JRS TUTORIALS

CHEMISTRY

Periodic Table
JRS Bhawan, Durgakund,
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Tel No. : (0542) 2 311922, 2311777
Mob No .: 9 7947571 00, 7 317 3477 06
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Periodic table
Introduction : Periodic table helps us to undergo a systematic study of the various elements found
in nature, Without which it would have been impossible for us to study all the elements.
By classifying the elements into various groups and periods a comparative study of the
elements and their compounds can be done. It also helps us to analyze the periodic trend in
various properties such as ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity etc.
Development of periodic table
1. Dobereiner triad rule
J.W. Dorbereiner pointed out that within a group of three elements having similar chemical
and physical properties, the atomic weight of the middle element is the mean of the other
two. Some examples of such triads are given below. He also pointed out the triad - iron,
cobalt and nickel in which the atomic weights of the elements are almost the same.
Some representative triads of Dobereiner

Triad Elements Li Na K Ca Sr Ba S Se Te Cl Br I

Atomic weight 7 23 39 40 88 137 2 80 128 35.5 80 127

Mean value 23 88.5 80 81.25

Other example. (K, Rb, Cs), (P, As, Sb) (H, F, Cl) (Sc, Y, La).
Though it was the first successful attempt to rationalise the problem, it could not be
generalised or extended.
Drawback or Limitation : All the known elements could not be arranged as triads.
2. Newland's octet Law
John Alexander Reina newland in England made the first attempt to correlate the chemical
properties of the elements with their atomic weight. According to him -
(a) If the elements are arranged in order to their increasing atomic weights, every
eighth element had similar properties to first one like the first and eighth note in
music. For example
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa
Li Be B C N O F Na
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K
(b) Inert gases were not discovered till then.
(c) All the elements could not be classified on this basis.

3. Lother meyer's curve:

(a) He plotted a curve between atomic weight and atomic volume of different
elements.
(b) The following observation can be made from the curve –
(i) Most electropositive elements i.e. alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs etc.) occupy the
peak positions on the curve.
(ii) Less electropositive i.e. alkali earth metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) occupy the
descending position on the curve.

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(iii) Metalloids (B, Si, As, Te, At etc.) and transition metals occupy bottom part of the
curve.
(iv) Most electronegative i.e. halogens
(F, Cl, Br, I) occupy the ascending
position on the curve.
Note : Elements having similar properties
occupy similar position on the
curve.
Conclusion : On the basis of this curve
Lother Meyer proposed that the
physical properties of the
elements are periodic function of
their atomic wt. and this become
the base of Mendeleev's periodic
table.
4. Mendeleev's Periodic Table:
(a) Mendeleev's periodic law : The physical and chemical properties of elements are
the periodic function of their atomic weight
(b) Characteristic of Mendeleev's periodic table :
(i) It is based on atomic weight
(ii) 63 elements were known, noble gases were not discovered.
(iii) He was the first scientist to classify the elements in a systematic manner i.e. in
horizontal rows and in vertical columns.
(iv) Horizontal rows are called periods and there were 7 periods in Mendeleev's
Periodic table.
(v) Vertical columns are called groups and there were 8 groups in Mendeleev's
Periodic table.
(vi) Each group upto VII is divided into A & B subgroups 'A' sub groups element are
called normal elements and 'B' sub groups elements are called transition elements.
(vii) The VIII group was consists of 9 elements in three rows (Transitional metals
group).
(viii) The elements belonging to same group exhibit similar properties.
(c) Merits or advantages of Mendeleev's periodic table :
(i) Study of elements : First time all known elements were classified in groups
according to their similar properties. So study of the properties of elements become
easier .
(ii) Prediction of new elements : It gave encouragement to the discovery of new
elements as some gaps were left in it.
Sc (Scandium) Ga (Gallium) Ge (Germanium) Tc (Technetium)
These were the elements for whom position and properties were well defined by
Mendeleev even before their discoveries and he left the blank spaces for them in his
table.
Ex. Blank space at atomic weight 72 in silicon group was called Eka silicon
(means properties like silicon) and element discovered later was named Germanium
Similarly other elements discovered after Mendeleev periodic table were.

Eka aluminium – Galium(Ga) Eka Boron – Scandium (Sc)

Eka Silicon – Germanium (Ge) Eka Mangense – Technetium (Tc)

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(iii) Correction of doubtful atomic weights : Correction were done in atomic weight of some
elements.
Atomic weight = Valency × Equivalent weight.

Initially, it was found that equivalent weight of Be is 4.5 and it is trivalent (V = 3), so the
weight of Be was 13.5 and there is no space in Mendeleev's table for this element. So, after
correction, it was found that Be is actually divalent (V = 2). So, the weight of Be became
2 × 4.5 = 9 and there was a space between Li and B for this element in Mendeleev's table.
Corrections were done in atomic weight of elements are – U, Be, In, Au, Pt.
(d) Defects of Mendeleev's Periodic Table:
(i) Position of hydrogen is uncertain. It has been placed in lA and VII A groups
because of its resemblance with both the groups.
(ii) No separate positions were given to isotopes.
(iii) It is not clear whether the lanthanides and actinides are related to IIA or IIB group.
(iv) Although there is no resemblance except valency of subgroups A and B, they have
been put in the same group.
(v) Order of increasing atomic weights is not strictly followed in the arrangement of
elements in the periodic table. For e.g. – Co (At. wt. 58.9) is placed before I (127)
and Ar (39.9) before K (39).
Characteristics of Mendeleev’s modified periodic table
(a) 9 vertical columns called groups.
(b) Ist to VIII group + 0 group of inert gases.
(c) Inert gases were introduced in periodic table by Ramsay.
(d) 7 horizontal series called periods.

Modern periodic law

(a) It was proposed by Moseley.
(b) Modern periodic table is based on atomic number.
(c) Moseley did an experiment in which he bombarded high speed electron on different
metal surfaces and obtained X-rays.
He found out that where  = frequency of X-rays, Z = atomic number.
(d) Modern periodic law : The physical & chemical properties of elements are the
periodic function of their atomic number.

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5. Long form / Present form of Modern periodic table :
(It is also called as 'Bohr, Bury & Rang, Werner Periodic Table)
(a) It is based on the Bohr-Bury electronic configuration concept and atomic number.
(b) This model is proposed by Rang & Werner
(c) 7 periods and 18 vertical columns (groups)
(d) According to I. U. P. A. C. 18 vertical columns are named as 1 st to 18th group.
(e) Elements belonging to same group having same number of electrons in the
outermost shell so their properties are similar.

Description of periods

Period Sub shell No. of Element Name of Period

elements
1 1s 2 1H, 2He Shortest
2 2s, 2p 8 3Li – 10Ne Short
3 3s, 3p 8 11Na – 18Ar Short
4 4s, 3d, 4p 18 19K – 36Kr Long
5 5s, 4d, 5p 18 37Rb – 58Xe Long
6 6s, 4f, 5d. 6p 32 55Cs – 86Rn Longest
7 7s, 5f, 6d 26 87Fr – 112Uub Incomplete

Important Points :
(a) 2nd period elements (Li, Be, B) Shows diagonal relationship with 3rd period elements
(Mg, Al, Si) so (Li, Be, B) are called Bridge elements. Because of same ionic potential
value they shows similarity in properties.
(Ionic potential = Charge/Radius)
Li Be B

Na Mg Al Si

(b) 3 rd period elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl) are called typical elements because they
represent the properties of other element of their respective group.
(c) Atomic number of last inert gas element is 86.
(d) Number of Gaseous elements – 11 (H, N, O, F, Cl + Noble gases)
Number of Liquid elements – 6 (Cs, Fr, Ga, Hg, Br, Uub)
(Note : At room temperature only Hg and Br2 are liquid)
Bromine is the only non-metal which exists in liquid form.
Number of Solid elements – 95 (if discovered elements are 112)
(e) 2 nd period contains maximum number of gaseous elements. They are 4 (N, O, F, Ne)

Nomenclature of elements
(a) IUPAC gave names to elements above atomic number 100 as follows –

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn

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Atomic No. IUPAC Name Symbol IUPAC Official Name IUPAC Symbol
101 Unnil unium Unu Mendelevium Md
102 Unnil bium Unb Nobelium No
103 Unnil trium Unt Lawrencium Ir
104 Unnil quadium Unq Rutherfordium Rf
105 Unnil Pentium Unp Dubnium Db
106 Unnil hexium Unh Seaborgium Sg
107 Unnil septium Uns Bohrium Bh
108 Unnil octium Uno Hassnium Hs
109 Unnil ennium Une Meitnerium Mt
110 Ununnilium Uun Darmstadtium Ds

