Chapter 1.

Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.1. Global context

1.2. Concepts

1.3. International frameworks and principles of sustainable development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

1.5. Distinguish between SDGs, ESG, CSR, CSV, circular economy and green economy

1.6. Vietnam and the issue of sustainable development

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
• The COVID-19 pandemic has given humanity a new way of understanding and approaching humanity’s place in the world.
• Without the usual “hot” production and consumption activities, the earth's environment has undergone surprising changes in
a positive direction.

Before the During the locked

COVID-19 down

The canals of Venice, Italy, are so clean that jellyfish and

dolphins have reappeared.

After 30 years, the Himalayas can now be seen from the

Indian state of Punjab – something previously impossible due
to smog and pollution.
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

• These are just two of countless “positive” events on the ground, but they shock us to realize that
human economic, production, trade, and consumption activities have been and are affecting the
world. They have a very bad impact on the environment and the living world of the earth. It seems
that “not having humans” is a “positive” thing for the living world;
• However, it is crucial to acknowledge that this is not a matter of choice. The truth is that humans
have, are, and will continue to play a key role in the existence and development of the living world.

=> Change awareness => Change actions.

“It always seems impossible until it’s done”

(Nelson Mandela)
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

How have we destroyed the living world?

Keeling curve. Erle Ellis cited Charles David Keeling’s study of

Global carbon cycle, in gigatons of carbon (GtC) repeated measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at
(source: Robert M. Clausen and Henry L. Gholz, 2001) Mauna Loa, Hawaii, as demonstrating for the first time that CO2
concentrations are increasing globally over time (2018, pp.25)
(source: Encyclopedia Brittanica, Inc.)
Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
How have we destroyed the living world?

Fossil fuels

Annual CO2 emissions

(billion tons)
Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
How have we destroyed the living world?

Climate change
Global risk
report 2020
Global risk
report 2024
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
How have we destroyed the living world?

“The End of Nature” is not a children's bedtime fable. That is the truth based on facts and statistics from
scientists:
• In 1895, Svante Arrhenius and John Tyndall introduced the term “greenhouse effect” to demonstrate the conditions that
create life on this planet.
• Shockingly, a mere half-century later, the groundbreaking findings of Arrhenius and Tyndall revealed that the unchecked use
of fossil fuels was catapulting carbon dioxide levels to alarming heights, consequently propelling global temperatures to
unprecedented and terrifying levels.
• In 1965, scientists issued a stark warning to US President Lyndon Johnson, outlining the perilous trajectory of climate
change, a consequence of the rapidly escalating greenhouse effect.
• In 1988, at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the issue of climate change became a widely
discussed and influential topic among scientists and politicians.
• In 1989, journalist Bill McKibben demonstrated that the peak of climate change challenged humanity's survival.
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

What is the wicked problems?

Simple problems Complicated porblems Wicked problems

Relatively easy to solve Difficult to find a solution Difficult to find the problem/definition

The boundaries of the problem and its operation are

The problem and solution are
Apparent problem with a unclear; Problems and solutions must be clearly
not obvious but can be
clear solution understood and constantly change as we try to define
understood over time
them.

Single-loop learning Double-loop learning Triple-loop learning requirements: transformative

requirements: incremental requirements: restructuring thinking to seek new realities; taking action to discover how
transfer of existing and reform, reflection, and causal dynamics operate; need to give up what we know;
knowledge and solutions critical analysis are needed re-learning and breakthrough thinking.

Essential question: Are we Essential question: Are we

Essential question: Are we doing the right things?
doing the right things? doing the right things?

Source: Rob (2018, p.36); Rob & Eveline (2022, p.158).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

What is the wicked problems?

Simple problems Complicated porblems Wicked problems
• Predictable • There are many • Many elements, many of which are hidden/disguised/as yet
• Simple elements, but the unknown;
elements themselves • Cognitive, strategic, and institutional uncertainty;
• Clear are familiar
• Can be quantified • Relationships and interdependencies are complex and multi-
• The root causes are layered;
hidden
• Chaotic, with largely unpredictable, open-ended dynamics;
• Nonlinear
• Many stakeholders have conflicting perspectives and spheres
• The interacting parts of influence and fragmentation;
influence each other
• Strong social aspects;
• Involves changes in beliefs, behavior, and identity
• There is no right/wrong solution;
• Intangible factors cannot be quantified;
• There is no precedent.
Source: Rob (2018, p.36); Rob & Eveline (2022, p.158).
Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

What is the wicked problems?

