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CHAPTER - 2
Mathematical Methods
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Q1: Define scalars and vectors. Give two .
examples of each. For example,
Ans: - (1) Scalars or scalar quantities: The (1) Velocity vector of a stationary particle
physical quantities which can be completely is a zero vector.
described by their magnitude alone are called (2) The acceleration vector of an object
as scalars or scalar quantities. (AidSa raSaI) moving with uniform velocity is a zero
For example, length, mass, time, temperature, vector.
speed, work, power, pressure density, area, (b) Resultant vector: The resultant of two
volume etc, are the scalar quantities. or more vectors is that single vector, which
Scalar quantities can be completely produces the same effect, as produced by all
described by magnitude and unit. Direction is the vectors together.
not required for scalar quantities. (c) Negative vector (opposite vector): A
Scalars can be added or subtracted by negative vector of a given vector is vector of

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simple algebraic rules the same magnitude but opposite in
(2) Vectors or vector quantities: Physical direction to that of the given vector.
quantities which need magnitude as well as
𝐴𝐴⃗
called vectors.

vector quantities.
R
direction for their complete description are

For example: - Displacement (ivasqaapna), velocity

(vaoga), acceleration, force, momentum etc. are the

Q2: Explain how the vectors are

represented.
In above figure, 𝐵𝐵
�⃗
𝐵𝐵
�⃗ is negative of 𝐴𝐴⃗
(d) Equal vectors: Two vectors 𝐴𝐴⃗ and 𝐵𝐵
representing same physical quantity are
said to be equal if and only if they have the
�⃗
SH
Ans: - The vectors can be represented in two
ways. same magnitude and direction.
(1) Graphical (AalaoK) representation: - 𝐴𝐴⃗
Graphically, vector is represented a directed
line segment or by an arrow. The magnitude of �⃗
𝐵𝐵
vector is represented by the length of the arrow
taken in proper scale while direction of vector �⃗ are equal vectors.
In above figure 𝐴𝐴⃗ and 𝐵𝐵
is represented by the arrowhead.
(e) Position vector: A vector which gives
𝐴𝐴⃗ the position of a particle at a point with
respect to the origin of a chosen coordinate
Symbolic (ivaSlaoYaNa) representation: - system is called the position vector of the
symbolically, vector is represented by a letter particle.
with an arrow over the head of that letter. For
example, 𝐴𝐴⃗ (Read as vector A). Magnitude is �⃗
𝑌𝑌
𝑟𝑟⃗ P
represented by, |𝐴𝐴⃗| or A

Q: Define (a) zero vector (b) resultant vector

(c) negative vector (d) equal vectors (e)
position vector (f) unit vector O
Ans: (a) zero vector: A vector having zero 𝑋𝑋⃗
magnitude with a particular direction
�����⃗ is the position of the
In above figure, 𝑟𝑟⃗ = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
(arbitrary) is called zero vector.
particle present at P.
Symbolically it is represented as �0⃗
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and direction of the resultant is the same as that
(f) Unit vector: A vector having unit of the individual vectors,
magnitude in a given direction is called a unit
vector in that direction. If 𝑀𝑀 ��⃗ is a non zero
vector i.e. its magnitude M =| 𝑀𝑀 ��⃗ | is not zero,
��⃗ is written as 𝑢𝑢�𝑀𝑀 and is
the unit vector along 𝑀𝑀
given by,
��⃗ = 𝑢𝑢�𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀
𝑀𝑀
For example, in figure,
��⃗
𝑀𝑀
or, 𝑢𝑢�𝑀𝑀 = �����⃗ � = �𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
�����⃗ � + �𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
�����⃗ �
𝑀𝑀 �𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Hence 𝑢𝑢�𝑀𝑀 unit magnitude and has same �����⃗ � = 5 + 7 = 12 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
�𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
��⃗
direction as that of 𝑀𝑀
�����⃗ and 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶
and its direction is same as that of 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 �����⃗
We use 𝚤𝚤̂, 𝚥𝚥̂ and 𝑘𝑘� respectively, as unit vectors
along the x, y and z directions of a rectangular
(three dimensional) coordinate system. �����⃗ is resultant vector and𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Here, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 �����⃗ and 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶
�����⃗
Thus, 𝑢𝑢�𝑥𝑥 = 𝚤𝚤̂, 𝑢𝑢�𝑦𝑦 = 𝐽𝐽̂ and 𝑢𝑢�𝑧𝑧 = 𝑘𝑘� are the component of �����⃗
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

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𝑥𝑥⃗ �⃗
𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧⃗ 2) Vectors having opposite directions: - If the
or, 𝚤𝚤̂ = 𝑥𝑥
, 𝐽𝐽̂ = and 𝑘𝑘� =
𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧
individual vectors are anti-parallel (i.e., in the

axes respectively.
VECTOR OPERATIONS
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
R
Where, 𝑥𝑥⃗ , 𝑦𝑦⃗ and 𝑧𝑧⃗ are vectors along x, y and z

