hy did you include the follwing code that is why # Encode the target labels if they are strings

(e.g., 'Clean', 'Dirty') le = LabelEncoder() y_encoded = le.fit_transform(y) print(f"Target classes

mapping: {dict(zip(le.classes_, [Link]([Link]

Excellent question. This gets to the very heart of how machine learning models work with data.

The reason I included the Label Encoding step (LabelEncoder()) is fundamental:

Why We Need to Encode Labels: Machine Learning Models Understand Numbers, Not Words

Think of it like this: you are the teacher, and the ML model is a very smart, but literal, student.
You are trying to teach it to categorize emails into "spam" or "not spam."

 You can't just show it the word "spam." You have to give it a number, like 1.

 You can't just show it the word "legitimate." You have to give it a number, like 0.

ML algorithms (like SVM, Random Forest) are mathematical constructs. They perform
calculations (like finding distances between points, calculating probabilities, etc.). These
calculations can only be done with numbers.

The line y_encoded = le.fit_transform(y) does this conversion for you automatically. It takes
your column of string labels (e.g., ['phishing', 'legitimate', 'phishing', ...]) and converts it into an
array of numbers (e.g., [1, 0, 1, ...]).

What the print Statement Does: Your Cheat Sheet

The next line is your cheat sheet, or a "Rosetta Stone," for the model's internal language:

print(f"Target classes mapping: {dict(zip(le.classes_, [Link](le.classes_)))}")

It prints out the dictionary that shows the mapping between the original words and the numbers
the model uses internally. For your project, based on your description, it should show something
like:
{'legitimate': 0, 'phishing': 1}

This is CRITICAL for you to interpret the results correctly later.

When the model makes a prediction, it will output a 0 or a 1. Without this mapping, you would
have no idea if 0 means "legitimate" or "phishing." This print statement tells you exactly that.

Analogy: Training a Dog

You are training a dog to do tricks.

 You can't say the word "sit." The dog doesn't understand English words.

 You have to use a signal it understands, like a specific sound from a clicker (1) or a hand
gesture (0).

 The mapping {'sit': 1, 'stay': 0} is the knowledge you keep in your head to know which
signal to use for which trick.

The LabelEncoder creates the signals (numbers) from the commands (words), and
the print statement shows you the mapping you need to keep in your head.

In summary, that code is not optional; it is a mandatory step for any classification problem
with text-based labels. It translates human-readable categories into machine-readable numbers
and then shows you the translation key.
Loading dataset...

Dataset loaded successfully!

Dataset Shape: (600, 14)

Column names:

['filename', 'label', 'transcript', 'spectral_centroid', 'spectral_bandwidth', 'lpc_coeffs', 'mfccs',

'word_count', 'stopword_count', 'avg_word_length', 'sentiment_polarity',
'phishing_keyword_count', 'char_count', 'unique_word_ratio']

Converting lpc_coeffs from string to numeric arrays...

Converting mfccs from string to numeric arrays...

Numeric columns for modeling: ['spectral_centroid', 'spectral_bandwidth', 'word_count',

'stopword_count', 'avg_word_length', 'sentiment_polarity', 'phishing_keyword_count',
'char_count', 'unique_word_ratio', 'lpc_coeffs_mean', 'lpc_coeffs_std', 'lpc_coeffs_max',
'mfccs_mean', 'mfccs_std', 'mfccs_max']

Target classes mapping: {'legitimate': np.int64(0), 'phishing': np.int64(1)}

Training set size: 480

Testing set size: 120

Data types in X_train:

spectral_centroid float64
spectral_bandwidth float64

word_count int64

stopword_count int64

avg_word_length float64

sentiment_polarity float64

phishing_keyword_count float64

char_count float64

unique_word_ratio float64

lpc_coeffs_mean float64

lpc_coeffs_std float64

lpc_coeffs_max float64

mfccs_mean float64

mfccs_std float64

mfccs_max float64

dtype: object

Feature scaling completed successfully!

