Chapter 4.

The Environmental Factors of Sustainability

4.1. Calculate environmental indicators and explore future economic model trends

4.2. Explain the origin of the SDGs on the environmental aspect, apply the social
triangle model to the SDGs on the environmental factor of sustainable development
(SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15)

4.3. Predict rational actions of subjects regarding environmental factors

4.4. Case study

4.5. Sustainable development in the environmental factors of Vietnam

 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.1. Calculate environmental indicators and explore future economic model trends

Biosphere Society Economy

The Story of Mekong Delta region
A Disadvantaged Gem
 1. Agricultural Production Gem

• The Mekong Delta is the

southernmost region of
Vietnam;

• An alluvial plain formed by

the lower Mekong River

• The largest delta in Vietnam.

• The average height above

sea level is less than 02
meters, and many rivers and
~40,000 square kilometers
ponds.
~18 million people (2021)
 1. Agricultural Production Gem

• Hot and humid climate all

year round with abundant
rainfall.

• No cold winters and almost

no stormy winds.

• About 450 – 475 billion

cubic meters of water. • The accumulation of mud
and sand
• About 160 million tons of • Mangrove forest

alluvium.
 1. Agricultural Production Gem

Vietnam’s rice exports

Vietnam’s fruit exports

“The Holy land of

Agricultural production”

Vietnam’s seafood exports

 1. Agricultural Production Gem
Number of
Farm agricultural sector structure cultivated farms
98.89%

0.38%
14.69%

29.52% 55.41%

1.61%

Cultivation Breed Seafood Other Rice Fruit trees

 2. How is the Gem disadvantaged?
The urbanization rate in Vietnam (2009 – 2019)
Vietnam
In the past ten years, the Mekong 34.40%
Delta lost nearly 1.5 million Mekong Delta region 29.60%
workers; they migrated to
25.10%
industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh 22.80%
City, Dong Nai, and Binh Duong
to work.

2009 2019
 2. How is the Gem disadvantaged?

The population of high school age Per capita income (million VND)
who DID NOT attend school Rate of trained workers
64

13.3% 22%

8.3%
54 13.3%

Mekong Delta Mekong Delta

Mekong Delta
Vietnam Vietnam
Vietnam
2. How is the Gem disadvantaged?

◦ Inorganic fertilizers: 35.3% higher than the Vietnam average

◦ Chemical pesticides: 71.9% higher than the Vietnam average

(In Vietnam, inorganic fertilizers 80.4%, organic fertilizers 19.6%)

 2. How is the Gem disadvantaged?

• By 2030, about 45% of the land

area of the Mekong Delta
completely saline and
damaged crops;

• By 2100, about 90% of the

Mekong Delta area can be
flooded yearly.

(Oxfam, 2020)
 2. How is the Gem disadvantaged?
Forecast map of saline intrusion in the Mekong Delta
• In 2015 and 2016, the
saltwater intrusion in the
Mekong Delta was assessed
as the most severe in the
past 100 years.
• In Tien and Hau rivers, the
salinity is over 45‰,
penetrating up to 70 km from
the mouth of the river, even
up to 85 km in some places. Salty border 4g/l

• All 13 localities in the Salinity distribution (g/l)

Mekong Delta have been

affected by salinity, of which
11/13 provinces and cities
have announced natural
disasters such as drought
and saltwater intrusion.
2. How is the Gem disadvantaged?
 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability

The 5Ps principle of the SDGs

Source: Rob & Rveline (2022, p.71).

 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.1. Calculate environmental indicators and explore future economic model trends

❖ Global temperature anomaly (℃).

AR5, AR6: 5th and 6th climate assessment report.

 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.1. Calculate environmental indicators and explore future economic model trends
 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.1. Calculate environmental indicators and explore future economic model trends

CO2 concentration
Hotter than usual

Mát hơn bình thường

CO2 emissions by source
CO2 emissions by sector
CO2 emissions by region
CO2 emissions by region
CO2 emissions by region
Sea level rise and its
consequences
Natural disasters have increased significantly
 Type of disaster Number of Number of Average no. of Average Average Average
events events* people economic economic economic
affected per damage per damage per damage per
event (mil. event ($mil.) event ($mil.)* person affected
Persons) ($mil.)
The 1960-1989 period
Flood 943 285 0.774 60 169 82
Storm 1,060 315 0.212 71 116 237
Earthquake 372 160 0.146 227 518 1,614
Extreme weather 62 - 0.001 121 - -
Drought 239 42 4.080 95 241 25
All nat. disasters 3,314 838 0.603 78 224 157
The 1990-2019 period
Flood 4,123 1,246 0.748 187 581 266
Storm 2,945 1,131 0.323 484 1,005 1,428
Earthquake 818 330 0.177 905 2,240 5,497
Extreme weather 524 18 0.198 105 1,367 288
Drought 479 79 3.633 323 860 60
All nat. disasters 11,219 2,997 0.542 291 933 573
Climate migration
Climate migration
Reduced biodiversity compared to 1970
Chỉ số hành tinh sống của cá di cư nước ngọt
How to reduce CO2 emissions and promote clean energy?