When a vector is multiplied by a scalar, the

result is vector quantity.
opposite direction), the magnitude of their
resultant is the difference of the individual
magnitudes, and the direction is that of the
larger vector
For example, in following figure,
SH
For example, when velocity (𝑣𝑣⃗) which is vector
quantity is multiplied by a mass (m) which is
scalar quantity, we get momentum (𝑃𝑃�⃗)which is
vector quantity.
�����⃗� = ��𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
�𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 ������⃗� − �𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩
������⃗��
𝑃𝑃�⃗= m𝑣𝑣⃗
When a vector is divided by a scalar, the result �����⃗� = |𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟓𝟓|�𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
�𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 �����⃗� = |𝟔𝟔| = 𝟔𝟔 𝑵𝑵
is a vector quantity.
and its direction is same as that of larger vector
To divide 𝐴𝐴⃗ by x means to multiply 𝐴𝐴⃗ by (1/x) �����⃗
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
�����⃗ is resultant vector and𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Here, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 �����⃗ and 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶
�����⃗
Q: Explain how the vectors are added.
Ans: - Addition or subtraction of vectors is are the component of �����⃗
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
different from the addition or subtraction of
scalars. Directions of the vectors play important
role in addition or subtraction of vector.
Q: State and explain the law of triangle.
Only vectors of same type (describing same Ans: - The law of triangle is used to add the
physical quantity) can be added or subtracted. vectors having different directions. It can be
Depending upon the directions of the vectors, stated as follows.
they are added in different ways as follows. Law of triangle: - If two vectors describing the
(1) Vectors having same direction (parallel same physical quantity are represented in
vectors) : - If individual vectors are parallel (i.e., magnitude and direction by the two sides of a
in the same direction), the magnitude of their triangle taken in order, then their resultant is
resultant is the addition of individual magnitudes, represented in magnitude and direction by the

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third side of the triangle drawn in the opposite
sense (from the starting point of first vector to
the end point of the second vector).

Fig (1)

Let 𝐴𝐴⃗ and 𝐵𝐵

�⃗ be two vectors in the plane of paper
as shown in Fig (1) The sum of these two vectors
can be obtained by using the triangle law
described above as shown in Fig. (2). The

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resultant vector is indicated by 𝐶𝐶⃗

R
Fig (2)
SH
In this case 𝐶𝐶⃗ is called as resultant, while 𝐴𝐴⃗ and 𝐵𝐵
�⃗
are called as components of 𝐶𝐶 ⃗

Q: Explain, how vectors are subtracted.

Ans: Subtraction mean addition of negative Q: State and explain polygon (bahuBaujaakRtI) law
vector. of vector addition.
For example, in following figure (1), suppose Ans: - Polygon law of vectors is used for the
we have to find (𝐴𝐴⃗ −𝐵𝐵
�⃗) then take negative of 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ addition of more than two vectors.
as shown in fig (2) and then use law of Statement:If the number of vectors are
triangle, which gives 𝐴𝐴⃗ +𝐵𝐵
�⃗ as shown in figure represented in magnitude and direction by the
(3) sides of incomplete polygon taken in order,
then the resultant is represented in magnitude
and direction by the closing side of the polygon
taken in the reverse direction.
→ → →
Explanation: Let A B and C be three vectors
to be added together as shown in figure (1)
→
Shift B parallel to itself till its tail coincides
→ →
with the head of A . Next shift the C parallel to
→
itself till its tail coincides with the head of B .

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→ Proof:
Then the resultant R is given by joining the
→ →
tail of A to the head of C (Figure 2)

Figure (1)

Consider three vectors 𝐴𝐴⃗, 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ and 𝐶𝐶⃗. These

vectors can be added in two different ways to
give resultant 𝑅𝑅�⃗ as shown in following figure.
Figure (2) 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = �𝐴𝐴⃗ + 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ � + 𝐶𝐶⃗ … form triangle OQR

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Q: Prove that vector addition is 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = 𝐴𝐴⃗ + (𝐵𝐵
�⃗ + 𝐶𝐶⃗) … form triangle OPR
commutative. �⃗ � + 𝐶𝐶⃗ = 𝐴𝐴⃗ + (𝐵𝐵
i.e. �𝐴𝐴⃗ + 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ + 𝐶𝐶⃗)

R
Proof: Consider two vectors 𝑃𝑃�⃗
represented by two sides of a triangle OAB in
following figure. Resultant of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ and 𝑄𝑄
�⃗
and 𝑄𝑄

�⃗ is
represented by 𝑅𝑅�⃗ which is third side OB of a
triangle OAB.
Thus 𝑃𝑃�⃗ + 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑅𝑅�⃗ ………(1)
Thus, the associative law is proved.

Q: State law of parallelogram. Derive an

expression for magnitude and direction of
resultant vector of two vectors acting at a
common point and inclined at an angle θ.
SH
Ans: If two vectors of the same type,
originating from the same point (tails at the
same point) are represented in magnitude
and direction by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, their resultant vector is given
in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of
the parallelogram starting from the same
point.

But in triangle OCB, sides OC and CB

represents two vector 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ and 𝑃𝑃�⃗ and their
resultant is represented by third side OB of a
triangle OCB. Thus, in triangle OCB,
�⃗ + 𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 𝑅𝑅�⃗ ………(2)
𝑄𝑄
Thus, from eq (1) and eq (2)
𝑃𝑃�⃗ + 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ + 𝑅𝑅�⃗
Consider the two vectors 𝑃𝑃�⃗ and 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ represented
Thus, vector addition is commutative. by the two adjacent sides OA and OB of the
Q: Prove that vector addition is associative. parallelogram. Let θ is angle between them.𝑅𝑅�⃗