Context Assumptions Actions Results

Are we doing things right?

Single-loop

Are we doing the right things?

Double-loop

How do we decide what is right?

Triple-loop
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

Human awareness in the Modern Human awareness in the Post-

modern period (second half of the Awareness of sustainable development
period (16th century - early 20th (the 21st century)
century) 20th century)
Petit Narrative Inter-Narrative
Grand Narrative

Evokes personal thoughts, emotions

Interpreting representative and a focus on individuality. In the
ideas (values, myths, academic field, it is the separation
collective beliefs of history) and independence of majors. Aiming
towards universal value. for unique, unique values.

“Humanity must move towards an Inter-narrative model in awareness and action. It is the collaboration
of everyone, every sector, every country, every institution, in an overall picture of all elements of
sustainable development."
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.2. Concepts
• Sustainable development is an approach to growth and human development that aims to meet the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining
planetary integrity. Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the economy, environment, and
social well-being.
(Source: World Commission on Environment and Development, the Our Common Future report, 1987,
well-known as the Brundtland report)
It contains within it two key concepts:
• the concept of “needs”, in particular the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should
be given;
• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability
to meet present and future needs.
(Source: Andrew Brennan & Norva Y. S. Lo, 2021, Sustainability and Climate Change in Environmental Ethics)
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.2. Concepts
“We also reaffirm the need to achieve sustainable development by promoting sustained,
inclusive and equitable economic growth, creating greater opportunities for all, reducing
inequalities, raising basic standards of living, fostering equitable social development and
inclusion, and promoting integrated and sustainable management of natural resources
and ecosystems that supports, inter alia, economic, social and human development
while facilitating ecosystem conservation, regeneration and restoration and resilience in
the face of new and emerging challenges.”
(Source: United Nations, The General Assembly - Future We Want - Outcome document, 2012, para. 4)
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.2. Concepts
❖ Notice:
• Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long time.
(Ben Purvis, Yong Mao & Darren Robinson, 2019)
• “Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world),
while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it.”
(UNESCO, 2015, Sustainable Development)
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.2. Concepts Capacity to

MEASURE
progress

Capacity to
Khả năng thức
GOVERN
đẩy công bằng
cooperatively
Capacities
necessary for
sustainable
development
Capacity LINK Capacity to
KNOWLEDGE ADAPT the
with ACTION shocks
Capacity to
TRANSFORM
development Source: William C. Clark and Alicia G. Harley,
pathways 2020, Sustainability Science: Toward a Synthesis
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.2. Concepts • To achieve sustainable development’s economic,

social, and environmental goals, a fourth goal must
also be achieved: good governance.
• The government must perform many core functions
to help society prosper. These include providing social
services such as health care and education, providing
infrastructure such as roads, ports, and electricity,
protecting individuals from crime and violence,
promoting basic science and new technology, and
implementing regulations to protect the environment.

Three pillars of sustainability

(Source: Ben Purvis, Yong Mao & Darren Robinson, 2019)
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.2. Concepts

• Today, good governance refers to more than just governments. Corporations and
multinational companies are often the most powerful entities. Our prosperity depends on
whether these powerful companies comply with the law, respect the natural environment, and
help the communities in which they operate, significantly alleviating extreme poverty.
• Therefore, sustainable development envisions four fundamental goals of a good society:
economic prosperity, social inclusion and cohesion, a sustainable environment, and
good governance by prominent social actors, including government and business.
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.2. Concepts

Weak sustainability Strong sustainability

Neo-Classical Economics Ecological Economics

Substitutability between
Natural capital cannot be
natural capital and artificial
replaced by artificial capital
capital
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.3. International frameworks and principles of sustainable development

• The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by all United Nations member
states in 2015;
• At its heart, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an urgent call to action by
all developed and developing countries in a global partnership.
Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.3. International frameworks and principles of sustainable development

