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Electromagnetism is a central concept with two sub-branches:

"Magnetic effect of electric current" leading to "Electric magnets" and "Electric motors."
"Magnetic effect of moving magnets" leading to "Electric generators."
The Oersted experiment: "Compass needle is deflected on passing an electric current
through a metallic conductor." This states that an electric current produces a magnetic field.
It highlights that electricity and magnetism are linked to each other.
A circuit diagram showing a battery (X), a switch (K), a resistance (R), a copper conductor
(XY), and a compass needle placed below the conductor.

Compass needle is deflected on passing an electric current through a metallic

conductor

A bar magnet with iron filings arranged in a pattern around it, illustrating a magnetic
Field.
Magnetic Field Line: .A path in a magnetic field along which a unit north pole tends to move
in a magnetic field
[Link] direction of the magnetic lines is from the North (N) pole to the South (S) [Link]
are [Link] are closed, continuous [Link] tangent at any point on a magnetic
field line gives the direction of the magnetic field at that point.

Magnetic Field: The region surrounding a magnet where the force of the magnet can be
detected.
1.A magnetic field has both direction and magnitude.
[Link] strength of the magnetic field is defined as the force experienced by a unit magnetic
north pole at a given point.
3. By convention, magnetic field lines emerge from the North pole and merge at the South
pole of a magnet.
[Link] direction of the magnetic field lines is from the South pole to the North pole inside the
magnet.
[Link] strength of the magnetic field is indicated by the closeness of the field lines. The field
is stronger near the poles where the lines are crowded and weaker far from the magnet.
6. The magnetic field outside the bar magnet is non uniform because the strength and
direction change and inside a bar magnet is uniform (lines are parallel )
7. Two field lines are never found to cross or intersect each other. A compass needle would
not show two directions at a single point.

Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying Conductor:

 1. A simple electric circuit is shown with a battery, a switch, and a straight copper wire.
A compass needle is placed parallel to the wire.
2. When a current flows through the wire, the compass needle deflects, indicating that
the current produces a magnetic field.
3. If the direction of the current is reversed, the direction of the compass needle's
deflection also reverses.
4. This demonstrates that the direction of the magnetic field produced by a current-
carrying conductor is dependent on the direction of the electric current.

Magnetic Field around a Straight Conductor:

A diagram shows a straight wire going through a piece of cardboard or paper. A compass
needle and concentric circles are drawn around the wire. A variable resistor is also part of the
circuit.
A close-up of the pattern
obtained

A pattern of concentric circles indicating the field lines of a magnetic field around a straight
conducting wire. The arrows in the circles show the direction of the field lines.
o The magnetic field lines around a straight current-carrying wire are concentric
circles.
o The concentric circles become "larger and larger" and "move away from it,"
implying that the magnetic field strength decreases as the distance from the wire
increases.
Factors Affecting Magnetic Field Strength:
"The magnitude of the magnetic field produced at a given point is
(i) directly proportional to the magnitude of current passing through the
conductor.(If the current is increased, the deflection also increases.)
(ii) inversely proportional to the distance from the conductor.
(If the distance is increased, the deflection of the needle decreases).
Maxwell's Right-Hand Thumb Rule:
This rule helps to determine the direction of the magnetic field produced by a current-
carrying wire or a straight conductor.
A right hand is depicted with the thumb pointing in the direction of the current. The curled
fingers indicate the direction of the magnetic field lines.
o Thumb: Direction of current.
o Fingers: Direction of magnetic field.
(Wrap around the conductor)

.
Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Circular Loop:
[Link] a straight current-carrying wire is bent into a circular loop, the magnetic field pattern
changes.
[Link] the circumference of the wire around each small segment of the loop, the
magnetic field lines are in the form of concentric circles.
[Link] as we move away from the wire, these circles become large and near the centre of the
loop, magnetic field lines are almost straight and parallel (uniform field)
4. We can check the direction of magnetic field using the Maxwell Right-Hand Rule (or
Maxwell’s corkscrew rule: If a corkscrew is rotated in the direction of current, the
forward motion of the screw gives the direction of the magnetic field),
[Link] parts of the loop produce field lines in the same direction inside the loop.
[Link] field is maximum at the centre.

Experiment to Observe the Pattern:

1. Take a rectangular cardboard with two holes.
2. Pass a circular coil (many turns) through the holes, perpendicular to the cardboard.
3. Connect coil ends to a battery, key, and rheostat in series.
4. Sprinkle iron filings on the cardboard.
5. Close the key and gently tap the cardboard — filings align along magnetic field lines.