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is resultant vector represented by the diagonal and
OC of a parallelogram as shown in figure. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 =
Draw CD perpendicular(laMba) to OA produced. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
From geometry of figure we can write, ∴CD = AC sinθ & AD = AC cosθ
∠BOA = ∠CAD = θ (Corresponding angles,
saMgat kaona) Keeping these values in equation (4) we get,
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
In triangle OCD, by Pythagoras theorem, we ∴ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
can write,
OC2 = CD2 + OD2 ………. (1) But, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = |𝑄𝑄| ����⃗ and 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = |𝑃𝑃�⃗|,
But, OD = OA + AD Therefore equation (5) becomes,
Keeping this value in equation (1) we get,
OC2 = CD2 + (OA + AD)2 𝑄𝑄 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
∴ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑃𝑃 + 𝑄𝑄 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
OC2 = CD2 + OA2 + 2 OA. AD + AD2
𝑄𝑄 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
OC2 = CD2 + OA2 + AD2 + [Link] ∴ 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
𝑃𝑃 + 𝑄𝑄 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
OC2 = OA2 + AD2 + CD2 + [Link] …. (2)
This expression gives the direction of resultant

I
In triangle ACD we can write, vector 𝑅𝑅�⃗
AC2= AD2+ CD2 & AD =AC cosθ Q: Define resolution of the vector.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
∵ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 R
Keeping these values in equation (2), we get,
OC2 = OA2 + AC2 + 2 [Link] cos θ … (3)
But from figure,
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗� = 𝑃𝑃, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = |𝑄𝑄
�⃗ |= Q and 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 =
Ans: The process of splitting a given vector
into its components is called resolution of
the vector.
Q: Define Rectangular components of a
vector.
Ans: Rectangular components of a vector: -
The components of a vector which are directed
SH
����⃗ = 𝑅𝑅 along the positive directions of X, Y, and Z
|𝑅𝑅|
axes are called as rectangular components of a
∴ R2 = P2 + Q2+ 2PQ cosθ vector.
OR
∴ 𝑅𝑅 = �𝑃𝑃2 + 𝑄𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 The components of a vector which are mutually
This expression gives the magnitude of perpendicular to each other are called as
resultant vector. rectangular components of a vector.
Expression for direction of resultant vector:
Let α is angle made by 𝑅𝑅�⃗ with 𝑃𝑃�⃗. In triangle
OCD,
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
But, OD = OA + AD
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∴ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = … . . (4)
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
But, in triangle CAD,
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

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𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
Q: Explain how to find rectangular 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥
components in two dimensions. 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦
∴𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
Ans: Consider a vector 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = �����⃗
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 , 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥
originating from the origin of a rectangular Three Dimensional System: If ����⃗ 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 , ����⃗
𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 and ����⃗
𝑅𝑅𝑧𝑧
co-ordinate system as shown in following �⃗
are the rectangular components of 𝑅𝑅 in three
Fig. dimensional, right handed, rectangular
coordinate system, then
𝑅𝑅�⃗ = ����⃗
𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 + 𝑅𝑅 ����⃗ ����⃗
𝑦𝑦 + 𝑅𝑅𝑧𝑧
𝑅𝑅�⃗ = 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 𝐽𝐽̂ + 𝑅𝑅𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘�
𝑅𝑅 = �𝑅𝑅�⃗ � = �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑧𝑧2
If two vectors are equal, then their
corresponding components are also equal
Thus,
𝐴𝐴⃗ = 𝐵𝐵 �⃗
����⃗𝑥𝑥 + 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 ����⃗ ����⃗ ����⃗ ����⃗ ����⃗
𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 = 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 + 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧

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∴ Ax = Bx
Ay = By

�����⃗ = ����⃗
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋 and 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
the components of 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
axes, respectively.
R
Draw perpendiculars from C that
meet the x-axis at A and y-axis of at B.
�����⃗ = ����⃗ ����⃗𝑥𝑥 and 𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑅
�����⃗ along the x and y
𝑦𝑦 being
����⃗
Az = Bz

Q: Multiplication of a vector by a scalar: -

When a vector is multiplied by a scalar, the
result is vector quantity.
For example, when velocity (𝑣𝑣⃗) which is
vector quantity is multiplied by a mass (m)
SH
which is scalar quantity, we get momentum
Then by the law of parallelogram of vectors,
(𝑃𝑃�⃗)which is vector quantity.
𝑅𝑅�⃗ = ����⃗
𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 + ����⃗
𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦
𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⃗
�⃗
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥̂ Q: Define scalar product of vectors. State
where 𝚤𝚤̂ and 𝚥𝚥̂ are unit vectors along the the characteristics of scalar product.
x and y axes respectively, and Rx and Ry are
�⃗ Ans: - Scalar product (or dot product):- The
the magnitudes of the two components of R
scalar product of two vectors is defined as the
Let θ is angle made by 𝑅𝑅�⃗ with x-axis, product of magnitudes of the two vectors and
then cosine of angle between them.
𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐θ
𝑅𝑅
∴ Rx = R cosθ ……(1)
𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝑅𝑅
∴ Ry = R sin θ ……(2)
Squaring and adding eq (1) and eq (2)
R2 cos2θ + R2 sin2 θ = Rx2 + Ry2
R2 (cos2θ + sin2 θ) = Rx2 + Ry2
R2 = Rx2 + Ry2
Or, 𝑅𝑅 = �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦2 ……(3)
Equation (3) gives magnitude of 𝑅𝑅�⃗ Characteristics of scalar product: -
To find direction of 𝑅𝑅�⃗ , from above figure 1) The scalar product of two vectors is
equivalent to the product of magnitude of

