***Notes --> In General Read

Revolution Product

Black Revolution Petroleum Production

Blue Revolution Fish Production

Brown Revolution Leather, Cocoa

Golden Fibre Revolution Jute Production

Golden Revolution Overall Horticulture, Honey, Fruit Production

Green Revolution Agriculture Production

Ever green revolution Overall development of Agriculture.

Grey Revolution Fertilizers

Pink Revolution Onions, Prawn, pharma

Red Revolution Meat, Tomato Production

Round Revolution Potato Production

Silver Fibre Revolution Cotton Production

Silver Revolution Egg, polutry Production

White Revolution Dairy, Milk Production

Yellow Revolution Oil Seed Production

After finish Evernote —> [Link]

For additional info
Latent heat of condensation is energy released when water vapor condenses to form liquid droplets
***SOUTH WEST MONSOON
Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversal of wind accompanied by corresponding changes
in precipitation
The southwest monsoon brings over 70% of Indiaʼs annual rainfall.

WHAT?
Rain bearing winds
june to september
on reaching southern india, get divided into 2 branches
Bay of Bengal branch
Arabian sea branch
CAUSES?
Northward shifting of ITCZ -> low P @ Tibetean Plateau and High P @ Mascarene high
absence of STWJ (subtropical westerly jet stream-maintain high pressure) in summer – entire STWJ
northward of Himalayas -> low P @ India
Somalian jet – intensify somalian ocean current and pushes monsoon winds towards india
Indian ocean dipole – between Western pacific ocean and Mascarene high -> pushes monsoon winds
towards india

Factors affecting
Walker cells
Indian ocean dipole
Madden jullian osc

News
2020 - 8 % sulus than LPA (long period avg)
Last year 10%

Th dela t Wh ?
They delay on onset on monsoon. Why?
Reason
Cyclone Vayu, whose formation in the Arabian Sea
Consequences
Does not have any bearing on quality and quantity of rainfall
Quantity reduced in June will be compensated in July and august
Doesnʼt mean that other part will get delayed (if local low pressure doesnʼt happen)

New monsoon dates

News
(IMD) had decided to revise the normal onset and withdrawal dates for the monsoon in some parts
of the country from this year

Fact
It takes about a month and half after onset on the Kerala coast to cover the entire country
Mumbai, for example, expects to start getting rain from June 10

Reason
changes in precipitation patterns that have been taking place
Rainfall is getting increasingly concentrated within a narrow band of days within the monsoon season
Delhi, for example, had received almost 95 per cent of its monsoon rainfall over just 100 hours
Patterns of regional variations in rainfall are also changing.
Areas that have traditionally received plenty of rainfall are often remaining dry, while places that
are not expected to get a lot of monsoon rain have sometimes been getting flooded

Impact - Yes Support it.

Help the IMD track the monsoon better—> “impact-based” forecasts
nudge farmers in some parts of the country to make slight adjustments in the time of sowing their
crops esp Rice farmer - who do transplantation - will have to delay sowing.
Dam management practices - when to release
Heat action plan for more time
Power plants - peak period increase
People in general - plan activities
Basically- 'Ex-European colonies' mein mitla hai monsoon
Map of rainfall distribution and changes
STJ (sub tropical jet)
In winter STJ flows along the southern slopes of the Himalayas but in summer it shifts
northwards, rather dramatically, and flows along the northern edge of Himalayas in early June and
in late summer (July-August) along the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.
The periodic movement of the Jet stream is often the indicator of the onset (STJ shits to the north of
Himalayas in a matter of days) and subsequent withdrawal (STJ returns back to its position – south of
Himalayas) of the monsoon.
Northward movement of the subtropical jet is the first indication of the onset of the monsoon over
India.

Various theories
Hailey --> Land- Water differential heating
Flohn - ITCZ shift and trade wind bring clod bcoz of coriolis force
Koteshwaram - Flohn + Low pr @ TIbetian high and High Pr at Mascrene
M T Yin - Shift in STWJ brings
**Distribution of key minerals
STEEL

HOW TO MAKE
Iron mined (impure)
Heating of iron ore for purification – smelting
Oxygen furnace – oxygen blows through melted iron – lowers its impurities
Other metals are added to make various steel

History of steel industy

Government decided to start a chain of steel plants all over the country in the public sector.
The first such plant was set up at Rourkela in Orissa.