Classification of elements

s-BLOCK ELEMENTS
(a) The elements of the periodic table in which the last electron enters in s-orbital, are
called s-block elements.
(b) s-orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons.
(c) Their general valence shell electronic configuration are ns1 and ns2 respectively,
where n = (1 to 7)
(d) Group–1 elements are known as alkali metals because they react with water to
form alkali. group–2 elements are known as alkaline earth metals because their
des react with water to form alkali and these are found in the soil or earth.
(e) Total number of s-block elements are 14.
(f) Fr57 and Ra88 are radioactive elements while H and He are gaseous elements.
(g) Cs and Fr are liquid elements belonging to s-block. (Solid at 25ºC)

p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
(a) The elements of the periodic table in which the last electron gets filled up in the
p-orbital, called p-block elements.
(b) p-orbital can accommodate a maximum of six electrons. Therefore, p-block
elements are divided into six groups which are 13 th, 14th, 15th, 16 th, 17th and
18th group.
(c) The general valence shell electronic configuration of p-block elements is ns2 p1-6
(where n = 2 to 7)
(d) The 18th group elements having general valence shell electronic configuration ns2p6
are inert, because their octet are complete.
(e) There are nine gaseous elements (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, F2, Cl2, O2 and N2)
belonging to p-block. Gallium (Ga) (solid at 25ºC) and bromine (Br) are liquids.

d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
(a) The elements of the periodic table in which the last electron gets filled up in the
d-orbital, called d-block elements.
(b) The d-block elements are placed in the groups numbered 3rd to12th
(c) In d-block elements the electron gets filled up in the d-orbital of the penultimate
shell.
(d) d-block elements lie between s & p block elements.

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(e) The general valence shell electronic configuration of these elements is (n–1)s2, p6,
d 1-10 ns1-2 where n = 4 to 7.
(f) All of these elements are metals.
(g) Out of all the d-block elements, mercury is the only liquid element.

f-BLOCK ELEMENTS
(a) The element of the periodic table in which the last electron gets filled up in the f-
orbital, called f-block elements.
(b) The f-block elements are from atomic number 58 to 71 and from 90 to 103.
(c) The lanthanides occur in nature in low abundance and therefore, these are called
rare earth elements.
(d) There are 28 f-block elements in the periodic table.
(e) The elements from atomic number 58 to 71 are called lanthanides because they
come after and have properties similar to lanthanum (57). The elements from 90 to
103 are called actinides because they come after and have properties similar to
actinium (89).
(f) All the actinide elements are radioactive.
(g) All the elements after atomic number 92 (i.e. U92) are transuranic elements.
(h) The general valence shell electronic configuration of these elements
is (n–2) f(1-14) (n–1) d0-1 ns2 where n = 6 & 7.

Determination of period, block and group of an element

(a) Period number: The period no. of the element can be predicted from the principal
quantum no. (n) of the valence shell.
(b) Block number: Last electron enter in which orbital is knows as block.
(c) Group number: It is predicted from the number of electrons in the valence shell and
penultimate shell.
Block Group
s Xn
p Xn + 10
d Xn + X(n –1)d
f 3
Note : Xn = number of electrons in outermost shell.
X(n –1)d = number of electrons in d subshell of penultimate shell.

Example :
[Link]. Electronic Period Block Prediction Group
Configuration number number of Group number
1. [Ne] 3s1 3 s Xn 1
2. [Ne] 3s2 3p 2 3 p Xn + 10 2+2+10 =14
3. [Ar] 4s2, 3d5 4 d Xn + X(n –1)d 2+5= 7
PERIODICITY
(a) The regular gradual change in properties from top to bottom in a group and from left
to right in a period is called periodicity in properties.
(b) In a period, the ultimate orbit remain same, but the number of e– gradually increases.
(c) In a group, the number of e – in the ultimate orbit remains same, but the values of n
increases.

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Causes of periodicity
(a) The cause of periodicity in properties is due to the same outermost shell electronic
configuration coming at regular intervals.
(b) In the periodic table, elements with similar properties occur at intervals of 2, 8, 8, 18,
18 and 32. These numbers are called as magic numbers.

Screening effect (s) and effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

(a) Valence shell e– suffer force of attraction due to nucleus and force of repulsion due
to inner shell electrons.
(b) The decrease in force of attraction on valence e– due to inner shell e– is called
screening effect or shielding effect.(i.e. total repulsive force is called shielding
effect.)
(c) Due to screening effect. valence shell e– experiences less force of attraction exerted
by nucleus.(i.e. total attraction force experienced by valence e– is called Zeff.)
(d) There is a reduction in nuclear charge due to screening effect. Reduced nuclear
charge is called effective nuclear charge.
(e) If nuclear charge = Z, then
effective nuclear charge = Z –  (Where  (Sigma)= Screening constant)
So, Zeff = (Z – )

Slater's rule to know screening constant (s) :

Tested e– considered to be n shell
The value of  for tested e– = 0
The value of  for (n+1) and above shell e– = 0
The value of  for (n) shell e– = 0.35/e–
The value of  for (n–1) shell e– = 0.85/e–
The value of  for (n–2) and below shell e– = 1/e–
For 1s e–
The value of  for tested e– = 0
The value of  for other e– = 0.3
When tested e– present in d-sub shell
The value of  for tested e– = 0
The value of  for other e– present in d-sub shell = 0.85/e–
The value of  for other e– present in below d-sub shell = 1/e–

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(Effective Nuclear charge of elements of second period)
Element Electronic Z of ns &np  (n–1)  Total Effective
 Configuration electron orbital Screeing nuclear
   Constant charge
   (a) (b) (a + b) Z*=Z – 
3Li 1s2 2s1 3 0 0.85× 2=1.70 1.70 1.30

4Be 1s2, 2s2 4 1× 0.35=0.35 0.85× 2=1.70 2.05 1.95

5B 1s2,2s2,2p1 5 2× 0.35=0.70 0.85× 2=1.70 2.40 2.60

6C 1s2,2s2,2p1 6 3× 0.35=1.05 0.85× 2=1.70 2.75 3.25

7N 1s2,2s2,2p3 7 4× 0.35=1.40 0.85× 2=1.70 3.10 3.90

8O 1s2,2s2,2p4 8 5× 0.35=1.75 0.85× 2=1.70 3.45 4.55

9F 1s2,2s2,2p5 9 6× 0.35=2.10 0.85× 2=1.70 3.80 5.20

Periodic variation
(a) From left to right in a period Zeff increases
(i) That is why in a period Zeff increases by 0.65 and hence atomic size decreases
considerably.
(ii) In transition series Z increase by + 1 but screening effect increases by 0.85 So Zeff
is 0.15 (1– 0.85 = 0.15) [Because e– enters in (n – 1) orbit which has value of
 = 0.85]
In transition series Zeff increases very less amount, by 0.15 from left to right and
hence atomic size remains almost constant.
(iii) From top to bottom in a group Zeff remain constant

PERIODIC PROPERTIES

1. Atomic radius
The average distance of valence shell e– from nucleus is called atomic radius. It is very
difficult to measure the atomic radius because –
(i) The isolation of single atom is very difficult.
(ii) There is no well defined boundary for the atom
So, the more accurate definition of atomic radius is –
 Half the inter-nuclear distance(d) between two atoms in a homoatomic molecule is
known as atomic radius.
 This inter-nuclear distance is also known as bond length. Inter-nuclear distance
depends upon the type of bond by which two atoms combine.
Based on the chemical bonds, atomic radius is divided into four categories –
A. Covalent radius B. Ionic radius C. Metallic radius D. vander Waal radius
A. Covalent radius
One half of the distance between the nuclei (inter nuclear distance) of two covalently bonded
atoms in homo–diatomic molecule is called the covalent radius of that atom. The covalent

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bond must be single covalent bond. The covalent radius (rA) of atom A in a molecule A2
may be given as:
d
rA  A  A
2
i.e. the distance between nuclei of two single covalently bonded atoms in a homo-diatomic
molecule is equal to the sum of covalent radii of both the atoms
dA–A = rA + rA
In a hetero-diatomic molecule AB where the electro negativity of atoms A and B are
different, the experimental values of inter-nuclear distance d A-B is less than the theoretical
values (rA + rB).
According to Schomaker and stevenson –
DA-B = rA + rB – 0.09 x
Where x is the difference of electro negativities of the atoms A and B.