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one vector with the magnitude of the 𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 cos 180 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃× (−1) = −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
component of the other vector in the
direction of the first. 7) ��⃗
𝑷𝑷 = ��⃗
𝑸𝑸 then ��⃗
𝑷𝑷. ��⃗
𝑸𝑸 = 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝟎𝟎 = 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐

8) Scalar product of rectangular unit

vectors:
𝚤𝚤⃗. 𝚤𝚤⃗ = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 = (1)(1)(1) = 1
𝚥𝚥⃗. 𝚥𝚥⃗ = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 = (1)(1)(1) = 1
�⃗ . 𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘 �⃗ = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 = (1)(1)(1) = 1
�⃗ = 𝑘𝑘
𝚤𝚤⃗. 𝚥𝚥⃗ = 𝚥𝚥⃗. 𝚤𝚤⃗ = 𝚥𝚥⃗. 𝑘𝑘 �⃗ . 𝚥𝚥⃗ = 𝚤𝚤⃗. 𝑘𝑘
�⃗ = 𝑘𝑘
�⃗ . 𝚤𝚤⃗ = 0

9) Scalar product of vectors expressed in

terms of rectangular components:
If, 𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘�⃗ and 𝑄𝑄�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥⃗ +
From figure, 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘�⃗
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐θ then, 𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑋𝑋 + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑍𝑍
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃(𝑄𝑄 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐θ)

I
�⃗ =
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄 10) If 𝒂𝒂 �⃗. �𝒃𝒃⃗ = �𝒂𝒂⃗. 𝒄𝒄
�⃗, where 𝒂𝒂
�⃗ ≠ 𝟎𝟎, it is not
�⃗ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃�⃗)
𝑃𝑃(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑄𝑄 necessary that 𝒃𝒃 = 𝒄𝒄 � ⃗ �⃗
Similarly,
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐θ

�⃗ =
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄(𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐θ)
R
𝑄𝑄(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃�⃗ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑄𝑄�⃗)

2) Scalar product obeys the commutative

� ⃗
𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗
𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑏𝑏�⃗ − 𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 0
𝑎𝑎⃗. (𝑏𝑏�⃗ − 𝑐𝑐⃗) = 0
It implies that, either (𝑏𝑏�⃗ − 𝑐𝑐⃗) = 0 or 𝑎𝑎⃗. is
perpendicular to (𝑏𝑏�⃗ − 𝑐𝑐⃗). It does not
necessarily imply that 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 𝑐𝑐⃗
SH
law of vector multiplication.
Q: 𝑷𝑷 ��⃗ = 𝑷𝑷𝒙𝒙 𝒊𝒊⃗ + 𝑷𝑷𝒚𝒚 𝒋𝒋⃗ + 𝑷𝑷𝒛𝒛 �𝒌𝒌⃗ and 𝑸𝑸
��⃗ = 𝑸𝑸𝒙𝒙 𝒊𝒊⃗ + 𝑸𝑸𝒚𝒚 𝒋𝒋⃗ +
i.e. 𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ . 𝑃𝑃�⃗
�⃗
𝑸𝑸𝒛𝒛 𝒌𝒌
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐θ = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄θ = 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ . 𝑃𝑃�⃗
then prove that
3) The scalar product obeys distributive law ��⃗
of multiplication. 𝑷𝑷. ��⃗
𝑸𝑸 = 𝑷𝑷𝒙𝒙 𝑸𝑸𝑿𝑿 + 𝑷𝑷𝒚𝒚 𝑸𝑸𝒚𝒚 + 𝑷𝑷𝒛𝒛 𝑸𝑸𝒁𝒁
Proof: -
𝑃𝑃�⃗. �𝑄𝑄�⃗ + 𝑅𝑅�⃗ � = 𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ + 𝑃𝑃�⃗ . 𝑅𝑅�⃗ 𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = �𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥⃗𝑖𝑖 + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦⃗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘
�⃗�. (𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥⃗𝑖𝑖 + 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦⃗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘
�⃗)
4) Scalar product of two parallel vectors (θ �⃗ �𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = (𝚤𝚤⃗. 𝚤𝚤⃗)𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + (𝚤𝚤⃗. 𝚥𝚥⃗)𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + �𝚤𝚤⃗. 𝑘𝑘
= 00) is equal to product of magnitude of
two vectors + (𝚥𝚥⃗. 𝚤𝚤⃗)𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + (𝚥𝚥⃗. 𝚥𝚥⃗)𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + �𝚥𝚥⃗. 𝑘𝑘�⃗ �𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (When, θ = 0) + �𝑘𝑘 �⃗ . 𝚤𝚤⃗�𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + �𝑘𝑘�⃗ . 𝚥𝚥⃗�𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + �𝑘𝑘
�⃗ . 𝑘𝑘
�⃗ �𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐θ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃0 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
5) Scalar product of two mutually 𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = (1)𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + (0)𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + (0)𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
perpendicular vectors (θ = 900) is equal to + (0)𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + (1)𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + (0)𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
zero. + (0)𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + (0)𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + (1)𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐θ
But when two vectors are perpendicular then θ 𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + 0 + 0
= 900 and cos90 = 0. + 0 + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + 0
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐θ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 cos 90 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃×0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 0, 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑃𝑃�⃗ ⊥ 𝑄𝑄 �⃗
6) If two vectors are antiparallel (opposite) 𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
then, θ = 1800,