Status of Indian industry

India annual production of steel = 130 ml ton (2018), China = 900 ml ton
Became 2nd largest (defeated Japan)
India is the largest producer of sponge iron in the world

Phases
Challenges
Material
Non-availability of metallurgical coking coal
Key ingredients: nickel, molybdenum- not available
High cost of power
Men
Cheap labour - but need skill devp
Low labour productivity
Market
Untapped rural market
Falling prices, stagnant demand – over-supply
Poor infrastructure –transport
Less investment on R&D
Low quality, and less flexibility over lattest demands

Potential
Material
India has high quality iron reserve (hematite) [4thlargest reserve]
Man
3th Largest pool of technical man power
Cheap Economical labour (but need skill deve)
Market
 Market
Untapped rural market
Make in India, Housing for all by 2020, roads- railway -infra

Gov to set up scrap based steel plants

to reduce india's dependency on steel import
technology used – melt and manufacture
advantages – eco friendly, energy efficient, cost effective
india - 2nd largest importer of scrap based steel after Turkey

CEMENT

One of the most advanced industries in India

Important for infra-development and housing in the country
Status of Indian industry
India-2nd largest producer of cement (after China)
150 large and 350 mini cement plants.
Avg. per capita cement consumption in India = <200 kg, world avg. (500 kg)
Raw material

Location factor
Location based on source of limestone
1.5 ton of limestone require to produce 1 ton of cement
Coal is another important requirement
Coal is need to burn the limestone. Ash of burnt coal is mixed with limestone to make clinker
Energy intensive industry

Potential
…….
Market
Ministry of transport has decided to build concrete cement roads in place of traditional bitumen
roads
 roads
cement roads are cost-effective and require less maintenance.
India has to import bitumen

COAL
Problem is-

Lignite
TN - Neyvelli
Bituminous
JH - Bokaro, Damodar valley
MH - Nagpur kampti
Anthracite
WB - Gangatic delta

Problems in Indian coal

Men
Rat hole
Diseases - silicosis, pneumoconiosis etc
Deep mining techniques primitive = high casualty
Coal mines with Methane are dangerous for coal mining – allowed to escape= wasteful
Material
Not enough high grade cocking coal – depend on import
Huge Coal import is increasing despite large reserve
Good and low grade coal found together – selective mining = wasteful
Washing, dressing, blending, briquetting of inferior coal needed
Adv —>Washing – lower down ash content – waste removed – low weight – transportation
cost reduced
Dis —> waste lot of water
Market
Captive
Open-caste mining – smuggling, air pollution
Enviro
Illegal mining – ecologically dangerous
Poor connectivity from mines to consumer locations
Efficiency of Indian coal mining is very low – lack of tech + equipment

Syngas
Underground coal gasification is a method to extract gas from deep, unrecoverable coal reserves,
where manual (labour) mining is impossible or costly.
They dig two wells
injection well: water+ oxygen+ gasification agent pumped from here
production well: synthetic gas (syngas) comes out from here
 BENEFITS
Syngas can be used in generating electricity, manufacturing of hydrogen & fertilizers.
needs less water than conventional mining and hydraulic fracking (Shale gas)

Energy

India = 2.4% of annual world energy production but consumes 3.4% of annual world energy
production
Future concern:
Growing population, urbanization, Make in India campaign – energy security is necessary

Energy security
Domestic challenges
Mapping - Need Full exploration of Indiaʼs sedimentary basin
Untapped renewable resources (30% of its potential)
Problem of high transmission and distribution losses
Need to Build Strategic reserve 2015:
Vishakhapatnam (AP)
Rajkot (GJ)
Padur (KN)
International challenges
India relied on import for 75-80% of its demand
West Asia – political fragile region
Need diversification of sources and countries
Need acquisition of foreign oil fields by state oil companies

Petroleum refineries
One of the 8 core industries of India
India import crude oil
India exports refined petroleum products 10% of the production
Private major - Reliance, Essar
Production area
MH- Nilam oil field (Bombay High) – 60% of Indiaʼs production
South Bassain (larger reserve than Nilam)
Assam - Digboi (1st)