B. Metallic Radius
Metal atoms are assumed to be closely packed spheres in the metallic crystal. These metal
atom spheres are considered to touch one another in the crystal. One half of the inter-nuclear
distance between the two closest metal atoms in the metallic crystal is called metallic radius.
Metallic > Covalent radius
For example – Metallic radius and covalent radius of potassium are 2.3 Å and 2.03 Å
respectively.
C. van der Wall's Radius or Collision radius
The molecules of non metal atoms are generally gases. On cooling, the gaseous state
changes to solid state.
In the solid state, the non metallic elements usually exist as aggregations of molecules are
held together by van der wall forces. One half of the distance between the nuclei of two
adjacent atoms belonging to two neighbouring molecules of a compound in the solid
state is called van der walls radius.
It may also be defined as half of the inter-nuclear distance of two non bonded neighbouring
atoms of two adjacent molecules.
2 ×vander waal's radius

1
van der Wall's radius = × Internuclear distance between two successive nuclei of
2
two covalent molecules (d)
Van der wall's radius > Metallic radius > Covalent radius
The van der walls radius and covalent radius of chlorine atom are 1.80 Å and 0.99 Å
respectively
D. Ionic Radius
A neutral atom changes to a cation by the loss of one or more electrons and to an anion by
the gain of one or more electrons. The magnitude of charge on cation and anion is equal to
the number of electrons lost or gained respectively. The ionic radii of the ions present in an
ionic crystal may be calculated from inter molecular distance between the two ions.

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(a) Radius of Cation
Radius of cation is smaller than that of corresponding atom.
Reasons
(i) During the formation of cation either one shell is removed or remove e–
(ii) After removing an electron effective nuclear charge increase.
(b) Radius of an Anion
Radius of an anion is invariably bigger than that of the corresponding atom.
Reasons
(i) The effective nuclear charge decrease in the formation of anion. Thus the
electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons
decreases as the size of the anion increases.
(ii) Inter electronic repulsion increases.

Factors affecting atomic radius are

Periodic variation of atomic radius

(a) Across a period : It decreases from left to right in a period as nuclear charge increases
Ex. Li > Be > B > C > N > O > F < Ne
(b) In a group : It increases from top to bottom in a group as number of shell increases
Ex. Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
Exceptions
(a) Transition elements

At. no. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Element Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Size(pm) 162 142 134 128 127 126 125 124 128 134

(b) Lanthanide Contraction

(i) Outermost electronic configuration of inner transition elements is
(n –2) f1 – 14, (n–1)s2 p 6 d0–1, ns2 (n = 6 or 7)
(ii) e– enters in (n – 2) f orbitals
(iii) Mutual screening effect of e– is very less, because of complicated structure of f-
orbital
(iv) Nuclear charge increases by one (+1) in lanthanides and actinides so atomic size of
these elements slightly decreases. It is known as lanthanide contraction. Its effect is
also observe in 5d transition series.
Here Nuclear charge > Screening effect.
(v) In 1 st, 2 nd and 3rd transition series, Radii– 3d < 4d  5d (except 3rd)
3 rd 4 th
size Sc Ti size increases
increases Y Zr
La Hf } Equal due to lanthanide contraction
(c) Transition contraction : (Scandised contraction)
13th B < Al > Ga
Note : Due to d–orbital present before Ga

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ISOELECTRONIC SERIES
A series of atoms, ions and molecules in which each species contains same number of
electrons but different nuclear charge is called isoelectronic series.
Na+ Mg2+
–
N3– O2– F Ne
Number of e– 10 10 10 10 10 10
Number of p 7 8 9 10 11 12
(a) Number of electrons is same.
(b) Number of protons is increasing.
(c) So the effective nuclear charge is increasing and atomic size is decreasing. In an
isoelectronic series atomic size decreases with the increase of +ve charge.
Some of the examples of isoelectronic series are as under.
S2–, Cl–, K+, Ca2+, Sc3+
2. Ionisation Potential or Ionisation energy or Ionisation Enthalpy
Minimum energy required to remove most loosely held outer most shell e– in ground state
from an isolated gaseous atom is known as ionisation potential.
(Isolated  Without any bonding with other atom)
A. Successive Ionisation Energy
(a) For an atom M, successive ionisation energies are as follows -
M + E1  M + + e– E1 = 1 st Ionisation Potential
M + + E2  M+2 + e– E2 = 2 nd Ionisation Potential
M+2 + E3  M +3 + e– E3 = 3 rd Ionisation Potential
st nd
1 Ionisation Potential < 2 Ionisation Potential < 3rd Ionisation Potential
(b) Electron can not be removed from solid state of an atom, it has to convert in
gaseous form, Energy required for conversion from solid state to gaseous state is
called Sublimation energy.
(c) Ionisation Potential is always an endothermic process (H = +ve)
(d) It is measured in eV/atom (electron volt/atom) or kcal/mole or kJ/mole

B. Factors affecting ionisation potential

(a) Atomic size : Larger the atomic size, smaller is the Ionisation Potential It is due to
that the size of atom increases the outermost electrons e– farther away from the
nucleus and nucleus loses the attraction on that electrons and hence can be easily
removed. 1
Ionisation Potential 
Atomic size

(b) Effective nuclear charge ( Zeff) : Ionisation potential increases with the increase in
nuclear charge between outermost electrons and nucleus.
Ionisation Potential  Effective nuclear charge

(c) Screening effect : Higher is the screening effect on the outer most electrons causes
less attraction from the nucleus and can be easily removed, which is leading to the
lower value of Ionisation Potential
1
Ionisation Potential 
Screening effect
(d) Penetration power of sub shells :
(i) Order of attraction of sub shells towards nucleus (Penetration power) is
s > p > d > f

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(ii) A s sub shell is more closer to nucleus so more energy will be required to remove
e– in comparision to p, d & f. Ex.
Be B
1s2, 2s2 1s2, 2s2 2p 1
Ionisation Potential Be > B
–
After loosing one e , B attains electronic configuration of Be, so ionisation
potential of B is more than Be. 2 nd Ionisation Potential of B > Be
(e) Stability of half filled and fully filled orbitals :
(i) Half filled p 3,d5, f7 or fully filled s2, p6, d10, f14 are more stable than others so it
requires more energy.
Ex. N O
1s2, 2s2 2p3 1s2, 2s2 2p 4 1 st Ionisation Potential order is O < N
2 2 2 +
1s , 2s 2p (N ) 1s , 2s 2p (O ) 2nd Ionisation Potential order is O > N
2 2 3 +

C. Periodic variation of ionisation energy

(a) Variation in period among the representative elements: Ionisation energies generally
increases along the period because in moving left to right in a period the effective nuclear
charge per outermost electron increases while the corresponding principal quantum number
remain same.
(b) Variation in a group among the representative elements: The ionisation energy
generally decreases in moving from top to bottom because the size increases due to the
increase of the principal quantum number. On the other hand the effective nuclear charge
Zeff for the outermost electron remains almost the same along the group.
Exception
(a) Ionisation Potential of Al (577 kJ mol–1)< Ionisation Potential of Ga (579 kJ mol–1)
This is due to Transition contraction

(b) Ionisation Potential of Hf>Ionisation Potential of Zr (While Ionisation Potential should decreases down
760 kj mol–1 5d 674 kj mol–1 4d the group. It is due to lanthanide contraction )

(c) In a period atomic size decreases and Zeff increases so removal of electron becomes
difficult and ionisation potential increases. But N, Be, P, Mg, show high ionisation energy
than corresponding of next element.
Order of 1 st ionisation potential Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
D. Application of ionisation potential
(a) Metallic and non metallic character
Metallic  Ionisation Potential Low (Na, K, Rb etc.)
non metallic  Ionisation Potential High (F, Cl, Br etc.)
(b) Reducing character
(i) group-1 has minimum ionisation potential so they are strong reducing agents in
gaseous state ( Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs)
(ii) group –17 has maximum ionisation potential so they are strong oxidising agents
(F > Cl > Br > I)
(c) Stability of oxidation states :
(i) If the difference between two successive ionisation potential > 16eV then lower
oxidation state is stable.
Ex. Na  Na+ Ist ionisation potential
42.7 eV
Na+  Na2+ IInd ionisation potential