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Q: Define vector product of two vectors. direction of 𝑅𝑅�⃗ , perpendicular to the plane
Ans: - Vector product (or cross product): -
containing 𝑃𝑃�⃗ and 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ .
The vector product of two vectors is a vector
quantity whose magnitude is equal to the Q: Give examples of vector (or cross) product.
product of magnitudes of two vectors and sine Ans:
of smaller angle between them, and whose �⃗experienced by a charge q
1 The force 𝐹𝐹
direction is given by 𝑢𝑢� which is a unit vector
perpendicular to the plane containing the moving with velocity 𝑣𝑣 �⃗ through a uniform
two vectors and is given by the right hand magnetic field of magnetic induction 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ . It is
screw rule. an empirical law (experimentally
∴ 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢�𝑟𝑟 (figure (1)) �⃗
determined) given by 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑞𝑞(𝑣𝑣 �⃗ × �𝐵𝐵⃗)
and ∴ 𝑆𝑆⃗ = 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ × 𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢�𝑠𝑠 (figure (2)) 2 In circular motion linear velocity 𝑣𝑣⃗ is cross
product of angular velocity 𝜔𝜔 �⃗ and radius
vector 𝑟𝑟⃗ given by 𝑣𝑣 �⃗ = 𝜔𝜔
��⃗ × 𝑟𝑟⃗
3 Torque (or moment of force) 𝜏𝜏⃗ is vector (or
cross) product of position vector 𝑟𝑟⃗ and force
𝐹𝐹⃗ given by 𝜏𝜏⃗ = 𝑟𝑟⃗ × �⃗
𝐹𝐹

I
Q: State characteristics of vector (or cross)
product.

R Ans:
01) Vector product does not obey
commutative law of multiplication.
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ ≠ 𝑄𝑄�⃗ × 𝑃𝑃�⃗
However, 𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
and |𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = − 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ | = |𝑄𝑄
�⃗ × 𝑃𝑃�⃗
�⃗ × 𝑃𝑃�⃗|
i.e., the magnitudes are the same,
SH
but the directions are opposite to each
other.

02) The vector product obeys the distributive

law of multiplication.
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × �𝑄𝑄 �⃗ + 𝑅𝑅�⃗ � = 𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ + 𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑅𝑅�⃗
03)Vector product of two non-zero parallel
vectors (θ = 0) is equal to zero.
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 0 when 𝑃𝑃�⃗ is parallel to 𝑄𝑄 �⃗
�𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ � = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠0 = 0
04) Vector product of a vector with itself is
equal to 0
i.e 𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 0
�𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑃𝑃�⃗� = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠0 = 0

05) If, 𝑷𝑷 ��⃗ then, �𝑷𝑷

��⃗ = 𝑸𝑸 ��⃗� = �𝑷𝑷
��⃗ × 𝑸𝑸 ��⃗ × 𝑷𝑷
��⃗� =
Q: State right hand screw rule. ��⃗ × 𝑸𝑸
�𝑸𝑸 ��⃗� = 𝟎𝟎
Ans: According to the right-hand screw rule,
if 06) Vector product of two non-zero anti
the screw is rotated in a direction from 𝑃𝑃�⃗ to 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ parallel (opposite) (θ = 1800 = π rad) vectors is
through the smaller angle, then the direction in equal to zero.
which the tip of the screw advances is the �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ � = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠180 = 0

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07) If the two nonzero vectors are

perpendicular (θ = 900 = π/2 rad) to each
other, the magnitude of their vector product is
equal to the product of magnitudes of the two
vectors.
�𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ � = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠90 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
08) Vector product of rectangular unit
vectors.
In above figure, area of parallelogram is
given by,
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ �

Q: If, 𝑷𝑷 � and ��⃗

��⃗ = 𝑷𝑷𝒙𝒙 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝑷𝑷𝒚𝒚 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝑷𝑷𝒛𝒛 𝒌𝒌 𝑸𝑸 = 𝑸𝑸𝒙𝒙 𝒊𝒊̂ +
�
𝑸𝑸𝒚𝒚 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝑸𝑸𝒛𝒛 𝒌𝒌
then, prove that,
𝒊𝒊̂ 𝒋𝒋̂ �
𝒌𝒌

I
��⃗ ��⃗
𝑷𝑷 × 𝑸𝑸 = �𝑷𝑷𝒙𝒙 𝑷𝑷𝒚𝒚 𝑷𝑷𝒛𝒛 �
𝑸𝑸𝒙𝒙 𝑸𝑸𝒚𝒚 𝑸𝑸𝒛𝒛

R Proof:

𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = �𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖̂ + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑗𝑗̂ + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘� � × (𝑄𝑄 𝑖𝑖̂ + 𝑄𝑄 𝑗𝑗̂

𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
+ 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘� )
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦

�⃗ = (𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝚤𝚤̂)𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + (𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝚥𝚥̂)𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + �𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝑘𝑘� �𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
+ (𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝚤𝚤̂)𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + (𝚥𝚥̂ × 𝚥𝚥̂)𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + �𝚥𝚥̂ × 𝑘𝑘� �𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
+ �𝑘𝑘� × 𝚤𝚤̂�𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + �𝑘𝑘� × 𝚥𝚥̂�𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 +
SH
|𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝚤𝚤̂| = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠0 = (1)(1)(0) = 0 (∴ 𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝚤𝚤̂ = �𝑘𝑘� × 𝑘𝑘� �𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
0)
|𝚥𝚥̂ × 𝚥𝚥̂| = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠0 = (1)(1)(0) = 0 (∴ 𝚥𝚥̂ × 𝚥𝚥̂ = �⃗ = (0)𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + �𝑘𝑘��𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + (−𝚥𝚥̂)𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
0)
� × 𝑘𝑘
�𝑘𝑘 � � = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠0 = (1)(1)(0) = 0 �∴ 𝑘𝑘
� × 𝑘𝑘�= + �−𝑘𝑘��𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + (0)𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + (𝚤𝚤̂)𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
0� + (𝚥𝚥̂)𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + (−𝚤𝚤̂)𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + (0)𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧

𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝚥𝚥̂ = 𝑘𝑘� 𝚥𝚥̂ × 𝚤𝚤̂ = −𝑘𝑘� �⃗ = 0 + 𝑘𝑘�𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 − 𝚥𝚥̂𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
𝚥𝚥̂ × 𝑘𝑘� = 𝚤𝚤̂ 𝑘𝑘� × 𝚥𝚥̂ = − 𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝑘𝑘�𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 + 0 + 𝚤𝚤̂𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
𝑘𝑘� × 𝚤𝚤̂ = 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝑘𝑘� = −𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 − 𝚤𝚤̂𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + 0

09) Vector product of vectors expressed in 𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄

�⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 − 𝚤𝚤̂𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 − 𝚥𝚥̂𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
terms of rectangular components.
+ 𝚥𝚥̂𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘�𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘𝑘�𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥
If, 𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘� and 𝑄𝑄�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤̂ +
𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘�
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂(𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 − 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 ) − 𝚥𝚥̂(𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 − 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 )
then,
+ 𝑘𝑘�(𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 − 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 )
𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = � 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 �
𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 This can be written in a determinant form as
10) The magnitude of cross product of two
vectors is numerically equal to the area of a 𝒊𝒊̂ 𝒋𝒋̂ �
𝒌𝒌
parallelogram whose adjacent sides represent ��⃗ ��⃗ 𝑷𝑷
𝑷𝑷 × 𝑸𝑸 = � 𝒙𝒙 𝑷𝑷𝒚𝒚 𝑷𝑷𝒛𝒛 �
the two vectors.
𝑸𝑸𝒙𝒙 𝑸𝑸𝒚𝒚 𝑸𝑸𝒛𝒛
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𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 0, 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑃𝑃�⃗ �⃗
𝑄𝑄
⊥ 𝑄𝑄 �⃗

4) Scalar product of 4)Vector product of

Q: Prove that the magnitude of cross product rectangular unit rectangular unit vectors.
of two vectors is numerically equal to the area vectors: 𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝚤𝚤̂ = 0
of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides 𝚤𝚤⃗. 𝚤𝚤⃗ = 1 𝚥𝚥̂ × 𝚥𝚥̂ = 0
represent the two vectors. 𝚥𝚥⃗. 𝚥𝚥⃗ = 1 ∴ 𝑘𝑘� × 𝑘𝑘�=0
Proof: �⃗ . 𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘 �⃗ = 1 𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝚥𝚥̂ = 𝑘𝑘� 𝚥𝚥̂ × 𝚤𝚤̂ = −𝑘𝑘�
𝚤𝚤⃗. 𝚥𝚥⃗ = 𝚥𝚥⃗. 𝚤𝚤⃗ = 0 𝚥𝚥̂ × 𝑘𝑘� = 𝚤𝚤̂ 𝑘𝑘� × 𝚥𝚥̂ =
𝚥𝚥⃗. 𝑘𝑘�⃗ = 𝑘𝑘 �⃗ . 𝚥𝚥⃗ = 0 − 𝚤𝚤̂
�⃗ = 𝑘𝑘
𝚤𝚤⃗. 𝑘𝑘 �⃗ . 𝚤𝚤⃗ = 0 𝑘𝑘� × 𝚤𝚤̂ = 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝚤𝚤̂ × 𝑘𝑘� =
−𝚥𝚥̂

5) If, 𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤⃗ + 5) If, 𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥̂ +
𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘�⃗ and 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘� and 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥̂ +

I
In above figure
𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘�⃗ 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘�
𝑃𝑃�⃗ = �����⃗ �⃗ = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂, 𝑄𝑄 �����⃗ 𝑃𝑃�⃗ and 𝑄𝑄�⃗ are inclined at an
angle θ then, 𝑃𝑃�⃗ . 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑋𝑋 + then,

as base.
R
Perpendicular BD, of length h drawn on OA,
gives the height of the parallelogram with OA

Area of parallelogram = base × height

= OA × BD ….(1)
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
But in ∆OBD, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂, ∴ BD = OB sinθ
𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑍𝑍

6) for example, work

is scalar product of
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗
𝚤𝚤̂
= � 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥
𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥
𝚥𝚥̂
𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦
𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦

6) for example, torque

is vector product of
𝑘𝑘�
𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 �
𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
SH
Keeping this value in eq (1), we get force and force and position
Area of parallelogram = OA × OB sinθ displacement vector
Area of parallelogram = PQ sinθ 𝑊𝑊 = 𝐹𝐹⃗ . 𝑠𝑠⃗ 𝜏𝜏⃗ = 𝑟𝑟⃗ × 𝐹𝐹⃗
Area of parallelogram = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ �
Proved.

