Lesson Plan in Mathematics 8
S.Y. 2017-2018
Ostria, Deary Lee L. December 5, 2017
Student Teachers Date of Teaching
Mr. Sonny Chiu 3:00-4:00 pm
Student Teaching Mentor Time of Teaching
I. Objectives
Through thorough discussions and practice exercises, the Grade 8 students with
atleast 80% accuracy are expected to:
a. define what is deductive reasoning;
b. express appreciation on the process of deductive reasoning and;
c. apply concepts of deductive reasoning to an activity.
II. Subject Matter
A. Topic Title: Developing Geometry using Deductive Reasoning
B. Mathematical Concept: Deductive Reasoning is a kind of reasoning that draws
conclusions from the statements that are accepted as true. The process begins
with general statement that is accepted as true, followed by a specific statement
and then a conclusion.
C. References
Foreign:
Jurgensen, R. [Link]. 1990. Geometry. Pp 33-35.
Rubenstein, R. [Link]. 1995. Integreated Mathematics. Pp 38-41.
Fuller, G., 1977. College Algebra. 4th edition. Pp 128-137o.
Local:
Advicula, R.C. [Link]. 2013. Global Mathematics. Pp 299-307.
Orines, F.B. [Link], 2007. Next Century Mathematics, Intermediate Algebra.
Pp. 443-454.
Chua, S.L. [Link], 2014. Soaring 21st Century Mathematics. Pp. 262-268.
Addison-Wesley Secondary-Mathematics Series. Pp. 177-181.
Internet Source
Sparknotes Geometry: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning. Available at
[Link]
[Link]
CA Geometry: Deductive Reasoning. Available at
[Link]
miscellaneous/geometry-worked-examples/v/ca-geometry-deductive-
reasoning
D. Materials
1. Conventional
None
E. Values Integrated: None
F. Methodology: 3P’s Method
III. Procedure
A. Preparation
The teacher will say this to the students;
I was saving the last brownie to have after school yesterday. But when I
got home, it was gone. I noticed that my brother had a brown fingerprint smudges
on his notebook, so I punished him by taking away his phone for the night. Do
you think this was right?
The teacher will allow the students to talk about scenario, deciding if the
statement is valid. The students will be prompt to debate the validity of the
deduction applying reasonable arguments.
And then the students will be told that they are using a process called
deductive reasoning.
B. Presentation
Definition:
A statement is a sentence which is either true or false.
A sentence which cannot be classified or described as true or false is not a
statement.
Examples: Study these sentences:
a. There is no sand in a desert.
b. Clouds in the sky.
c. Bears have no wings.
d. 7 is an odd number.
e. Do you like Geometry?
f. Any triangle must contain a right angle.
g. No entry.
Which of the above sentences
I. Is true?
II. Is false?
III. Just says something but cannot be classified as true or false?
From the above examples, some sentences are true and some sentences
are false. There are also sentences which cannot be classified as true or false,
such as “do you like geometry”? Sentences (b), (e), and (g) are not statements.
Definition:
Deductive reasoning is the process of using facts, definitions, rules, or
previously proven principle, until we reach a conclusion
Examples:
Given Conditions Conclusion
Deductive
reasoning
i. All animals need water. Human beings need water.
ii. Human beings are animal.
Deductive
reasoning
I. No school on Sundays. There will be no class tomorrow.
ii. Tomorrow is Sunday.
We can also make examples involving mathematical statements.
Given Conditions Conclusion
Deductive
reasoning
i. All even numbers are
divisible by 2.
8 is divisible by 2.
ii. 8 is an even number.
Deductive
reasoning
i. Any triangle with two
equal sides is isosceles.
Triangle ABC is isosceles.
ii. In triangle ABC, AB=AC.
Deductive
reasoning
i. Any triangle with two
equal sides is isosceles.
ii. An equilateral triangle has An equilateral triangle is isosceles.
three equal sides.
Postulates and Theorems
Postulates are statements that are accepted as true without proof.
Example:
All men are created equal.
This example is postulate because it is certainly cannot be proven.
Problem Solving using Deductive Reasoning.
Examples:
1. Show that if two integers are odd, then their sum is even.
Solution:
Step 1 Write variable expressions for any two odd integers.
Let m and n be any integers.
Then 2m is even and 2n is even. (Any integer that is 2 times another integer is even.)
So, 2m + 1 is odd and 2n + 1 is odd. (Any integer that is 1 more than an even integer is odd.)
Step 2 Add the two odd integers.
(2m + 1) + (2n + 1) = 2m + 2n + 2
= 2(m + n + 1) (Use the distributive property.)
Step 3 Interpret the result.
2(m + n + 1)is 2 times another integer, so it is even. Therefore the sum of any
two odd integers is even.
IV. Practice
A. Identify whether it is a statement or not.
1. Look at the beautiful sky!
2. Every prime number is an odd integer.
3. 2+3<5
4. a²+b²=(a+b)(a-b)
5. The well known “Noli Me Tangere” was written by Dr. Jose Rizal over a
hundred years ago.
B. Write down the conclusion to the statement.
[Link] diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
A square is a kind of rhombus.
Conclusion: ______________________________________
Expected answers:
A.
1) not a statement
2) statement
3) statement
4) statement
5) statement
B.
1) Therefore, a square has two diagonals that is perpendicular to each
other.
V. Summary
The teacher will ask some questions to the students.
1. Compare inductive and deductive reasoning.
2. How do we identify if the given statement is deductive reasoning?
If the process begins with the general statement that is accepted
as true, followed by a specific statement and then a conclusion.
VI. Assessment
Direction: Write down the conclusions to each statement.
1. Planets in our solar system revolve around the sun.
The planet Uranus belongs to our solar system.
Conclusion: ________________________________.
2. Every single square of an odd number is odd.
P is an odd number.
Conclusion: ________________________________.
3. All birds have feathers.
Mang parrot is a bird.
Conclusion: ________________________________.
4. The square of any real number is non-negative.
The number -6 is a real number.
Conclusion: ________________________________.
5. The square of any even number is even.
784 is an even number.
Conclusion: ________________________________.
Expected answers:
1.) Therefore, Uranus revolves around the sun.
2.) Therefore, p² is an odd number.
3.) Therefore, Mang parrot has feathers.
4.) Therefore, the square of -6 is non-negative.
5.) Therefore, 784² is an even number.
VII. Assignment
Pp 284 of the book 21st Century Mathematics. Mind Strainers nos. 1 & 2.