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Difference of ionisation potential > 16 eV So Na+ is more stable.
(ii) If the difference between two successive ionisation potential < 11 then higher
oxidation state is stable.
Ex. Mg  Mg+ Ist ionisation potential
7.4 eV
Mg+  Mg2+ IInd ionisation potential
Difference of ionisation potential < 11 eV So Mg2+ is more stable.
3. ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY ( EGH) and ELECTRON AFFINITY
(a) The amount of energy released when an electron is added to the outermost shell of
one mole of an isolated gaseous atom in its lower energy state.
(b) The positive value of the electron affinity indicates that the process,
i.e. X(g) + e– X – (g) , is exothermic and the negative value indicates the process to
be an endothermic one.
Thus, F(g) + e–  F(g) – , H = – 328 kJ mol–1, and EA = 328 kJ mol–1 and
N(g) + e–  N(g) –, H = +31 kJ mol–1, and EA = –31 kJ mol–1
(c) Electron affinity just defined is actually first electron affinity since it corresponds
to the addition of one electron only. In the process of adding further electron, the
second electron will be added to gaseous anion against the electrostatic repulsion
between the electron being added and the gaseous anion. Energy instead of being
released is supplied for the addition of an electron to an anion.
A(g) + e–  A(g)– + E1; A(g)– + e– + Energy supplied  A(g)2–
A. Factors affecting electron affinity
1
(a) Atomic size  Electron Affinity 
Atomic size
1
(b) Screening effect  Electron Affinity 
Screening effect
(c) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)  Electron Affinity  Zeff
(d) Stability of completely filled or half filled orbitals
Electron affinity of filled or half filled orbital is very less or zero.
Ex. (i) Elements (He, Ne, Ar , ....), Electron Affinity = Zero (egH = + ve)
(ii) Elements (Be, Mg, Ca, ....), Electron Affinity = Zero (egH = + ve)
(iii) Elements (N, P, As, .... ), Electron Affinity = Very less
B. Periodic variation of electron affinity
(a) In a period : The effective nuclear charge increases and the size decreases with the
increase of atomic number in a period. This is why, the electron affinity in general
increases in a period. In fact, it reaches the climax for the Group 17th (i.e. halogens)
elements.
Ele ctro n affinitie s (kJ m o l –1 )
IA
1 2 IIA IIIA
13 IVA
14 VA
15 VIA
16 VIIA
17 No ble g as
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Li Be B C N O F Ne
5 9 .8 –6 0 27 122 –3 1 1 41 328 –9 0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
53 –6 0 44 134 72 2 00 349 0
Ga Ge As Se Br
29 120 77 1 95 324

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(b) In a group : For the representative elements, in moving down in a group generally the
electron affinity falls down with the increases of atomic number because the effective
nuclear charge Zeff at periphery per electron remain almost same but the size gradually
increases due to addition of new shell.

C. Exceptions
(a) Electron affinity values of nitrogen and phosphorous are lesser than the electron
affinity values of carbon and silicon respectively. It is due to the comparatively stable half
filled configuration (np 3) of nitrogen and phosphorus and the tendency to acquire the stable
np3 configuration by the gain of one electron in carbon and silicon (np 2).
(b) The theoretical value of the electron affinity of zero group i.e. inert gas elements is
zero due to stable s2p6 configuration.
(c) F < Cl, O < S, N < P, B < Al. Here it is interesting to note that the electron affinity
sequence is in the opposite order as is expected from the size sequence. To explain the
observed sequence of electron affinity, we are to consider the other factors. Though the
electrostatic attractive pull towards the nucleus favours the 2nd period elements more
compared to the corresponding 3 rd period elements, the added electron creates an
unfavourable effect, i.e. electron-electron repulsion, which is more for the 2nd period
elements because of their smaller sizes. This repulsive force is not so large in the 3rd
period elements because of their larger size.

4. Electronegativity (EN)
(a) The tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons towards itself is called
electronegativity.
(b) Electronegativity and Electron affinity both have tendency to attract electrons but
electron affinity is for isolated atoms. Where as electronegativity is for bonded
atoms.
(c) A polar covalent or ionic bond of A – B may be broken as
(i) A – B  A– : + B+ (Electronegativity A > Electronegativity B)
or (ii) A – B  A+ + :B – (Electronegativity A < Electronegativity B)
depending on their tendency to attract bonded electron.
(d) There is no unit of electronegativity because it is a relative value
(e) Electronegativity is property of a bonded atom not an isolated gaseous atom so no
energy will be liberated or absorbed.
Difference between electronegativity and Electron Affinity
Electronegativity Electron Affinity
[Link] of an atom in a molecule [Link] released when an electron is added to
to attract the bonded electrons neutral isolated gaseous atom
2. Relative value of an atom 2. Absolute value of an atom
3. It regularly changed in a period or group [Link] does not changes regularly
4. It has no unit 4. It is measured in eV/atom or kJ mol–1 or k
cal mole–1
Note : Small atoms are normally having more electronegativity than larger atoms.
A. Pauling's Scale
Pauling related the resonance energy (AB) of a molecule AB with the electronegativities
of the atoms A and B. If xA and xB are the electronegativities of atoms A and B
respectively then
0.208  AB = x A – xB if xA > xB

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or AB = 23.06 (xA – xB )2
AB = EAB(experimental) – EAB(theoritical) where EA–B is the energy of A–B bond.
EAB(theoritical) = (E A  A  E B B
In a purely covalent molecule, AB, the experimental and theoretical values of bond energy
A–B are equal,
So AB = 0
or 0 = 23.06 (xA – xB)2
or xA = xB
In an ionic molecule AB, EAB(experimental) is more than EAB(theoritical)
Pauling assumed the electronegativity value of fluorine 4 and calculated the
electronegativity values of other elements from this value.

H In Pauling's scale, elements having

2.1 almost same electronegativity are-
Li Be B C N O F C = S = I = 2.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
N = Cl = 3.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
P = H = 2.1
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0
K Ca Ge Cs= Fr = 0.7
Ga As Se Br
0.8 1.0 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8 Be= Al = 1.5
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I
0.8 1.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po
0.7 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9

B. Mulliken's Electronegativity
According to Mulliken, the electronegativity of an element is the average value of its
ionisation potential and electron affinity.
Electron affinity  Ionisation potential
or electro-negativity =
2

When both are expressed in electron volt

C. Alred Rochow's Electronegativity

The electronegativity of an element is the electrostatic force of attraction between the
electron present on the circumference of outermost shell of this atoms and the atomic
nucleus. If the distance between the circumference of outermost shell & the nucleus is r
and the effective nuclear charge Zeff then
Z e2 0.359Zeff
Electron-negativity = eff2  + 0.744  Zeff = Z - 
r r2
Z = The actual number of charge present in the nucleus i.e. number of protons and
 = Shielding constant.

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Factors Affecting electro negativity
(A) Atomic size (B) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
1 Electro negativity  Zeff
Electro negativity 
Atomic size
(C) Hybridisation state of an atom (D) Oxidation state
Electro negativity  % s character in Electro negativity  oxidation state
hydridised atom Mn+2 < Mn+4 < Mn+7
sp > sp2 > sp3 O–2 < O–1 < O < O+1 < O+2
s character 50% 33% 25% Fe < Fe+2 < Fe+3
Electronegativity 3.25 2.75 2.5

Note:  s-orbital is nearer to nucleus so by increasing s-character in hybridisation state,

Electronegativity also increases.
 Electronegativity does not depend on filled or half filled orbitals, because it is a
tendency to attract bonded electron, not to gain or loss electron from out side.

Periodic Variation
(a) In a period : In moving from left to right in a period, the size gradually decreases
and the effective nuclear charge increases. This is why, the electro negativity
gradually increases with the increase of atomic number in a period up to the group
17 elements.
(b) In a group : In the representative elements, in moving down in a group, the size
increase while Zeff per electron at the periphery remains almost constant. This is
why, the electro negativity generally falls in a group with the increase of atomic
number.
Exceptions
(a) In '18' group – Electro negativity is always zero, because inert gas do not form
molecule.
(b) Electro negativity of Cs and Fr are equal, it is because from 55Cs to 87Fr only one
shell increases but nuclear charge (No. of proton) increases by +32.