Q: Distinguish between scalar product and SOLVED PROBLEMS

vector product.
Ans: - 1. Two vectors of magnitudes 4 N and 3N are
Scalar product Vector product acting at a point O. Find magnitude and
1) Scalar product of 1) Vector product of direction of resultant vector if angle
two vectors is a two vectors is a vector between them is (a) 00 (b) 300 (c) 600 (d)
scalar quantity quantity 900 (d) 1200 (e) 1800
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑅𝑅�⃗ Solution:
2) Scalar product 2) Vector product does Given Data
obeys commutative not obey commutative P = 4N and Q = 3N, θ = 00, 300, 600, 900,
law of multiplication law of multiplication. 1200, 1800, R = ?
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄�⃗ . 𝑃𝑃�⃗ 𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ ≠ 𝑄𝑄�⃗ × 𝑃𝑃�⃗
R= P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos θ
3) Scalar product of 3) Vector product of (a) When θ = 00
two perpendicular two parallel vectors is
vectors is zero. zero R= 42 + 32 + 2 × 4 × 3cos 0
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 0 when ������⃗
𝑃𝑃 ∥ ∴ R= 16 + 9 + 24 ×1

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∴ R = 49 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
∴ R = 7N 𝑃𝑃 + 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
Direction of resultant will be given by, 3𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � � 4 + 3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐60
𝑃𝑃 + 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 3×0.8660
3𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠0 α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � 4+3×0.5 �
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
4 + 3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 2.598
0 α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �4+1.5�
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
4+3 2.598
0 α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � 5.5
�
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
7 α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 (0.4724)
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 (0)
α=0 𝛼𝛼 = 250 17′
(b) When θ = 300
R= 42 + 32 + 2 × 4 × 3cos 30 (d) When θ = 900
R= 16 + 9 + 24 × 0.8660 R= 42 + 32 + 2 × 4 × 3cos 90
∴ R= 16 + 9 + 20.784 ∴ R= 16 + 9 + 24 × 0

I
∴ R = 45.784 N ∴=
R 16 + 9
∴ R = 6.766N ∴ R = 25

α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �

α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �
3𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠30
R
Direction of resultant will be given by,
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑃𝑃 + 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄

3 + 4𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐30
3 × 0.5
�

�
∴R = 5N
Direction of resultant vector is given by,
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �

α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑃𝑃 + 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
3𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠90
4 + 3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐90
3×1
�

�
SH
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � � α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �4+3×0�
4 + 3 × 0.8660 3
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �4+0�
1.5
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � � α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �4�
3
4 + 2.598
1.5 α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 (0.7500)
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � � 𝛼𝛼 = 360 52′
6.598
1.5 (e) When θ = 1200
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � � R= 42 + 32 + 2 × 4 × 3cos120
6.598
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 (0.2273) =
R 16 + 9 + 24 × ( − cos(180 − 120) )
𝛼𝛼 = 120 48′ R= 16 + 9 − 24 × cos 60
R= 16 + 9 − 24 × (1/ 2)
(c) When θ = 600
∴=
R 25 − 12
∴ R= 42 + 32 + 2 × 4 × 3cos 60
∴ R = 13
∴ R= 16 + 9 + 24 × (1/ 2)
∴R = 3.6N
∴ R= 16 + 9 + 12
∴ R = 37 N Direction of resultant is given by,
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
∴R = 6.083N α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
𝑃𝑃 + 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
3𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠120
Direction of resultant vector is given by, α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
4 + 3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐120

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3𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60 ∴θ = 1200
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
4 + 3(−𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐60)
3×0.8660
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � 4−3×0.5 � 3. The resultant of two equal forces acting at
2.598
point at right angle to each other is 1414N.
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �4−1.5� Determine the magnitude of each vector.
2.598 Solution: Given data
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � �
2.5
−1 (1.0392)
P = Q, R = 1414N, θ = 900
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝛼𝛼 = 450 16′ R= P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos θ
1414 = P 2 + P 2 + 2 P 2 cos 90
(f) When θ = 180 0
1414 = P2 + P2 + 2P2 × 0
R= 4 + 3 + 2 × 4 × 3cos180
2 2

1414 = 2P 2
=
R 16 + 9 + 24 × (−1)
1414 = 1.414 P
∴ R= 16 + 9 − 24
1414
∴R = 1 𝑃𝑃 =
1.414
∴ R = 1N
P = 1000 N

I
Direction of resultant is given by,
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 4. Determine the angle between two vectors
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 � � having magnitudes P = 12 N and Q = 5N
𝑃𝑃 + 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄

α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �

α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �
3𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠180
4 + 3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐180
3𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠180
4 + 3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐180
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �4+3×(−1)�
3×0
�

�
R and their resultant having magnitude R =
11N.
Solution: Given data:
P = 12N, Q = 5N, R = 11N, θ = ?
R=
=
11
P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos θ
122 + 52 + 2 ×12 × 5cos θ
SH
0 11= 144 + 25 + 120 cos θ
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �4−3�
11 = 169 + 120 cos θ
0
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �1� 121 = 169 + 120 cos θ
120 cosθ = -48
α = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 (0) −48
cos θ =
𝛼𝛼 = 00 120
2. Two forces of magnitude 10 N each are cosθ = -0.4
acting at a common point O. If their cos(180-θ) = 0.4
resultant is 10 N, find the angle between 180- θ = 66.42
the two vectors. θ = 113.580
Solution: Given P = Q =R = 10 N, θ = ?
→ → → → → → → →
R= P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos θ 5. If A = 4 i + j + k and B = 6 i − 2 j+ 8 k
→ → → →
=
∴ 10 102 + 102 + 2 ×10 ×10 cos θ Find A+ B and A− B
∴ 10 = 100 + 100 + 200 cos θ Solution:
∴ 10 = 200 + 200 cos θ
→ →
 → → →  → → →
A+ B=  4 i + j + k  +  6 i − 2 j + 8 k 
∴100 = 200 + 200 cosθ    
∴200 cosθ = -100 → → → → →
A+ B= 10 i − j + 9k
∴ cosθ = (-1/2)
∴ - cos ( 180 -θ) = -1/2
→ →
 → → →  → → →
A− B=  4 i + j + k  −  6 i − 2 j + 8 k 
∴ cos ( 180 -θ) = 1/2    
∴ 180 - θ = 60

