Nucleus
4. Cytoplasm
5. Chloroplasts
6. Mitochondria
7. Central Vacuole
8. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth & Rough)
9. Ribosomes
10. Golgi Apparatus & Golgi Vesicles
11. Plasmodesmata
12. Cytoskeleton
So, each of these structures plays an important role in keeping the plant
cell alive and functioning. When they work together, the cell can grow,
make food, store energy, and contribute to the overall health of the plant.
Difference between plant cells and animal cells?
So FOR YOU UNSAY NAA SA ANIMAL CELLS NA WALA SA PLANT CELL?
DID YOU KNOW WHAT IS ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELLS.
ANIMAL CELLS VS. PLANT CELLS ?
SMALLER,NO CELL WALL,NUCLEUS IN CENTER largrer
Many vacoules cell walls
Cannot synthesis nucleus on the side
No plasmodesmata synthesis nutrients
Has plasmodesmata
So the differences between Plants cell to animal cell is;
Plant cell is contain chloroplast which carry chloroplast
Also, contain a rigid cell wall , each cell wall are cemented together by
the middle lamella or also plaht cell develop a larg cell central vacoule.
So, in animal cell contain centrioles and lysomes that involves cell
division and digistion . So animal cell or embryonic cell can migrate to
one another location.
So atong himay himayon:
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central
vacuole; animal cells do not. Animal cells have more lysosomes and
are more flexible in shape.
Plant cells had a three components: CELL WALL, CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS.
Cell wall:
This thick outer layer is unique to plant cells. It’s made of
cellulose and gives the cell its rigid shape, protecting it and
providing structural support.
THREE LAYERS OF CELL WALL:
Middle Lamella – Cement layer between cells,holding cells together
and providing stability to plant tissue.
Primary Cell Wall – Flexible wall for growing cells,
Provides strength while allowing growth and expansion of the
[Link] in young plant cells and soft tissues like leaves.
Secondary Cell Wall – Thick, strong wall for mature cells
Provides extra mechanical support and protection, especially in wood
and bark.
So, WHAT IS CYTOPLASM?
CYTOPLASM EXPLAIN EVERTHING :
Cytoplasm is the thick, jelly-like substance inside the cell that
fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
Composition: Mostly water (about 70–80%), with salts, proteins, and other
molecules.
Structure: Includes the cytosol (fluid portion) and all organelles except the
nucleus
Function:
Holds and supports the cell’s organelles.
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to occur.
Helps transport materials within the cell through cytoplasmic
streaming.
Teacher’s analogy:
Think of the cytoplasm like the “soup” inside the cell — the broth (cytosol) surrounds
all the “ingredients” (organelles), and together they make the cell work.
CYTOPLASM CONTAIN FOLLOWING:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM-FLATTEN DISK OR TUBULAR SACS
FUNCTION:
Transport material “intracellular highway”
“Intracellular” = inside the cell.
“Highway” = a pathway for movement.
Imagine the cell as a city. The cytoplasm is like the city’s
streets filled with traffic — organelles are vehicles, and the
cytoskeleton is the road network that directs where they go.
There are two types of endoplasmic rericulum:
1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Appearance: Has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a “rough” look
under a microscope.
Function:
Makes and processes proteins (ribosomes produce proteins, and RER
folds and modifies them).
Sends proteins to the Golgi apparatus for packaging.
Analogy: Like a factory assembly line for making proteins.
2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Appearance: Has no ribosomes, so it looks smooth.
Function:
Produces lipids (fats), oils, and steroids.
Helps in detoxifying harmful substances in the cell.
Stores calcium in some cells (important for muscle contraction).
Analogy: Like a chemical plant for making fats and detoxifying the cell.
Quick Tip for Students:
RER = Ribosomes = Protein production.
SER = Smooth = Lipid production.
Mitochondria: The Powerhouse of the Cell
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of almost all
eukaryotic cells. They play a crucial role in cellular energy production and are often
referred to as the “powerhouses of the cell” because they generate adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of the cell.
Structure
Double Membrane:
Outer membrane: Smooth and permeable to small molecules,
allowing materials to pass in and out.
Inner membrane: Folded into structures called cristae to increase
surface area for energy production.
Matrix: The innermost space containing enzymes, mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA), and ribosomes.
Intermembrane Space: The space between the inner and outer membranes
where proton accumulation occurs during ATP production.
Functions
ATP Production – Through cellular respiration, mitochondria convert
glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
Regulation of Metabolism – They help control metabolic pathways such as
the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation.
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) – Mitochondria release certain proteins
that signal the cell to self-destruct when damaged or no longer needed.
Calcium Storage – They regulate intracellular calcium levels, important for
muscle contraction and cell signaling.
Heat Production – In some specialized cells (brown fat), mitochondria
generate heat instead of ATP (thermogenesis).