Note: So effect of nuclear charge balanced the effect of increase in number of shell.
Electronegativity of F > Cl but Electron affinity of Cl > F
(c) In group of 12 elements (Zn, Cd, Hg) value of electro negativity increases down
the group, because of lanthanide contraction
(d) In 13 group, value of electro negativity increases down the group, because of
transition contraction Electro negativity of Ga > Electro negativity of Al
Application of electronegativity
(a) Metallic and non metallic nature
Low electro negativity Metals
High electro negativity Non Metals
Metallic character increases down the group but decreases along a period.
(b) Bond length
1
EN  Here  EN = difference in electro negativities of bonded atoms.
Bond length

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Note : HF has minimum bond length as expected because of much difference in the electro
negativities of H and F.
(c) Acidic strength of hydrides
NH3 < H2O < HF
In a particular period acidic strength of hydride is depends on electro negativity of
M in M – H bond. Higher the electro negativity of M greater the acidic strength of
hydride.
(d) Nature of bonds :
(i) According to Hanny & Smith formula
Ionic % = 16 (XA – XB) + 3.5 (XA – XB)2
Here XA = Electro negativity of A
XB = Electro negativity of B
If XA – XB > 2.1 Ionic % > 50% i.e. Ionic bond
If XA – XB < 2.1 Ionic % < 50% i.e. covalent bond
(ii) According to Gallis
XA – XB > 1.7 Ionic
XA – XB < 1.7 Covalent
If XA = XB ; then A – B will be non polar.
Ex. H—H, F—F
If XA > XB and difference of electro negativities is small then
A– —— B+ bond will be polar covalent
(e) Nature of hydroxides
(i) As per Gallis, In AOH if electro negativity of A is more than 1.7 (Non metal) then
it is acidic in nature.
(ii) If electro negativity of 'A' is less than 1.7 (metal) then AOH will be basic in nature

Ex. NaOH ClOH

XA 0.9 3.0
Nature Basic Acidic
(iii) If XA – XO > XO – XH then AO bond will be more polar and will break up as
+ –
A —— OH  A + OH It shows basic nature

(iv) If XA – XO < XO – XH
A — O ——H  H+ + AO– It shows Acidic nature
Ex. In NaOH
XO – XNa (2.6) > XO – XH (1.4) So hydroxide is basic
In ClOH
XO – XCl (0.5) < XO – XH (1.4) So hydroxide is acidic
(f) Nature of oxides : Consider an oxide AO
If XA – XO > 2.3 Basic oxide
If XA – XO = 2.3 Amphoteric oxide
If XA – XO < 2.3 Acidic oxide
(i) Along a period acidic nature of oxide increases.
(ii) Down the group basic nature of oxide increases

Na2O MgO Al2O2 SiO2 P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7

XA – X0 > 2.3 XA – X0 = 2.3 XA – X0 < 2.3
(basic) (Amphoteric) (acidic)
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ie. when in periodic table the distance between the element and oxygen increases,
basic character increases.
NO2 > ZnO > K2O

acidic character decreases

ie. when in periodic table the distance between the element and oxygen increases, basic
character increases.
NO2 > ZnO > K2O

acidic character decreases

Note: BeO, Al2O3, ZnO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2, etc. are amphoteric oxides.
CO, NO, N2O etc. are neutral oxides.

Acidic strength of oxide and oxy–acid  Electro negativity

B2O3 CO2 N2O5

EN increase, acidic nature increase.

SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3 HNO3 < H2CO3 > H3BO3 HClO4 > HBrO4 > HIO4
H2SO4 > H2SeO4 > H2TeO4 H3PO4 > H2AsO4 > H3SbO4 N2O5 > P2O5 > As2O5
H2SO4 > H2SeO3 > H2TeP3 HOF > HOCl > HOBr > HOI N2O3 > P2O3 > As2O5 > Sb2O3

Acidic properties increases with increasing oxidation state of an element when central atom is
same. Ex.
(i) Sb 2O5 > Sb2O3 (ii) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO

(iii) HNO3 > HNO2 (iv) SO3 > SO2

(v) N2O5 > N2O3 (vi) H2SO4 > H2SO3

(iii) Nomenclature of inorganic compounds

Prefix —— less electronegative element
Suffix —— More electronegative element
Ex. Cl2O(Right) OCl2(Wrong)
In dichloroxide the electro negativity of Cl is less than 'O' i.e. why Cl is in prefix
position.
OF2 Oxygen difluoride
ICl Iodine chloride
NH3 Exception (Here H is less electronegative but it is suffix)

Valency : It is defined as the combining capacity of the elements. The word valency is derived
from an Italian word "Valentia" which means combining capacity.
Valency is based on the electronic configuration. According to this concept valency for 1, 2,
13 and 14 group elements is equal to number of valence shell e– and from 15 to 18 group, it
is [8– (number of valence e– )].

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ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2np 2 ns2np 3 ns2np4 ns2np5 ns2np 6
Valence shell e– 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0

Density

(a) In a group volume of an atom increases along with atomic weight but atomic weight
increases more than atomic volume, So density increases in a group.
(b) Factors affecting density are
(i) Inner shell configuration (ii) Atomic weight
(iii) Packing capacity (iv) Chemical bond

Periodic variation
(a) In period density first increases till maximum and then decreases. (s-block to
d-block increases, d-block to p-block decreases)

(b) In group from top to bottom density increases regularly.

Ex. In 17 group – F and Cl are gases (Low density)
Br is liquid (density 3.19 g/cm–3)
I is solid (density 4.94 g/cm–3)
From s-block to p-block packing capacity and strength of bond increases.
Exceptions
(a) The density of sodium and magnesium is greater than K and Ca respectively. This
can be explained by inner shell configuration.
In K, 3d 0 orbital is vacant, 3rd orbit has the capacity to hold 18e– but it has only 8e–.
Due to empty orbitals atomic volumes increases and so density decreases
(b) Li is the lightest metal known.
(c) Highest density of solid metal Ir (22.63 gm/cc) and Os (22.6 gm/cc) and liquid
metal Hg(13.6 gm/cc)

Order of density of elements

Li < K < Na < Rb < Cs Sc < Y < La Hg < Au < Os < Ir Cr < Fe < Cu
Ca < Mg < Be < Sr < Ba Ti < Zr <<Hf Sc < Zn < Fe < Hg Fe < Cu < Rb
He < Ar < Kr < Rn Zn < Cd < Hg Fe < Hg < Au
Boiling points and melting points

(a) It is a property of aggregate of atoms and not of a single atom.

i.e. why it is a molecular property.
(b) Melting point of a solid depend on –
(i) Structure of solid (ii) Chemical bond (iii) Bond energy
(c) Structure of solid made up of (i) atomic solid (ii) molecular solid (iii) metallic
solid.
Order of decreasing melting point is : Atomic solid > Metallic solid > Molecular
solid
(d) Chemical bond among particles in solid. Order of bond strength is –
Covalent bond > Metallic bond > Vander waal bond

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(e) Bond energy – Covalent solids like diamond, SiO2 etc have only covalent bonds
between atoms so their bond energy is higher than molecular or metallic solids.
Periodic variation
In period from left to right boiling point and melting point first increases then
decreases.
Alkali metals – Crystal structure BCC (low boiling point & melting point)
Transition metals – ............"..... FCC (High boiling point & melting point)
Inert gases …….. Lowest boiling point & melting point (vander waal force)
Transition elements ……… Highest melting point
W(Tungston) maximum melting point (3410C)
Hg(Mercury) lowest melting point (–38C)
Carbon (In the form of diamond) Highest melting point (3727C)
Helium Lowest melting point (–270C)
In Group
(a) In s-block elements boiling point & melting point decreases down the group.
Li, Na (solid)  Cs, Fr (liquid)
It is due to weak cohesive energy of metallic bond in IA.
(b) In d-block elements boiling point & melting point increases down the group (due
to lanthanide contraction, zeff increases and hence bond energy increases)
(c) In p-block elements
(i) From IIIA – IVA group boiling point & melting point decreases down the group
and from VA to '0' group, boiling point & melting point increases down the group.
(Atomic or molecular weigh  vander waal force)
(ii) boiling point and melting point of monoatomic molecules are lesser than diatomic
molecules. '0' group < Halogens
(iii) Atomic solid non metals like B, C and Si has higher boiling point and melting point
due to strong covalent bond.
(iv) Boiling point & melting point of molecular solids are less because of weaker
vander waal force among molecules Ex. I2.