Is emission trading
scheme (ETS) okay?

[Link]
answers-about-carbon-credits-and-related-
concepts?tx_amfcookies_main%5Baction%5D=submit&cHash=9ce322179e11022dc4d7ba4169e95db4
 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.2. Explain the origin of the SDGs on the
environmental aspect, apply the social triangle model
to the SDGs on the environmental factor of sustainable
development (SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15) G

2G

3GM 3G 3GC
4GMC 4GCM
4MGC 4CGM
3MG 4 3CG

3M
4CMG 3C
4MCG
2M
2C
3CM
M 3MC
C

Private Sector and Civil Society partnership (PnPP)

 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.2. Explain the origin of the SDGs on the environmental aspect, apply the social triangle model to the
SDGs on the environmental factor of sustainable development (SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15)

• Target 7.1: Universal access to modern energy

• Target 7.2: Increase global percentage of renewable energy
• Target 7.3: Double the improvement in energy efficiency
• Target 7.a: Promote access to research, technology and investments in clean
energy
• Target 7.b: Expand and upgrade energy services for developing countries
([Link]
“Ensure access to affordable,
reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all”

5 targets; 6 indicators
 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.2. Explain the origin of the SDGs on the environmental aspect, apply the social triangle
model to the SDGs on the environmental factor of sustainable development (SDG 7, SDG 13,
SDG 14, SDG 15)

7.1 7.2
 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.2. Explain the origin of the SDGs on the environmental aspect, apply the social triangle model to the
SDGs on the environmental factor of sustainable development (SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15)

• Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related

disasters
• Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning
• Target 13.3: Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change
• Target 13.a: Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and
management
“Take urgent action to ([Link]
combat climate change and
its impacts by regulating
emissions and promoting
developments in renewable
energy”
5 targets; 8 indicators
 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.2. Explain the origin of the SDGs on the environmental aspect, apply the social triangle model to the
SDGs on the environmental factor of sustainable development (SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15)

13-A 13-B
 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.2. Explain the origin of the SDGs on the environmental aspect, apply the social triangle model to the
SDGs on the environmental factor of sustainable development (SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15)

• Target 14.1: Reduce marine pollution

• Target 14.2: Protect and restore ecosystems
• Target 14.3: Reduce ocean acidification
• Target 14.4: Sustainable fishing
• Target 14.5: Conserve coastal and marine areas
• Target 14.6: End subsidies contributing to overfishing
• Target 14.7: Increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources
• Target 14.a: Increase scientific knowledge, research and technology for ocean health
“Conserve and sustainably • Target 14.b: Support small scale fishers
use the oceans, seas and
• Target 14.c: Implement and enforce international sea law
marine resources for
sustainable development” ([Link]

10 targets; 10 indicators
4.2. Các SDGs về khía cạnh môi trường, áp dụng mô hình tam giác xã hội cho các SDGs
khía cạnh môi trường của phát triển bền vững (SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 15)

14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7

 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.2. Explain the origin of the SDGs on the environmental aspect, apply the social triangle model to the
SDGs on the environmental factor of sustainable development (SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15)

• Target 15.1: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems

• Target 15.2: End deforestation and restore degraded forests
• Target 15.3: End desertification and restore degraded land
• Target 15.4: Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems
• Target 15.5: Protect biodiversity and natural habitats
• Target 15.6: Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits
• Target 15.7: Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species
• Target 15.8: Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems
“Protect, restore and promote
• Target 15.9: Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning
sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably • Target 15.a: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and
manage forests, combat
biodiversity
desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and • Target 15.b: Finance and incentivize sustainable forest management
halt biodiversity loss”
• Target 15.c: Combat global poaching and trafficking
12 targets; 12 indicators
 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability
4.2. Explain the origin of the SDGs on the environmental aspect, apply the social triangle model to the
SDGs on the environmental factor of sustainable development (SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15)

15.2 15.4 15.7 15.9

 Chapter 4. The Environmental Factors of Sustainability

4.3. Predict rational actions of subjects regarding environmental factors

Transform business model/strategy
(Rob & Eveline, 2022: 473)
Apply sustainability management tools
(Rob & Eveline, 2022: 650)
Không có các SDGs xã hội nào liên quan