Magnetic field (B) due to current through a circular loop depends on

a)Current (B ∝ I)
b)Number of turns (B ∝ n) (because each turn adds up the field in the same direction)
c)Radius of the coil (B ∝ 1/r)

Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Solenoid :

Solenoid: A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the
shape of a cylinder.
[Link] field inside: Parallel, strong and uniform(field is same at all points)
[Link] field outside: Scattered, weak and non uniform
[Link] magnetic field is similar to that of a bar magnet.
[Link] on current direction. One end behaves like a north pole (N) (the current flow is
in anticlockwise direction )and the other end like a south pole (S) (the current flow is in
clockwise direction )
Factors affecting magnetic field:
a)Current through the solenoid (B∝I)
b)Number of turns per unit length (B∝ n)
Electromagnet :
A strong magnetic field is produced when
a soft iron core is inserted inside a solenoid.
This magnet is called an electromagnet.
Uses:
Electric motors
Electric bells
Magnetic cranes, etc.

A current-carrying solenoid coil is used to

Strength of Electromagnet Depends on: magnetise steel rod inside it – an
Current electromagnet.
Number of turns in the coil
Nature of core (soft iron)
Comparison: Permanent Magnet vs Electromagnet
Permanent Magnet Electromagnet
Cannot be demagnetised Can be demagnetised
Weak magnet Strong magnet
Fixed polarity Polarity can be changed
Fixed strength Strength can be changed
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a magnetic field :
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical
force.
This force can cause displacement of the conductor, as seen in experiments with current
carrying aluminium rod and magnets.

Three factors influencing the force on a current-carrying conductor: magnetic field (B),
length of the conductor (L), and the direction of the current (I) relative to the magnetic field.

Formula
F = BIL (or) F α BIL
F = Force (in newtons)
B = Magnetic field strength (in tesla)
I = Current (in amperes)
L = Length of conductor in the magnetic field (in meters)

Key Observations
The direction of force depends on the direction
of current and magnetic field.
Reversing the current reverses the force direction.
The force is maximum when the current is perpendicular
to the magnetic field, and minimum (zero) when they
are parallel or anti-parallel.

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule :

(A mnemonic using the initials "F.B.I." to remember)
F (Thumb) ➡️ Force (or Motion)
B (Forefinger) ➡️ Magnetic Field
I (Middle finger) ➡️ Current
To use the rule, you extend the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of your left hand so they
are all perpendicular to each other. You then align the forefinger with the direction of the
magnetic field and the middle finger with the direction of the current. Your thumb will then
point in the direction of the force (or motion).
Applications
Devices that use this principle:
Electric Motor
Loudspeaker
Microphone etc.
Domestic Electric Circuits :

AC current is received from a main supply via overhead poles or underground cables.

Three wires are used in the circuit:

Phase wire (or live wire): This is the positive wire. It has red insulation and a voltage of
220V.

Neutral wire: This is the negative wire. It has black insulation and a voltage of 0V.

Earth wire: This wire has green insulation. It connects the metallic body of electrical
appliances (like electric press, toasters, refrigerators etc) to a metal plate buried deep in the
earth, which has zero potential. This is a safety measure to avoid electric shocks.

Circuitry
The supply is divided into two separate circuits to handle different power loads:
A 15A current circuit for high-power appliances like geysers and air coolers.
A 5A current circuit for low-power appliances like bulbs, fans, and refrigerators.
In a house, the wires pass into an electricity meter and then through a main fuse at the
meter board.
The potential difference between the phase and neutral wires is 220V..

Electrical Hazards
The two main types of electrical hazards:

Direct contact of live wire and neutral wire: When these two wires touch, the current
increases abruptly, causing a short circuit.

Overloading: Too many electrical devices are connected to a single socket, causing an
excessive demand for current.

Safety Measures
The two key safety measures to prevent these hazards:

Fuse:
A fuse is a device made of a material with a low melting point.
It operates on the principle of the Joule heating effect, where an electric current generates
heat.
When an excessively high current flows through the circuit, the fuse wire melts and breaks
the circuit, stopping the flow of electricity.

Earthing:
Earthing is a process that transmits any leakage of current to the ground, which is at zero
potential.
This is a crucial safety feature that prevents electric shocks by providing a low-resistance
path for the current to flow directly into the earth instead of passing through a person.

Schematic Diagram of a Domestic Circuit

Connection of Appliances: In each separate circuit, different appliances can be connected
across the live and neutral wires.
On/Off Switch: Each appliance has its own on/off switch to control the flow of current.
Parallel Connection: All appliances are connected in parallel to each other. This ensures
that each appliance receives the same potential difference (voltage).

The diagram illustrates a simplified domestic circuit:

Incoming Wires: The circuit starts with the live (red), neutral (black), and earth (green)
wires.
Main Fuse and Meter: The live wire first goes through a main fuse and then an electricity
meter (KWH) to measure power consumption.
Main Switch: After the meter, the live and neutral wires connect to a main switch to turn the
entire house's power on or off.
Distribution Box: From the main switch, the wires go to a distribution box. This box
contains separate fuses for each circuit in the house (e.g., for a fan or a light bulb).
Appliances: The diagram shows multiple appliances connected in parallel. Each appliance
is connected to the live wire via a fuse and a switch, and then to the neutral wire. The earth
wire is connected to the body of the appliance for safety.