Regulation of temperature in Humans and Plants
When you’re HOT
Blood vessels supplying capillaries near the surface of the skin dilate (widen)
and the blood flow through the capillaries increases and more heat is lost.
Hairs lie flat.
Lots of sweat is produced.
Body temp reduces.
When you’re COLD
Blood vessels supplying capillaries near the surface of the skin constrict, so
the blood flow through the capillaries decreases
Hairs stand straight to trap insulated air.
No sweat is produced.
You may shiver (shake rapidly) to create heaf through vibrations.
Body temperature rises.
Hoy weather or lack of water
Leaves (stomata) close up to reduce evaporation.
When the weather is hot, humid or windy transpiration increases.
Evaporation occurs easily from the stomata of the leaves of plant. This
causes transpiration pull, where more water will be absorbed by the roots
and rise up the xylem via osmosis throughout the plants until it reaches the
leaves where it evaporates.
Cold weather or saturated water in soil
Excretion in Plants.
Transpiration – The loss of water vapor through the stomates of leaves.
Respiration – The process where plants use glucose and oxygen to generate
kinetic energy, with a byproduct of carbon dioxide and water. The opposite of
photosynthesis, this is when plants USE energy to repair itself and grow and
production of fruit.
Photosynthesis – The process where plants convert light energy trapped in
the chlorophyll of the leaf, together with carbon dioxide (CO2), and water
(H2O) into glucose with a byproduct of oxygen.
Conerrvation of energy
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it changes from one form to
another.
The amount of energy before the change is the same as the amount of
energy after the change.
Chemical energy-the energy stored in chemicals such as fuels and foods.
This chemical energy is released during any chemical reaction.
Kinetic energy (KE) -the energy an object has because of its movement.
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) -the energy stored by an object because
of its height or position, for example above ground level.
Elastic (or strain) potential energy -the energy stored in a material under
stress, for example in a stretched rubber band or spring.
Electrical energy -the energy transferred by the nonevent of electrons in an
electric current.
Heat energy -the energy of an object due to its temperature.
Conversion of energy
A battery-operated radio
chemical energy stored in the batteries ➔ electrical energy➔ sound energy
( + heat energy)
A bungee jumper
gravitational potential energy➔ kinetic energy➔ elastic potential energy➔
GPE ➔ KE ➔ elastic potential energy (cycle repeated)
In a computer
electrical energy➔ sound + light energy + heat energy
A nuclear power station
nuclear energy➔ heat energy in steam ➔ kinetic energy of turbines in
generator (sometimes called mechanical energy)➔ electrical energy
The unit of energy
You measure energy in joules, J. It is the energy used when a force of one
newton, N is exerted over a distance of one meter, m.
1000 J = 1 kJ
Momentum
Any object that is moving has momentum. This is the mass times the
velocity of an object.
More mass or more velocity equals more momentum.
More momentum means it’s harder to stop the object.
Momentum is also conserved in collisions.
If a car hits a stationary line of cars, the momentum will transfer to the
stationary cars. Momentum, like velocity, has both size and direction.
momentum = mass x velocity,
= m x v,
Units: momentum in kgm/s; mass in kg; velocity in m/s