Li > Na > K > Cs C > Si > Ge He < Ne < Ar < Rn

Be > Ca > Sr > Ba > Mg C > B > Si Zn > Cd > Hg
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 < I2 B > Al > Ga Cu > Au > Ag

(g) Hydrolysis products of AX

Where A = Other element and X = Halogen
(i) If electro negativity of X > Electro negativity of A then on hydrolysis product will be HX.
Ex. (BCl3), Electro negativity of Cl > Electro negativity of B
Cl– H+  OH–
+
B Cl– + H+  OH– 3HCl + B(OH)3
Cl– H+  OH–

PCl3 + 3HOH  3HCl + H3PO3

PCl3. Cl2 + H2O  2HCl + POCl3
POCl3 + 3HOH  3HCl + H3PO4

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(ii) If electro negativity of X < electro negativity of A then on hydrolysis product will be HOX
(hypohalous acid)

Cl+
Ex. +
Cl2O O Here electro negativity O > Cl
+
Cl
so on hydrolysis

Cl+ HO–  H+
+
O + 3HOCl + H2O
+ – +
Cl HO  OH

Type of elements
Using electronic configuration as the criteria, we generally recognize four general type of
elements; the inert gas elements, the representative elements, the transition elements, and the inner
transition elements. The classification of the elements into these groups is dependent on the extent
to which the s, p, d and f orbitals are filled.
Inert Gases
(a) s and p orbitals of the outer most shell of these elements are completely filled. The
outermost electronic configuration is ns2np6.
(b) Helium is also inert gas but its electronic configuration is 1s2
Representative or Normal Elements
(a) Outermost shell of these elements is incomplete. The number of electrons in the
outermost shell is less than eight.
(b) Inner shell are complete.
(c) s-and p-block elements except inert gases are called normal or representative
elements.
Transition Elements
(a) Last two shells of these elements namely outermost and penultimate shells are
incomplete.
(b) The last shell contains one or two electrons and the penultimate shell may contain
more than eight or up to eighteen electrons.
(c) Their outermost electronic configuration is similar to d-block elements i.e. (n–1)
d 1-10 ns1-2.
(d) According to definition of transition elements, those elements which have partly
filled d-orbitals in neutral state or in any stable oxidation state are called transition
elements. According to this definition Zn, Cd and Hg (12 th group) are d-block
elements but not transition elements because these elements have d10 configuration
in neutral as well as in stable +2 oxidation state.
(e) Because of the extra stability which is associated with empty, half-filled, and fully
filled sub shells, there are some apparent anomalies in electronic arrangements in
the transition series. This empirical rule is illustrated by the chromium and copper
configuration in the first d series of elements:
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
3d 1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8 10 10
4s 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2

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Inner Transition Elements
(a) In these elements last three shells i.e. last, penultimate and prepenultimate shells are
incomplete.
(b) These are related to group 3rd.
(c) The last shell contains two electrons. Penultimate shell may contain eight or nine electrons
and pre-penultimate shell contains more than 18, up to 32 electrons.
(d) Their outermost electronic configuration is similar to f-block element
i.e. (n–2)f1–14 (n–1)s2 (n–1)p6 (n–1)d 0–1ns2

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Objective Questions

Section–1
Periodic table-Historical development, Modern form and position of elements, screening
effects.
1. Which of the following graph represents Moseley’s experiment ( =Frequency of X-ray,
A = Atomic mass Z = Atomic number)

     
1. 2. 3. 4.

A A Z Z

2. Helical form of periodic table was given by

1. Henry Moseley 2. de Chancourtois
3. Lother Mayer 4. Newland

3. Demerit(s) of Mendeleev’s periodic table is/are

A. Position of isotopes B. Position of isobars C. Position of Ar and Kr
1. Only A 2. Only B
3. Both A and B 4. A, B and C

4. In the following electronic configuration :

ns2 (n–1) d0–1 (n–2)f1–14
If value of (n–1) = 6 the configuration will be of:
1. Lanthanides 2. d –block 3. Actinides 4. s–block

5. Match List I (Atomic Number of Element) with List II (Block to which the Element
Belongs) and select the correct answer using the codes given below :
List I List II
(Atomic Number of Element) (Block to which the element belongs)
A. 24 1. p
B. 38 2. f
C. 49 3. s
D. 59 4. d
Code :
A B C D
1. 2 1 3 4
2. 4 3 1 2
3. 2 3 1 4
4. 4 1 3 2

6. An element with the electronic configuration [Xe] 4f75d16s2 lies in the:

1. s–block II–A group 2. d–block III–B group
3. f–block III–B group 4. d–block VIII group

7. In boron atom screening is due to:

1. Electrons of K shell only 2. All the electrons of K and L shell
3. Two electrons of 1s and 2s each 4. Only by electrons of L shell
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8. If the atomic number of an element is 58, it will be placed in the periodic table in the:
1. III B gp and 6th period 2. IV B gp and 6 th period
th
3. VB gp and 7 period 4. III B gp and 5 th period

9. In the third period Na to Cl seven elements is/are called:

1. Transition elements 2. Typical elements
3. Halogen elements 4. Metalloids

10. The period number in the long form of the periodic table is equal to:
1. magnetic quantum number of any element of the period.
2. atomic number of any element of the period.
3. maximum Principal quantum number of any element of the period.
4. maximum Azimuthal quantum number of any element of the period.

11. Which of the following is not an actinoid :

1. Curium 2. Californium
3. Uranium 4. Terbium

12. Atomic number of Ag is 47. In the same group, the atomic numbers of elements placed
above and below Ag in Long form of periodic table will be :
1. 29, 65 2. 39, 79 3. 29, 79 4. 39,65

13. In modern periodic table, the element with atomic number Z = 118 will be:
1. Uuo ; Ununoctium ; alkaline earth metal
2. Uno; Unniloctium ; transition metal
3. Uno; Unniloctium ; alkali metal
4. Uuo; Ununoctium; noble gas

14. Which of the following is/are generally true regarding effective nuclear charge (Zeff):
1. It increases on moving left to right in a period.
2. It remains almost constant on moving top to bottom in a group.
3. For isoelectronic species, as Z increases, Zeff decreases.
4. Both (A) and (B).

15. Select the correct match for the atomic number of elements (List-I) and their group
(List-II)
List-I List-II
A. 79 3
B. 89 4
C. 99 11
D. 109 9
Code:
A B C D
1. 11 3 4 9
2. 11 3 3 9
3. 9 3 4 11
4. 11 9 3 4

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16. Which of the following is not a transition metal?
1. Ag 2. Sc 3. Pt 4. Cd

17. The group and period is modern periodic table having maximum number of natural
elements are respectively
1. 3 and 7 2. 3 and 6 3. 17 and 7 4. 48 and 7

18. The one which is not Dobereiner’s triad is triad is

1. Li, Na, K 2. Ca, Sr, Ba 3. Fe, Co, Ni 4. Cl, Br, I

19. First periodic law was proposed by

1. Dobereiner 2. Lother Mayer
3. Mendeleev 4. H. Moseley

20. Elements present in III-A and III-B sub group of Mendeleev’s periodic table are placed in
1. 3 rd and 4 th group of modern periodic table
2. 3 rd and 13th group of modern periodic table
3. 13th and 3rd group of modern periodic table
4. 3 th and 3 rd group of modern periodic table

Section–2
Atomic size

1. Which of the following pairs of elements have almost same atomic radii ?
1. Cu, Ag 2. Sc, Ti 3. La, Ac 4. Zr, Hf

2. In a period from left to right the atomic size

1. Decreases 2. Increases
3. Decreases then increases 4. Increases then decreases

3. Correct order of size is given as

1. F– > H– > F 2. H– > F– > F
3. F– > F > H– 4. H– > F > F–

4. In a group atomic size decreases from

1. Al to Ga 2. O to S
3. F to Cl 4. Be to Mg

5. The ionic radii of N3– , O2– and F– are respectively given by:
1. 1.36, 1.40, 1.71 2. 1.36, 1.71, 1.40
3. 1.71, 1.40, 1.36 4. 1.71, 1.36, 1.40

6. The radius of iso-electronic species:

1. Decreases with decreasing nuclear charge
2. Decreases with increasing effective nuclear charge
3. Same for all species
4. First increases then decreases

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7. In which of the following compounds cation and anion size ratio is minimum:
1. CsF 2. LiI 3. LiF 4. CsI

8. The covalent and van der Waal's radii of hydrogen respectively are:
1. 0.37 Å, 0.8 Å 2. 0.37 Å, 0.37 Å
3. 0.8 Å, 0.8 Å 4. 0.8 Å, 0.37 Å

9. In the ions P3– , S2- and Cl– the increasing order of size is:
1. Cl– , S2– , P3– 2. P3– , S2– ,Cl–
2– – 3–
3. S , Cl , P 4. S2–, P3–, Cl–

10. Which of the following order of atomic/ionic radius is not correct?

1. I– > I > I+ 2. Mg 2+ > Na+ > F–
5+ 3+
3. P < P 4. Li > Be > B

11. Ionic radii of:

1. Ti4+ < Mn7+ 2. –
< 35Cl–
37Cl
3. K+ > Cl– 4. P > P5+
3+

12. The best reason to account for the general tendency of atomic diameters to decrease as the
atomic numbers increase within a period of the periodic table is the fact that
1. Outer electrons repel inner electrons
2. Closer packing among the nuclear particles is achieved
3. The number of neutrons increases
4. The increasing nuclear charge exerts a greater attractive force on the electrons