John Elkington 8 17
MDGs SDGs

The
concepts of CDM
Sustainable (Clean
Development Development
Mechanism) Source: Mulligan, 2018, p.17
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.3. International frameworks and principles of sustainable development

• The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
• In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178 countries adopted Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan of
action to build a global partnership for sustainable development to improve human lives and protect the environment.
• Member States unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration at the Millennium Summit in September 2000 at UN Headquarters
in New York. The Summit led to the elaboration of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce extreme poverty by 2015.
• The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and the Plan of Implementation, adopted at the World Summit on
Sustainable Development in South Africa in 2002, reaffirmed the global community's commitments to poverty eradication and the
environment, and built on Agenda 21 and the Millennium Declaration by including more emphasis on multilateral partnerships.
• At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, Member States
adopted the outcome document "The Future We Want" in which they decided, inter alia, to launch a process to develop a set of
SDGs to build upon the MDGs and to establish the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. The Rio +20
outcome also contained other measures for implementing sustainable development, including mandates for future programs of work
in development financing, small island developing states and more.
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.3. International frameworks and principles of sustainable development

• In 2013, the General Assembly set up a 30-member Open Working Group to develop a proposal on the SDGs.
• In January 2015, the General Assembly began the negotiation process on the post-2015 development agenda. The
process culminated in the subsequent adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with 17 SDGs at its core,
at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015.
• 2015 was a landmark year for multilateralism and international policy shaping, with the adoption of several major
agreements:
• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (March 2015)
• Addis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for Development (July 2015)
• Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its 17 SDGs was adopted at the UN
Sustainable Development Summit in New York in September 2015.
• Paris Agreement on Climate Change (December 2015)
• Now, the annual High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development serves as the central UN platform for the follow-up
and review of the SDGs.
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.3. International frameworks and principles of sustainable development
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015,
provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its
heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries
- developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other
deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and
spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.
(United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals)
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.3. International frameworks and principles of sustainable development
❖ Classification of SDGs based on action goals
Climate & Planet

& Human rights

Justice
Inequality
Poverty &

Gender &
Equality
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.3. International frameworks and principles of sustainable development
❖ Classification of SDGs based on impact areas *
“SDGs wedding cake” presented by Johan
Rockström and Pavan Sukhdev at the Stockholm
EAT Food Forum on June 13, 2016.

Biosphere Society Economy

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.3. International frameworks and principles of sustainable development
❖ Classification of SDGs based on object characteristics (5P)

Planet People

Partnering

Prosperity Peace
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 1.1: Eradicate extreme poverty
• Target 1.2: Reduce poverty by at least 50%
• Target 1.3: Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems
• Target 1.4: Equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology, and economic
resources
• Target 1.5: Build resilience to environmental, economic, and social disasters
• Target 1.a: Mobilization of resources to end poverty
"End poverty in all its • Target 1.b: Establishment of poverty eradication policy frameworks at all levels
forms everywhere“
([Link]
7 targets; 13 indicators
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 2.1: Universal access to safe and nutritious food
• Target 2.2: End all forms of malnutrition
• Target 2.3: Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers
• Target 2.4: Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices
• Target 2.5: Maintain the genetic diversity in food production
• Target 2.a: Invest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and
gene banks
“End hunger, achieve food • Target 2.b.: Prevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export
security and improved
nutrition, and promote
subsidies
sustainable agriculture” • Target 2.c. Ensure stable food commodity markets and timely access to
8 targets; 14 indicators information
([Link]
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 3.1: Reduce maternal mortality
• Target 3.2: End all preventable deaths under five years of age
• Target 3.3: Fight communicable diseases
• Target 3.4: Reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases and promote mental health
• Target 3.5: Prevent and treat substance abuse
• Target 3.6: Reduce road injuries and deaths
• Target 3.7: Universal access to sexual and reproductive care, family planning and education
• Target 3.8: Achieve universal health coverage
• Target 3.9: Reduce illnesses and deaths from hazardous chemicals and pollution

“Ensure healthy lives and • Target 3.a: Implement the WHO framework convention on tobacco control
promote well-being for all • Target 3.b: Support research, development and universal access to affordable vaccines and medicines
at all ages” • Target 3.c: Increase health financing and support health workforce in developing countries
• Target 3.d: Improve early warning systems for global health risks
13 targets; 28 indicators