Challenges
R and D
Digboi refinery = 1st oil well of India. ~Lowest output in world.
Refinery -not upgraded,
Men
shortage of man
bandhs/blockades
Material
Oil from ageing fields, except KG & RJ
shortage of crude oil, finance
Environmental issues

Natural Gas

Sedimentary rocks in which hydrocarbons are trapped often hold gas, sometimes in association
with crude oil and sometimes alone.
It consists mostly of methane, which is lighter than air and toxic. It therefore requires airtight tanks
for storage and similarly leak-proof pipes or trucks for transport, which raise its capital costs.
Natural gas occupies 4 times the space of a gasoline-equivalent energy

In India
Not enough natural gas reserve
In India natural gas found along with Oil reserve
India does not have exclusive natural gas reserve
Sometimes, Natural gas re-injected into the oilfield to maintain pressure which forces oil up to the
surface

Production areas
Same as crude oil … Assam arakan, Bombay high etc
Import
Transport
Natural gas is liquefied (LNG) then transported to long distances
Liquefaction plant at exporting country and re-gasification plant at importing country
India 5 existing such LNG terminals:
Dahej, Gujrat by Petronet etc

World
**FORMATION OF HIMALAYAS
HOW?
India = part of Gondwana -> northward movement
O – O collision between Indian ocean and Eurasian ocean plate -> Dras island (volcanic island)
Eurasian ocean plate subducted
O (indian ocean plate) – C (Eurasian continental plate) collision -> Karakoram mountains (Volcanic
mountain)
Indian Ocean plate subducted
C – C collision -> fold mountains (himalayas)
Himalayas are still uplifting

SIGNIFICANCE?
Indian plate is pushing Eurasian plate -> geological fault -> seismic activity
eg. Nepal earthquake (2015) (7.8 magnitude)
NOTE : no volcanic activity in the region

Use of Himalaya
10 Significance of the Himalaya Mountains to India are as follows:
1. Climatic Influence,
2. Defence,
3. Source of Rivers,
4. Fertile Soil,
5. Hydroelectricity,
6. Forest Wealth,
7. Agriculture,
8. Tourism,
9. Pilgrimage,
10. Minerals

Cryosphere
The term Cryosphere denotes those portions on the Earth where water is found in the solid state.

EFFECTS ON THE GLOBAL CLIMATE-

Albedo, which by reflecting 70-80% Sunʼs radiation helps in cooling the Earth.
Global warming cryoshpere -> meltingwhich is resulted in sea level rise,
threatening the small island countries the most.
Rate of albedo gets decreased —> vicious cycle in motion (ice melts-> decreasing albedo->
increasing temperature-> ice melts) often called feedback loop.
Rich carbon reservoir —> will release methane

Govt steps
Cryosphere process and climate change.
Cryosphere studies in the Himalayas.
**Geography and Location of Industries
IRON ORE

SIGNIFICANCE OF IRON?
Standard of living judged by consumption of iron
foundation of basic industry – Iron and Steel industry

RESERVES AND DISTRIBUTION?

High grade ore – Bailadila sector of Chattisgarh
95% reserves in 6 states (Jharkhand, Odisha, MP, Chattisgarh, Karnatak, Goa)
Karnatak – Chikmagalur, Bellary district (Haemitite and Magnetite)
Odisha – Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, Sambalpur
Chattisgarh – Bailadila, Dalli Rajhara
Jharkhand – Singhbhum district

RARE EARTH INDUSTRY

WHAT??
group of 17 elements in periodic table – Lanthanoids, Scandium, Yittrium
found in very minuscule amount on earth + high importance

IMPORTANCE??
economic value
high revenue potential
high end technological equipment and communication
clean energy – electric cars, solar panels, wind turbines, rechargeable batteries
electronic industry – smart phones, hard drives, television screens, computers, silicon chips
aerospace industry – parts of aircraft
health industry - manufacturing of devices (X ray, MRI)
strategic value
defennce equipment
night vision goggles, precision guided weapons, communication equipments, GPS
equipment,
missile manufacturing

DISTRIBUTION
REM INDUSTRY IN INDIA
india possess 35% of world's basic sand minerals
indian earth mineral limited (PSU)
Plant @ Chavana (Kerala) and Chattarpur (Odisha)
14% growth potential (global earth mineral report )