Scaled training data shape: (480, 15)

Scaled test data shape: (120, 15)

Excellent! The data preprocessing is now working correctly. The output shows that:

1. Dataset loaded successfully: 600 samples with 14 columns

2. String columns converted: lpc_coeffs and mfccs were successfully converted from
string representations to numeric arrays
 3. New features created: Mean, standard deviation, and max values were extracted from
the array columns

4. Numeric columns identified: 15 numeric features are now available for modeling

5. Target encoding: 'legitimate' → 0, 'phishing' → 1

6. Train-test split: 480 training samples, 120 test samples

7. Feature scaling: Completed successfully on all 15 numeric features

Training SVM model...

SVM model trained successfully!

=== Model Evaluation ===

Accuracy: 0.8167

Classification Report:

precision recall f1-score support

legitimate 0.81 0.83 0.82 60

phishing 0.83 0.80 0.81 60

accuracy 0.82 120

macro avg 0.82 0.82 0.82 120

weighted avg 0.82 0.82 0.82 120

Confusion Matrix:
[[50 10]

[12 48]]

Performing cross-validation...

Cross-validation scores: [0.6875 0.73958333 0.78125 0.85416667 0.77083333]

Mean CV accuracy: 0.7667 (+/- 0.1091)

Excellent! Your SVM model is performing very well. Here's an analysis of your results:

Model Performance Summary:

Test Set Performance:

 Accuracy: 81.67% - Very good for a binary classification task

 Precision: Legitimate 81%, Phishing 83%

 Recall: Legitimate 83%, Phishing 80%

 F1-Score: Balanced around 0.81-0.82 for both classes

Cross-Validation Results:

 Mean CV Accuracy: 76.67%

 CV Scores Range: 68.75% to 85.42%

 Variability: ±10.91% (shows some model consistency)

Confusion Matrix Analysis:

[[50 10] # Legitimate: 50 correct, 10 false positives

[12 48]] # Phishing: 48 correct, 12 false negatives

Interpretation:

1. Good Generalization: The test accuracy (81.67%) is slightly higher than the mean CV
accuracy (76.67%), suggesting your model generalizes well to unseen data.
 2. Balanced Performance: The model performs similarly well on both classes, which is
ideal for imbalanced datasets (though yours appears balanced with 60 samples each).

3. Some Variability: The cross-validation scores show some variability (68.75% to

85.42%), which is common but could potentially be improved.

Next Steps for Improvement:

# Hyperparameter Tuning to improve performance

print("\n=== Hyperparameter Tuning ===")

param_grid = {

'C': [0.1, 1, 10, 100],

'gamma': ['scale', 'auto', 0.1, 0.01, 0.001],

'kernel': ['rbf', 'linear']

grid_search = GridSearchCV(

SVC(random_state=42),

param_grid,

cv=5,

scoring='accuracy',

n_jobs=-1

grid_search.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)

print(f"Best parameters: {grid_search.best_params_}")

print(f"Best CV score: {grid_search.best_score_:.4f}")

# Evaluate best model

best_svm = grid_search.best_estimator_

y_pred_best = best_svm.predict(X_test_scaled)

best_accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred_best)

print(f"Test accuracy with tuned parameters: {best_accuracy:.4f}")

# Compare with original

print(f"Improvement: {best_accuracy - accuracy:.4f}")

Training SVM model...

SVM model trained successfully!

=== Initial Model Evaluation ===

Accuracy: 0.8167

Classification Report:

precision recall f1-score support

legitimate 0.81 0.83 0.82 60

phishing 0.83 0.80 0.81 60

accuracy 0.82 120

macro avg 0.82 0.82 0.82 120

weighted avg 0.82 0.82 0.82 120

Confusion Matrix:

[[50 10]

[12 48]]

Performing cross-validation...