([Link]
1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)
• Target 4.1: Free primary and secondary education
• Target 4.2: Equal access to quality pre-primary education
• Target 4.3: Equal access to affordable technical, vocational, and higher education
• Target 4.4: Increase the number of people with relevant skills for financial success
• Target 4.5: Eliminate all discrimination in education
• Target 4.6: Universal literacy and numeracy
• Target 4.7: Education for sustainable development and global citizenship
• Target 4.a: Build and upgrade inclusive and safe schools
“Ensure inclusive and • Target 4.b: Expand higher education scholarships for developing countries
equitable quality education
• Target 4.c: Increase the supply of qualified teachers in developing countries
and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for
all”
([Link]
10 targets; 12 indicators
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 5.1: End discrimination against women and girls
• Target 5.2: End all violence against and exploitation of women and girls
• Target 5.3: Eliminate forced marriages and genital mutilation
• Target 5.4: Value unpaid care and promote shared domestic responsibilities
• Target 5.5: Ensure full participation in leadership and decision-making
• Target 5.6: Universal access to reproductive rights and health
• Target 5.a: Equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services
• Target 5.b: Promote empowerment of women through technology
“Achieve gender equality • Target 5.c: Adopt and strengthen policies and enforceable legislation for gender equality
and empower all women
and girls”
([Link]
9 targets; 14 indicators
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 6.1: Safe and affordable drinking water
• Target 6.2: End open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene
• Target 6.3: Improve water quality, wastewater treatment, and safe reuse
• Target 6.4: Increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies
• Target 6.5: Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM)
• Target 6.6: Protect and restore water-related ecosystems
• Target 6.a: Expand water and sanitation support to developing countries
“Ensure availability and • Target 6.b: Support local engagement in water and sanitation management
sustainable management
of water and sanitation for
all” ([Link]
8 targets; 11 indicators
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 7.1: Universal access to modern energy
• Target 7.2: Increase global percentage of renewable energy
• Target 7.3: Double the improvement in energy efficiency
• Target 7.a: Promote access to research, technology and investments in clean
energy
• Target 7.b: Expand and upgrade energy services for developing countries

“Ensure access to affordable, ([Link]

reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all”

5 targets; 6 indicators
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 8.1: Sustainable economic growth
• Target 8.2: Diversify, innovate and upgrade for economic productivity
• Target 8.3: Promote policies to support job creation and growing enterprises
• Target 8.4: Improve resource efficiency in consumption and production
• Target 8.5: Full employment and decent work with equal pay
• Target 8.6: Promote youth employment, education and training
• Target 8.7: End modern slavery, trafficking, and child labour
• Target 8.8: Protect labour rights and promote safe working environments
“Promote sustained,
• Target 8.9: Promote beneficial and sustainable tourism
inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and • Target 8.10: Universal access to banking, insurance and financial services
productive employment and
• Target 8.a: Increase aid for trade support
decent work for all”
• Target 8.b: Develop a global youth employment strategy
12 targets; 14 indicators ([Link]
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 9.1: Develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures
• Target 9.2: Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
• Target 9.3: Increase access to financial services and markets
• Target 9.4: Upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability
• Target 9.5: Enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies
• portion of GDP
• Target 9.a: Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing

“Build resilient infrastructure, countries

promote inclusive and • Target 9.b: Support domestic technology development and industrial
sustainable industrialization,
and foster innovation” diversification

8 targets; 12 indicators • Target 9.c: Universal access to information and communications technology
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 10.1: Reduce income inequalities
• Target 10.2: Promote universal social, economic and political inclusion
• Target 10.3: Ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination
• Target 10.4: Adopt fiscal and social policies that promote equality
• Target 10.5: Improved regulation of global financial markets and institutions
• Target 10.6: Enhanced representation for developing countries in financial institutions
• Target 10.7: Responsible and well-managed migration policies
• Target 10.a: Special and differential treatment for developing countries
“Reduce inequality within • Target 10.b: Encourage development assistance and investment in least developed
and among countries”
countries
10 targets; 14 indicators • Target 10.c: Reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances

([Link]
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 11.1: Safe and affordable housing
• Target 11.2: Affordable and sustainable transport systems
• Target 11.3: Inclusive and sustainable urbanization
• Target 11.4: Protect the world's cultural and natural heritage
• Target 11.5: Reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters
• Target 11.6: Reduce the environmental impacts of cities
• Target 11.7: Provide access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces
• Target 11.a: Strong national and regional development planning
“Make cities and human • Target 11.b: Implement policies for inclusion, resource efficiency and disaster risk
settlements inclusive, safe,
reduction
resilient, and sustainable”
• Target 11.c: Support least developed countries in sustainable and resilient building
10 targets; 15 indicators

([Link]
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 12.1: Implement the 10-year sustainable consumption and production framework
• Target 12.2: Sustainable management and use of natural resources
• Target 12.3: Halve global per capita food waste
• Target 12.4: Responsible management of chemicals and waste
• Target 12.5: Substantially reduce waste generation
• Target 12.6: Encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices and sustainability reporting
• Target 12.7: Promote sustainable public procurement practices
• Target 12.8: Promote universal understanding of sustainable lifestyles
• Target 12.a: Support developing countries' scientific and technological capacity for sustainable
“Ensure sustainable
consumption and production
consumption and
production patterns” • Target 12.b: Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable tourism
• Target 12.c: Remove market distortions that encourage wasteful consumption
11 targets; 13 indicators

([Link]
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related
disasters
• Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning
• Target 13.3: Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change
• Target 13.a: Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and
management
“Take urgent action to
combat climate change and
its impacts by regulating ([Link]
emissions and promoting
developments in renewable
energy”
5 targets; 8 indicators
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 14.1: Reduce marine pollution
• Target 14.2: Protect and restore ecosystems
• Target 14.3: Reduce ocean acidification
• Target 14.4: Sustainable fishing
• Target 14.5: Conserve coastal and marine areas
• Target 14.6: End subsidies contributing to overfishing
• Target 14.7: Increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources
• Target 14.a: Increase scientific knowledge, research and technology for ocean health
“Conserve and sustainably • Target 14.b: Support small scale fishers
use the oceans, seas and
• Target 14.c: Implement and enforce international sea law
marine resources for
sustainable development”
([Link]
10 targets; 10 indicators
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 15.1: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems
• Target 15.2: End deforestation and restore degraded forests
• Target 15.3: End desertification and restore degraded land
• Target 15.4: Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems
• Target 15.5: Protect biodiversity and natural habitats
• Target 15.6: Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits
• Target 15.7: Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species
• Target 15.8: Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems
“Protect, restore and promote
• Target 15.9: Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning
sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably • Target 15.a: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and
manage forests, combat
biodiversity
desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and • Target 15.b: Finance and incentivize sustainable forest management
halt biodiversity loss”
• Target 15.c: Combat global poaching and trafficking
12 targets; 12 indicators
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 16.1: Reduce violence everywhere
• Target 16.2: Protect children from abuse, exploitation, trafficking and violence
• Target 16.3: Equal access to justice
• Target 16.4: Combat organized crime and illicit financial and arms flows
• Target 16.5: Substantially reduce corruption and bribery
• Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions
• Target 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive and representative decision-making
• Target 16.8: Strengthen the participation in global governance
“Promote peaceful and • Target 16.9: Provide universal legal identity
inclusive societies for
• Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms
sustainable development,
provide access to justice for • Target 16.a: Strengthen national institutions to prevent violence and combat crime and
all and build effective,
terrorism
accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels” • Target 16.b: Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 17.1: Mobilize resources to improve domestic revenue collection
• Target 17.2: Implement all development assistance commitments
• Target 17.3: Mobilize financial resources for developing countries
• Target 17.4: Assist developing countries in attaining debt sustainability
• Target 17.5: Invest in least-developed countries
• Target 17.6: Knowledge sharing and cooperation for access to science,
technology and innovation
“Strengthen the means of • Target 17.7: Promote sustainable technologies to developing countries
implementation and revitalize
the global partnership for • Target 17.8: Strengthen the science, technology and innovation capacity for
sustainable development” least-developed countries
• Target 17.9: Enhanced SDG capacity in developing countries
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