WAY AHEAD?
National REM policy to bridge technological and infrastructural gap to tap its full potential

COIR INDUSTRY

WHAT??
coir – fibrous mass extracted from coconut husk
important cottage industry
types – white fibre and brown fibre
main export destination – US
7 lakh people employed. 70% = women
india = 66% of coir production in world
Max = kerala (availability of coconut)

GOV INITIATIVES
Coir Udyami yojana
credit linked subsidy scheme – 40% gov subsidy, 55% bank loan, 5% beneficiary contribution
for setting up of coir units upto Rs 10 lakh
assistance to individuals, SHG, NGO, cooperative societies
coir vikas yojana
skill upgradation and quality improvement of products
mahila coir yojana – subsidised ratts to women workers
development of production infrastructure, domestic market promotion, export market
ti
 prromotion

CHALLENGES??
climate change, change in pattern of monsoonal rains
competition from indonesia, SL, Vietnam
poor quality of raw material, high cost of material
labour problem = absenteeism, low wages, low skill, low labour productivity
cheap credit, marketing of finished goods

TEA PLANTATIONS IN INDIA – CHINA

FACTS??
tea processing is done in tea plantations
frost and winter climate = not favourable
hilly areas needed
tea from india, SL, china london market (including export) (during colonial era)

WHY BRITISH INVESTMENT IN INDIAN TEA PLANTATIONS??

In 1830s, monopoly over trade in china = stop revenue declined shifted india
suez canal opened distance reduced

1. DARJEELING
kolkata port
morning fog + low T = high grade leaf
water from rivers (Tista) + SW monsoon
soil contains P + K
hilly areas = no stagnant water
labour + market

1. china
grown on yangtze-kiang + sikiang valley
summer monsoon = favourable T
hilly
yangtze-kiang shanghai port

Distribution of Key natural resources

BAUXITE
mainly hydrated Al2 O3 .2 H2 O
 y y
Reserves and distribution
occur as Blanket or cappings on hills and plateaus except in coastal areas of GJ and Goa
Bauxite from mines -> Alumina plant -> Al reduction plant

MINING AREAS
ODISHA
Kalahandi and Koraput district
sundargarh, Sambalpur
GJ
gulf of kachchh, Bhavnagar, Junagarh
Jharkhand
Ranchi, Gumta, Palamu
Exports – Japan, UK, Germany, Italy

COPPER
mining of copper – costly as minuscule % of metal in ore
International average = 2.5%, Indian ore's average < 1%

USES?
Conductor and ductile -> used in electrical machinery, wires, cables
automobile, defence industry
alloys
Fe + Ni + Cu = stainless steel
Cu + Ni = monel metal
Cu + Zn = Brass
Cu + Sn (Tin) = Bronze

RESERVES AND DISTRIBUTION?

Singhbhum (Jharkhand)
Balaghat (MP) (Malanjkhand belt)
Jhunjhunu and Alwar (RJ)
Khetri – Singhana beltRESERVES AND DISTRIBUTION?

MINERALS AND ROCKS

Q. WHAT IS MINERALS??
naturally occuring organic or inorganic substance, orderly atomic structure, definite chemical
composition and physical properties

Untitled Attachment 72 kB
 Untitled Attachment 136 kB

Untitled Attachment 47 kB

Ferrous – Iron, Mn
Non ferrous – Cu, Bauxite
Fuel mineral – coal, petroleum, natural gas
Other non metallic - mica, limestone, graphiteFerrous – Iron, Mn
Non ferrous – Cu, Bauxite
Fuel mineral – coal, petroleum, natural gas
Other non metallic - mica, limestone, graphite
METALLIC MINERALS?
Reserved in Archaean rocks
7% of total mineral value

IRON ORE
Magnetite
best – 72% iron
AP, Jharkhand, Goa, TN, Karnatak
Haematite
60-70% iron
AP, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chattisgarh, Goa, Karnatak, MH, RJ
Limonite
40-60% iron
yellow or light brown colour
Siderite
40-50% iron
self fluxing due to presence of lime
**INDIAN OCEAN
RESOURCES OF INDIAN OCEAN
1. Petroleum product (oil, natural gas, petrol, diesel)
1. eg. Gulf of Cambay, Bombay high, Krishna-Godavari basin
2. fisheries – food security (15% of world fishing)
3. marine agriculture – Brackish water agriculture for Rice, Oyster farming
4. PMN (polymetallic nodules)
5. Placer deposits
1. Thorium @ Malabar
2. heavy metals (used in semiconductors, electronics)
6. Coral reefs (tourism, source of calcium, natural recycling of nutrient)
7. disaster mitigation – Mangroves, coral reefs (absorb its energy)