13. Which of the following ion has largest size among given options :-
1. F– 2. Al3+ 3. Cs+ 4. O2–

14. Decreasing order of size of ions is :-

1. Br– > S2– > Cl– > N3– 2. N3– > S2– > Cl– > Br–
3. Br– > Cl– > S2– > N3– 4. N3– > Cl– > S2– > Br–

15. Correct order of ionic size of elements:

1. Mn7+ > Mn6+ > Mn4+ 2. C + > C > C–
3. Fe3+ > Fe2+> Fe 4. All are incorrect

16. The correct order of size for iodine, species I, I, I+ is :

1. I > I > I+ 2. I > I+ > I 3. I+ > I > I 4. I > I > I+

17. K+, Ar, Ca2+ and S2– contains

1. Same electronic configuration and atomic volume
2. Different electronic configuration but same IP.
3. Same electronic configuration but different atomic volume
4. Same electronic configuration and number of protons

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18. Correct statement about screening effect shown by electrons of different orbitals is
1. ns > (n–1)s > (n–2)s > (n–3)s ……..
2. s>p>d>f
3. Value of screening constant per electron is never less than 0.35
4. All of these

19. Match the correct atomic radius with the element:

[Link]. Element Code Atomic radius (pm)
(i) Be (p) 74
(ii) C (q) 88
(iii) O (r) 111
(iv) B (s) 77
(v) N (t) 66
1. (i) – r, (ii) – q, (iii)– t, (iv)– s, (v) – p
2. (i) – t, (ii) – s, (iii) – r, (iv) –p, (v) – q
3. (i) – r, (ii) – s, (iii) – t, (iv) – q, (v) – p
4. (i)– t, (ii) – p, (iii) – r, (iv) – s, (v) – q

20. The size of isoelectronic species F–, Ne and Na+ is affected by:
1. nuclear charge (Z)
2. valence principal quantum number (n)
3. electron-electron interaction in the outer orbitals
4. none of the factors because their size is the same.

Section–3
Ionization enthalpy
1. The first ionization potentials (eV) of Be and B respectively are :
1. 8.29eV, 9.32 eV 2. 9.32 eV, 9.32 eV
3. 8.29 eV, 8.29 eV 4. 9.32 eV, 8.29 eV

2. The IP1, IP2, IP3, IP4 and IP 5 of an element are 7.1, 14.3, 34.5, 46.8, 162.2 eV respectively.
The element is likely to be:
1. Na 2. Si 3. F 4. Ca

3. Which set of elements has strong tendency to form cations:

1. N, O, P 2. F, Cl, Br 3. Be, He, Mg 4. Cs, Ba, K

4. A neutral atom (Ar) is converted to (Ar3+–) by the following process

Ar  Ar+  Ar2+  Ar3+
The correct order of E1, E2 and E3 energies is:-
1. E 1 < E2 < E3 2. E1 > E2 > E3
3. E 1 = E2 = E3 4. E1 > E 2 < E 3

5. In which of the following the energy change corresponds to first ionisation potential :-
1. X(g)  X+(g) + e 2. 2X(g)  2X+(g) + 2e
3. X(s)  X+(g) + e 4. X(aq)  X +(aq) + e

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6. The correct order of second ionization potential of C, N, O and F is
1. C > N > O > F 2. O > N > F > C 3. O > F > N > C 4. F > O > N > C

7. The decreasing order of the ionization potential of the following elements is:
1. Ne > Cl > P > S > Al > Mg 2. Ne > Cl > P > S > Mg > Al
3. Ne > Cl > S > P > Mg > Al 4. Ne > Cl > S > P > Al > Mg

8. Correct orders of 1 st Ionisation Potential are:

(a) Li < B < Be < C (b) O<N<F (c) Be < N < Ne
Code:
1. a, b 2. b, c 3. a, c 4. a, b, c

9. The second ionization potentials in electron volts of oxygen and fluorine atoms are
respectively given by:
1. 35.1, 38.3 2. 38.3, 38.3 3. 38.3, 35.1 4. 35.1, 35.1

10. In which of the following pairs, the ionisation energy of the first species is less than that of
the second:
1. O–, O2– 2. S, P 3. N, P 4. Be+, Be

11. IP1 and IP2 of Mg are 178 and 348 kcal mol–1. The enthalpy required for the reaction
Mg  Mg2+ + 2e– is:
1. + 170 [Link] 2. + 526 [Link] 3. –170 [Link] 4. –526 [Link]

12. The energy needed to remove one electron from unipositive ion is abbreviated as :-
1. 1 st I.P. 2. 3 rd I.P. 3. 2 nd I.P. 4. 1 st E.A.

13. Which of the following has 2 nd IP < 1 st IP

1. Mg 2. Ne 3. C 4. None

14. The correct order of decreasing first ionization energy is :-

1. Si > Al > Mg > Na 2. Si > Mg > Al > Na
3. Al > Si > Mg > Na 4. Mg > Li > Al > Si

15. Which of the following transitions involves maximum amount of energy.

1. M–(g) M(g) 2. M(g)  M+(g)
+ 2+
3. M (g)  M (g) 4. M 2+(g)  M3+(g)

16. Out of Na+, Mg2+, O2–and N3–, the pair of species showing minimum and maximum IP
would be.
1. Na+, Mg2+ 2. Mg2+, N3– 3. N3–, Mg2+ 4. O2–, N3–

17. Process Na+  Na(g)  Na(s)

1. In (I) energy released, (II) energy absorbed
2. In both (I) and (II) energy is absorbed
3. In both (I) and (II) energy is released
4. In (I) energy absorbed, (II) energy released

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18. In which case the maximum energy is needed in the formation of monopositive gaseous
ion :
1. 1 mole of Li atoms 2. 1 mole of Na atoms
3. 1 mole of Cs atoms 4. 1 mole of Be atoms

19. Triad - I [N3– , O– , Na+ ]

Triad - II [ N+ , C+ , O+ ]
Choose the species of lowest IP from triad–I and highest IP from triad–II respectively
1. N3– , O+ 2. Na+ , C+ 3. N3– , N+ 4. O–, C +

20. The correct values of ionization energies (in kJ mol–1) of Be, Ne, He and N respectively are
1. 899, 2080, 1403, 2372 2. 2080, 899, 1403, 2372
3. 899, 2080, 2372, 1403 4. 899, 1403, 2080, 2372

21. Which one of the following statements is incorrect in relation to ionisation enthalpy?
1. Ionization enthalpy increases for removal of each successive electron.
2. The greatest increase in ionization enthalpy is experienced on removal of electron
from core of noble gas configuration.
3. End of valence electrons is marked by a big jump in ionization enthalpy.
4. Removal of electron from orbitals bearing lower n value is easier than from orbitals
having higher n value.

22. In the plot of the first ionization energy against atomic number the peaks are occupied by:
1. Inert gases 2. Alkali metals
3. Halogens 4. Transition elements

23. The correct values of ionization energies (in kJ mole–1) of Si, P, Cl and S respectively are
1. 786, 1012, 999, 1256 2. 1012, 786, 999, 1256
3. 786, 1012, 1256, 999 4. 786, 999, 1012, 1256

24. The electronic configuration of some neutral atoms are given below :–
(1) 1s2 2s1 (2) 1s2 2s2 2p3 (3) 1s2 2s2 2p4 (4) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
In which of these electronic configuration would you expect to have highest:
(i) IE1 (ii) IE2
1. 3, 1 2. 2, 1 3. 3, 2 4. 2, 4

25. The right order of ionization potential of Li, Be, B & C is :

1. C > Be > B > Li 2. C > B > Be > Li
3. C > B > Li > Be 4. B > C > Be > Li

26. The incorrect order of ionization energies of Na and Mg are given as

A. IE1 (Na) < IE1 (Mg) B. IE1 (Na) < IE2 (Mg)
C. IE2 (Na) < IE1 (Mg) D. IE2 (Na) < IE2 (Mg)
Code:
1. A and B 2. B and C 3. C and D 4. B and D

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27. The element for which IE2 > IE1 is
1. Be 2. N 3. Ne 4. None of these

28. Correct order of ionization energies of 14th group elements is

1. C > Si > Ge > Sn > Pb 2. C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
3. C > Si <Ge > Sn < Pb 4. C > Si > Ge < Sn < Pb

29. The elements with highest and lowest first ionization energy in 13th group are respectively
1. B and Al 2. Al and Tl
3. B and In 4. Ga and Tl

30. The third period element having highest second ionization energy is
1. Na 2. Mg 3. Al 4. Si

Section–4
Electron gain enthalpy and electron affinity

1. The correct sequence of the electron affinity of C, N, O and F is :

1. C>N<O<F 2. O>N>C>F
3. C<N>O<F 4. C>N>O>F

2. In which case the energy is absorbed:

1. Cl  Cl– 2. P  P – 3. N  N– 4. C  C–

3. The electron affinity values for the halogens shows the following trend:
1. F < Cl > Br > I 2. F < Cl < Br < I
3. F > Cl > Br > I 4. F < Cl > Br < I