• Target 17.10: Promote a universal trading system under the WTO
• Target 17.11: Increase the exports of developing countries
• Target 17.12: Remove trade barriers for least-developed countries
• Target 17.13: Enhance global macroeconomic stability
• Target 17.14: Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development
• Target 17.15: Respect national leadership to implement policies for the
sustainable development goals
“Strengthen the means of • Target 17.16: Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development
implementation and revitalize
the global partnership for • Target 17.17: Encourage effective partnerships
sustainable development” • Target 17.18: Enhance availability of reliable data
• Target 17.19: Further develop measurements of progress
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

❖ The concept of “VUCA Age” is an acronym for four characteristics in today’s world :
Volatility – Uncertainty – Complexity – Ambiguity
(Rob & Eveline, 2022, p. 22-23)
❖ The term VUCA refers to a world that is difficult to grasp and deal with because
there is so much change in a short period.
(VUCA là gì? Lời khuyên cho giới trẻ trong thời đại VUCA – Glints
Vietnam Blog)
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

New model in the VUCA age

Source: Rob (2018, p.12)

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

Source: Rob (2018, p.12). 4 components in a balanced society

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

The Social Triangle Model Source: Rob (2018, p.17)

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

❖ From the failure of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs)

• MDG 1: To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

• MDG 2: To achieve universal primary education
• MDG 3:To promote gender equality and empower women
• MDG 4: To reduce child mortality
• MDG 5: To improve maternal health
• MDG 6: To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
• MDG 7: To ensure environmental sustainability
• MDG 8: To develop a global partnership for development
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

❖ Why did the MDGs fail?

▪ Lack of ambition to become a lever to promote progress;

▪ There is a lack of solid analytical rationale for choosing these goals and ignoring others;
▪ Because they are "targets without means," the MDGs are relatively vague, without clear indicators.
▪ It is driven by donors, developing countries, and basic needs.
➢ The result is a significant failure to examine the root causes of poverty, which underscores the
importance of a more comprehensive approach to development.
➢ The goals do not mention civil rights and do not specifically mention economic development. While
in theory, the MDGs apply to all countries, in practice, they are seen as goals to be achieved by
poor countries, with financing from rich countries.
 1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

8 new goals

From the Millennium Development

Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs)

Source: Rob (2018, p.21)

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Outsource Self-avocacy

Authorization for NPOs

Source: Rob (2018, p.53).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Tasks of each subject for each level

Source: Rob (2018, p.53).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Source: Rob (2018, p.54).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Level 1: Typical failure of each subject

Source: Rob (2018, p.55).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Level 2: Typical sources of failure for each subject

Source: Rob (2018, p.56).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Source: Rob (2018, p.57).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Level 3: Typical sources of positive externalities for each subject

Source: Rob (2018, p.56).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development

1.4. Subjects implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Level 4: Space for partnerships between subjects

Source: Rob (2018, p.63).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.5. Distinguish between SDGs, ESG, CSR, CSV, circular economy and green economy

Nguồn: Nam, Ý, Chinh (2020).

 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.5. Distinguish between SDGs, ESG, CSR, CSV, circular economy and green economy

Nguồn: Nam, Ý, Chinh (2020).

Tăng trưởng trong SDGs là Inclusive
Economic Growth (ví dụ xem:
[Link]
growth/#introduction)
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.5. Distinguish between SDGs, ESG, CSR, CSV, circular economy and green economy
Đầu vào là nguyên vật
liệu và năng lượng

Hệ thống kinh tế

Kinh tế tuần hoàn Tái sản xuất Tái sử dụng

Tân trang

Rác thải
Nguồn: Geissdoerfer và cộng sự (2020). Khí thải
 Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
1.5. Distinguish between SDGs, ESG, CSR, CSV, circular economy and green economy

Các mô hinh kinh doanh tuần hoàn

Nguồn: Geissdoerfer
và cộng sự (2020).
 Thực hành kinh tế
tuần hoàn cho SDGs

Nguồn: Schroeder và cộng sự (2019)

Nguồn: Rob & Eveline (2022, p.352).
Nguồn: Shayan và cộng sự (2022)
Nguồn: Shayan và cộng sự (2022)