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN FOR INDIA

Trade and commerce
95% of India's trade by volume
energy security
85% of oil and gas through Indian ocean into India
involvement of world powers
China for OBOR
security
26/11 mumbai attack
Above mentioned resources

For Ocean security

Govt has done - SHIPPING CLASSIFICATION

White – commercial ships
Grey – military vessels
Black – illegal vessels
aim – advance information about the incoming ships (to prevent any future 26/11 kind of attack)
**POLYMETALLIC NODULES
also called manganese nodules
small nodules of metal like Mn, Fe, Si, Al, Ni, Co (SiAl Fe Mg)
potato shaped, largely porous
contains
Mn
Fe
Cu
Co
Pb
Molybdenum
Cd
Vanadium
Ti
Ni
india has signed 15 year contract with International seabed authority (ISA) for exploration of PMN in
central indian ocean in 2002, extended till 2022

NOTE : Gov recently launched deep ocean mission to study and harness mineral resources beneath the
ocean floor

SIGNIFICANCE?
Empowerment of coastal communities – employment, enterpreunership
development of blue economy and blue revolution – efficient usage of water resources
boost to rare earth mineral (REM) industry

CHALLENGES?
Technical challenge – specialized drills, extraction technology
ecological imbalance – deep sea mining
*Dam safety
News
On July 2019- 20 people were feared dead after the Tiware dam in Ratnagiri in Maharashtraʼs
Konkan region breached. Local elected representatives -
govt taking no action even though they had complained that cracks had been spotted.
Fight over jurisdiction- which tehsil ...

Small dam Vs Big dam

Imp is
Right dam (small/big)
@ right location
@right time

Large dam Small dam

Design, construction,complexity - high

Huge loss in case of failure Better - in case of failure of dam

Large land acquisition - more chances of delay (e.g. NBA)

High capital costs

Huge deforestation and clearance

Rehabilitation issues

Huge size / volume of dam (bcoz high water pressure)

Types of dam in India

Earth dam:
Gravity dam:
Composite dam:

Govt initiatives
h bili i d j ( )
 Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP)
Dam safety bill 2019

Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP)

Objective
To improve the safety and operational performance of selected existing dams

Main feature
Under Jal mantralaya
It is an externally-aided project. 80% -World Bank ; 20% is borne by the States / Central Government
(for CWC).
It aims to repair and rehabilitation of about 225 dam projects across India (Total dams in India -
5k)
160 dams are more than 100 years old.

World Bank agrees for 11k cr for DRIP

Includes jaikawadi and Konya
Bhakra
Hirakud
….
Aim
Operations
Maintenance
Emergency action plan
Revenue generation for self sustenance - tourism, power generation, fisheries etc

Total dams
Total failures in MH - 4/40 failures

Dam classification
Large dam - >15m from crest of foundation
Medium - 10-15
Small - <10

Dam Safety Bill, 2019

Key Provisions:
Constitution of a National Committee on Dam Safety
a) formulating policies and regulations regarding dam safety standards and prevention of dam
failures,
b) analysing causes of major dam failures and suggesting changes in dam safety practices.
 Provides for establishing a National Dam Safety Authority(NDSA and SDSA) as a regulatory body to
implement the policy.
It will help in standardizing and improving dam safety practices across the country.
It will address all issues concerning dam safety including regular inspection of dams, Emergency
Action Plan, comprehensive dam safety review, adequate repair and maintenance funds for dam
safety, Instrumentation and Safety Manuals.
The Bill provides for punishment / penalty if the dam safety provisions are not followed
Onus on owner

Opposition
Against the spirit of federalism - ʻwaterʼ comes under the State list
Bill give overriding power to NDSA over state committee on dam safety in case of Dams constructed
by the State Government in the neighbouring State
The state had objection to its coverage of Mullaperiyar dam.
The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to oppose
Sharing of data on dams - against sovereign rights of states
Tamil Nadu - against access and information on four of its dams