4. The process requiring the absorption of energy is.

1. F to F– 2. Cl to Cl– 3. O to O2– 4. H to H–

5. The maximum energy will be released in the following process:

1. B + e–  B– 2. C + e–  C –
– –
3. N + e  N 4. O + e–  O–

6. In the formation of a chloride ion, from an isolated gaseous chlorine atom, 3.8 eV energy is
released, which would be equal to
1. Electron affinity of Cl– 2. Ionisation potential of Cl
3. Electronegativity of Cl 4. Ionisation potential of Cl–

7. The correct order of electron affinity is:

1. Be < B < C < N 2. Be < N < B < C
3. N < Be < C < B 4. N < C < B < Be

8. Electron addition would be easiest in:

1. O 2. O+ 3. O– 4. O2+

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9. In the process Cl(g) + e–  Cl–(g), H is
1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Zero 4. None

10. O(g) + 2e–  O2–(g) egH = 744.7 kJ/mole. The positive value of egH is due to :
1. Energy is released to add on 1 e– to O–
2. Energy is required to add on 1 e– to O–
3. Energy is needed to add on 1e– to O
4. None of the above is correct

11. Second electron gain enthalpy of an element is :

1. Always exothermic 2. Endothermic for few elements
3. Exothermic for few elements 4. Always endothermic

12. The electron affinity of

1. Carbon is greater than oxygen 2. Fluorine is less than iodine
3. Cl– is less than Cl 4. S is less than oxygen

13. Which will have the maximum value of electron affinity Ox, Oy and Oz [x, y and z
respectively are 0, –1 and 2–] :
1. Ox 2. Oy 3. Oz 4. All have equal

14. The electron affinity of fluorine is less than that of chlorine because:
1. The incoming electron enters the 3p orbital in fluorine
2. The incoming electron enters the 2p orbitals in fluorine and 3p orbital in chlorine
3. The electron density in fluorine is higher
4. Fluorine has lower ionization potential than chlorine

15. Which of the following processes involve absorption of energy:

1. S (g) + e–  S–(g) 2. O– (g) + e–  O2– (g)
3. Cl (g) + e–  Cl– (g) 4. O (g) + e–  O– (g)

16. Which of the following orders for electron affinity is /are correct:
(a) S > O < Se (b) Cl > F (c) S>O
(d) O>S (e) N>P (f) C>N
Code:
1. a, b, c, e 2. a, b, c, f 3. b, c, d, e 4. b, c, f

17. The electron gain enthalpy of noble gases are

1. Zero 2. Positive 3. Negative 4. both 1 and 2

18. The group among followings in which first element have highest electron affinity is
1. 14 2. 15 3. 16 4. 17

19. Select the incorrect statement among followings

1. Electron gain enthalpy of all cations are negative
2. Electron gain enthalpy of all neutral atoms are negative
3. Electron gain enthalpy of all anions are positive
4. All of these

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20. The correct electron affinity order of N, O, S, Cl is:

1. O < N < Cl < S 2. Cl > O > S > N
3. N < O < S < Cl 4. N = Cl > O = S

Section–5
Electronegativity

1. The X – X bond length is 1.00 Å and C – C bond length is 1.54 Å. If electronegativities of

'X' and 'C' are 3.0 and 2.0 respectively, the C – X bond length is likely to be :
1. 1.27 Å 2. 1.18 Å 3. 1.08 Å 4. 1.28 Å

2. Correct order of electronegativity of N, P, C and Si is :

1. N < P < C < Si 2. N > C > Si > P
3. N = P > C = Si 4. N > C > P > Si

3. Mulliken scale of electronegativity uses the concept of :

1. E. A. and EN of pauling 2. E. A. and atomic size
3. E.A. and I.P. 4. E.A. and bond energy

4. The electronegativites of the following elements H, O, F, S and Cl increase in the order

1. H < O < F < S < Cl 2. S < H < Cl < O < F
3. H < S < O < Cl < F 4. H < S < Cl < O < F

5. The pair with minimum difference in electronegativity is :

1. F, Cl 2. C,H 3. P, H 4. Na, Cs

6. Which of the following represents a correct sequence of electronegativity values :

1. F > N > O > C 2. F>N<O>C
3. F > N > C > O 4. F<N<O<C

7. Match List I (Element) with List II (Electronegativity on Pauling Scale) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below:
List I List II
(Element) (Electronegativity on Pauling scale)
A. Carbon 1. 0.8
B. Nitrogen 2. 1.6
C. Aluminium 3. 2.5
D. Cesium 4. 3.0
5. 4.0
Code :
A B C D
1. 2 4 5 1
2. 3 1 2 4
3. 2 1 5 4
4. 3 4 2 1

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8. 1 2 3 4
H3C – CH = C = CH2
In the given compound which carbon atom will show maximum electronegativity -
1. Fourth 2. First
3. Third 4. EN of all the carbon atoms is same

9. If the ionization potential is IP, electron affinity is EA and electronegativity is X then

which of the following relation is correct :
1. 2X – EA – IP = 0 2. 2EA – X – IP = 0
3. 2IP – X – EA = 0 4. All of the above

10. Electronegativity of an element on Pauling and Mulliken scale are respectively A and B.
These value are related as
1. A + 2.8 = B 2. A – 2.8 = B
3. A  2.8 = B 4. A = B  2.8

Section–6

Valency oxidation stable, diagonal relationship lanthanide contraction, nature of oxide and
Miscellaneous .

1. The chemistry of lithium is very similar to that of magnesium even though they are placed
in different groups. Its reason is :-
1. Both are found together in nature
2. Both have nearly the same size
3. Both have similar electronic configurations
4. The ratio of their charge to size is nearly the same

2. Which of the following is not isoelectronic series :-

1. Cl– , P3–, Ar 2 . N3–, Ne, Mg2+ 3. B3+, He, Li+ 4. N3–, S2–, Cl–

3. S2– is not isoelectronic with :-

1. Ar 2. Cl– 3. HS– 4. Ti3+

4. The ground state electronic configurations of the elements, U, V, W, X and Y (these

symbols do not have any chemical significance) are as follows :
U 1s2 2s2 2p3 V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
W 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 X 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6
Y 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
Determine which sequence of elements satisfy the following statements :
(i) Element forms a carbonate which is not decomposed by heating
(ii) Element is most likely to form coloured ionic compounds
(iii) Element has largest atomic radius
(iv) Element forms only acidic oxide
1. V W Y U 2. V X Y W 3. V W Y X 4. V X W U

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5. Fluorine is the most reactive among all the halogens, because of it's:
1. small size 2. low dissociation energy of F–F bond
3. large size 4. high dissociation energy of F–F bond

6. Which of the following decreases in going down the halogen group:

1. Ionic radius 2. Atomic radius
3. Ionisation potential 4. Boiling point

7. Which order is wrong :

1. Electronegativity – P < N < O < F
2. 1 st ionisation potential – B < Be < O < N
3. Basic property – MgO > CaO > FeO > Fe2O3
4. Reactivity – Be < Li < K < Cs

8. Zinc does not show the variable valency as elements of d-block, because :
1. This is soft metal 2. d-orbital is full
3. Its melting point is low 4. Volatile Metal

9. Increasing order of metallic characteristic of C, Sb, As, Bi, Si is shown by :

1. C, Si, As, Sb, Bi 2. C, Si, Bi, Sb, As
3. C, Si, Sb, Bi, As 4. C, Si, As, Bi, Sb

10. Cu is treated as a transition metal due to its electronic configuration in

1. Cu(O) state 2. Cu(I) state
3. Cu(II) state 4. All of these state

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Answer
Section–1
Periodic table – Historical development, Modern form and position of elements, screening effects.

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 3 2 4 3 2 3 3 1 2 3
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer 4 3 4 4 2 4 2 3 3 3

Section–2
Atomic size

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 2
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer 4 4 3 1 4 4 3 2 1 1

Section–3
Ionization enthalpy

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 4 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 3 2
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer 2 3 4 2 4 3 3 4 1 3
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Answer 4 1 3 2 1 3 4 2 3 1

Section–4
Electron gain enthalpy and electron affinity

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 1 3 1 3 4 4 2 4 2 2
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer 4 3 1 3 2 4 2 1 2 3

Section–5
Electronegativity
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 2 4 3 4 3 2 4 3 1 3

Section–6
Valency oxidation stable, diagonal relationship lanthanide contraction, nature of oxide and
Miscellaneous .

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 4 4 4 2 2 3 3 2 1 3

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