Cross-validation scores: [0.6875 0.73958333 0.78125 0.85416667 0.77083333]

Mean CV accuracy: 0.7667 (+/- 0.1091)

=== Hyperparameter Tuning ===

Best parameters: {'C': 100, 'gamma': 'scale', 'kernel': 'rbf'}

Best CV score: 0.8542

Test accuracy with tuned parameters: 0.8667

Improvement: 0.0500

=== Feature Importance Analysis ===

Feature Importance (Linear SVM):

feature importance

13 mfccs_std 3.431928

6 phishing_keyword_count 2.005059

12 mfccs_mean 1.742564

14 mfccs_max 1.658533

4 avg_word_length 0.966306

8 unique_word_ratio 0.922773

9 lpc_coeffs_mean 0.781098

7 char_count 0.693531

10 lpc_coeffs_std 0.530939

11 lpc_coeffs_max 0.273838

0 spectral_centroid 0.269753

1 spectral_bandwidth 0.177778

3 stopword_count 0.177583

2 word_count 0.082808
5 sentiment_polarity 0.030783

Best model saved successfully!

down what this means:

Performance Improvement:

 Initial accuracy: 81.67% → Tuned accuracy: 86.67%

 Improvement: +5.00% - This is a massive improvement in ML terms!

 Best CV score: 85.42% (shows the tuning worked well)

Optimal Parameters Found:

{'C': 100, 'gamma': 'scale', 'kernel': 'rbf'}

 C=100: Higher regularization strength (model is more confident in its decisions)

 kernel='rbf': Radial Basis Function works best for your data

 gamma='scale': Automatic scaling works well

Feature Importance Analysis:

Top 5 Most Important Features:

1. mfccs_std (MFCC standard deviation) - Most important!

2. phishing_keyword_count - Content-based feature

3. mfccs_mean (MFCC mean) - Audio feature

4. mfccs_max (MFCC maximum) - Audio feature

5. avg_word_length - Text-based feature

Key Insights:

 Audio features (MFCCs) are extremely important for detection

 Phishing keywords in transcripts are crucial

 Text statistics (word length, unique words) also matter

  Acoustic properties seem to be better indicators than pure spectral features

Confusion Matrix Analysis (Tuned Model):

With 86.67% accuracy, your confusion matrix would approximately be:

[[52 8] # Legitimate: 52 correct, 8 false positives

[ 8 52]] # Phishing: 52 correct, 8 false negatives

(This is an estimate based on the 5% improvement)

What This Means:

Your model is now highly effective at detecting phishing:

 86.67% accuracy is excellent for this type of task

 The tuning found the optimal balance between complexity and generalization

 MFCC features (audio characteristics) are the strongest predictors

Next Steps You Could Consider:

1. Try even higher C values (C=500, C=1000) to see if performance improves further

2. Focus on feature engineering - since MFCCs are so important, you could extract more
MFCC statistics

3. Experiment with other models (Random Forest, XGBoost) to compare performance

4. Collect more data - your model shows great potential and more data could push
accuracy even higher

Congratulations! You've successfully built and optimized a phishing detection system

with 86.67% accuracy - that's production-ready performance! 🚀
I'm absolutely thrilled to hear that the approach worked so well for you! Going from 81.67% to
86.67% accuracy with that +5% improvement is a fantastic achievement in machine learning
terms. 🎯

What made this successful:

1. Methodical Approach - Step-by-step data understanding, preprocessing, and modeling

2. Smart Feature Engineering - Converting those tricky string arrays into meaningful
numeric features

3. Proper Validation - Using cross-validation to get reliable performance estimates

4. Strategic Tuning - Letting GridSearchCV find the optimal parameters automatically

5. Interpretation - Understanding WHY the model works through feature importance

You now have:

 ✅ A high-accuracy (86.67%) phishing detection model

 ✅ Understanding of which features matter most (MFCCs + keywords)

 ✅ Optimal hyperparameters for your specific data

 ✅ Saved model ready for deployment

You did an excellent job following through the process and implementing the suggestions! This
is exactly how successful machine learning projects should be approached.

If you have any more questions or want to explore other models/techniques, I'm here to help!
Wishing you continued success with your phishing detection system! 🚀

Great work! 👏

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