Dam to control sea level rise —> Moving to adaptation

News —> Northern European Enclosure Dam (NEED)

Paper published to construct 600k- 200m deep dam
Scotland to Norway
England to France
Cost = 0.3% of GDP of 15 countries each for next 20 yrs = feasible
*PHYSIOGRAPHY OF INDIA and WORLD
FACTS
7th largest country
3.28 million sq km
2.4% of world's land surface area
distance
NS – 3214 km
EW – 2933 km
standard meridian – 82 degree 30 min -> 5.5 hrs ahead of GMT
coastline
6100 km (only mainland)
7517 km (mainland + island)
tropic of cancer

NORTHERN PLAINS
formed by alluvial deposit brought by indus, ganga , Brahmaputra rivers
sunderban delta – largest delta of the world
major zones
Bhabhar
8-10 km narrow belt parallel to shivalik foothills
disappearance of river
deposition of rocks
Terai
south of Bhabhar
10-20 km
re emergence of rivers
marshy, swampy conditions
alluvial plains (fertile, frequent flood due to meander, changing course -> deposition of materials)
bhangar
old material deposited here
Khadar
new material
landform associated
riverine island
sand bars
meanders
A meander is defined as a pronounced curve or loop in the course of a river channel
 ox bow lakes
braided channels

PENINSULAR PLATEAU
oldest, most stable
physiographic features
block mountains
rift valley
spurs
bare rocky structrues
nummocky hills
Quartzite dykes
reason for seismic activity – bhima fault across Bhima river

COASTAL PLAINS
western
submerged type
less deposit by river + small course of river (zauri) -> no delta, only estuary
natural ports and harbours
classification
kachchh
konkan
goan
eastern
emergent coast
well developed delta of mahanadi, godavari, krishna etc
mangroves
broader
continental shelf extend 500 km into the sea -> lesser number of ports

(Coastline of emergence is formed either by an uplift of the land or by the lowering of the sea level.
Coastline of submergence is an exact opposite case.
Coramandal coast (Tamil Nadu) ==> Coastline of emergence
Malabar coast (Kerala Coast) ==> Coastline of emergence
Konkan coast (Maharashtra and Goa Coast) ==> Coastline of submergence.

INDIAN DESERT
NW to aravalli
arid climate, low vegetation cover
rainfall < 15cm per year
inland drainage ( rivers disappear before entering sea, eg Luni) -> brackish salt water lake
landforms
longitudinal dunes
 longitudinal dunes
barchans
mushroom rocks
shifting dunes
marine fossil deposit found near Jaisalmer -> region was under sea in mesozoic era

ISLANDS
A&N
572 island
6-14 degree N, 92-94 degree east
north (andaman) and south (Nicobar) separated by 10 degree channel
barren island – only active volcano (2017 eruption after 150yrs)
which lies above the subduction zone of India and Burmese plate.
coral deposit, convectional rainfall, equatorial vegetation
Lakshadweep
36 island – only 11 inhibitated
Minicoy – largest
8-12 degree N, 71-74 degree E
storm beaches
coral island
*Shale gas
Govt aim - reduce oil import by 10% by 2022 (use in all)

News
Recently, it was highlighted that lack of uniformity in clearance of proposals is hurting shale
explorers (Aug 2020)

natural gas trapped within shale rocks (sedimentary)

method used = hydraulic fracturing

CHALLENGES
difficulty in extraction as shale rocks – highly impermeable

NOTE : Guar gum used in hydraulic fracturing technology during shale gas extraction

Other importance
Income for farmers producing guar gum - Guj and rajasthan
Niche wale sab unconventional hydrocarbons ke liye hai
Creates jobs and provides economic benefits to the entire domestic production supply chain, as
well as to chemical and other manufacturers, who benefit from lower feedstock and energy costs.
Increase domestic production - aspiration of 10% reduction in imports by 2022
Build infrastructure – Greenfield and brownfield refineries, petrochemical plants, pipelines, LNG
terminals.
It will attract FDI & technical expertise
Areas of shale gas

Govt Initiatives
HELP etc..

Various OfficialRecommendations: NITI AAYOG Recommendations:

There should be a Shale Oil and Gas Authority should be setupto exploit the shale oil and gas
reserves in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.