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→ → → → → → → → →
A− B =−2 i + 3 j − 7 k 8. Show that the vectors A = 2 i + 3 j + 4 k
→ → → →
and B = 3 i + 2 j − 3 k are perpendicular
6. Find the magnitude of the following
→ → → → to each other.
vectors (a) P = 3 i + 2 j+ 6 k (b) Solution: Given vectors are
→ → → → → → → → → →
R = i + j + 2 k (c) i + 2 k A = 2 i + 3 j+ 4 k
→ → → →
Solution: Given vector is
→ → → →
And B = 3 i + 2 j − 3 k
Given vector is P = 3 i + 2 j + 6 k Taking dot product of these vectors, we get
→ → → → → →
Standard vector is P = PX i + PY j + PZ k A⋅=
B AX BX + AY BY + AZ BZ
→ →
Comparing the vectors we get,
A⋅ B = 2 × 3 + 3 × 2 − 4 × 3
PX = 3, PY = 2 and PZ = 6 → →
∴ Magnitude of given vector is A⋅ B =0
P= PX + PY + PZ
2 2 2 As the dot product of the vectors is zero, the
given vectors are perpendicular to each other.
P= 32 + 22 + 62

I
P = 9 + 4 + 36 9. Show that the following vectors
→ → → → → → → →
P = 49 A = 4 i − 2 j + K and B = 8 i − 4 j + 2 K are
P = 7 unit

7. Find the unit vector along the vector

→ → →
p = 3 i + 2 j+ 6 k
→
R
Solution: Given vector is p = 3 i + 2 j + 6 k
→
→

→
→

→
→

→
→
𝐵𝐵𝑋𝑋
𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦
𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦
parallel to each other.
Solution:

= =

=
8 2
−2 1
−4 2
=
Comparing
⃗ �⃗
components of 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵, i.e.,
𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 4 1
corresponding
SH
Standard vector is P = PX i + PY j + PZ k 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 1
Comparing the vectors we get, =
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 2
PX = 3, PY = 2 and PZ = 6 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧
Unit vector is given by ∴ = =
vector
𝐵𝐵𝑋𝑋 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
unit vector =
magnitude As components of 𝐴𝐴⃗ and 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ are in proportion,
→ the vectors 𝐴𝐴⃗ and 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ are parallel to each
→
p =
P other.
P → → → →
→ → → 10. Find m if the vector A = 4 i + j + k and
→ PX i + PY j + PZ k → → → →
p = B = 2 i + 3 j + m k are perpendicular to
PX + PY + PZ
2 2 2

→ → →
each other.
→ 3 i + 2 j+ 6 k Solution: As the given vectors are
p = perpendicular to each other, their dot product is
32 + 22 + 62 zero.
→ → →
→ →
→ 3 i + 2 j+ 6 k ∴ A⋅ B =0
p =
7 ∴AXBX + AYBY + AZBZ = 0
→ → 2→ 6→
3
p = i + j+ k ∴4×2 + 1×3 + 1× m = 0
7 7 7 ∴ 11 + m = 0
∴ m = -11

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11. Find the value of m if the vectors �⃗ = ���⃗
Magnitude of 𝑉𝑉 ���⃗2 is given by,
𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉
→ → → → → → → →
A= m i − j + 4 k and B = 6 i − 2 j + 8 k are ���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉 = �𝑉𝑉 ���⃗2 � = �𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑉𝑉𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑉𝑉𝑧𝑧2
parallel to each other.
𝑉𝑉 = ���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
�𝑉𝑉 ���⃗2 � = �42 + 32 + 02
Since 𝐴𝐴⃗ and 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ are parallel (have the same 𝑉𝑉 = ���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
�𝑉𝑉 ���⃗2 � = √16 + 9 + 0
direction), their corresponding components 𝑉𝑉 = ���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
�𝑉𝑉 ���⃗2 � = √25
must be in the same proportion, i.e., 𝑉𝑉 = ���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
�𝑉𝑉 ���⃗2 � = 5
𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧
= =
𝐵𝐵𝑋𝑋 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
14. For ����⃗
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒋𝒋̂ and ����⃗
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = −𝟔𝟔𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝟓𝒋𝒋̂
𝑚𝑚 −1 4
= = determine magnitude and direction of
6 −2 8
𝑚𝑚 1 ����⃗
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 + ����⃗
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐
=
6 2
6 Solution:
𝑚𝑚 = Given vectors are
2
m=3 ����⃗
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒋𝒋̂
𝒊𝒊̂−𝒋𝒋̂ ����⃗
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = −𝟔𝟔𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝟓𝒋𝒋̂
�
12. Show that 𝒂𝒂 =

I
is a unit vector.
√𝟐𝟐 �⃗ = ���⃗
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉���⃗2 = (𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒋𝒋̂) + (−𝟔𝟔𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝟓𝒋𝒋̂)
�⃗ = ���⃗
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉���⃗2 = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝟔𝟔𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝟓𝒋𝒋̂
Solution:
𝑎𝑎� =
𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂
√2
Comparing with
=
1
√2
𝚤𝚤̂ −
√2
1

𝑎𝑎� = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘�

we get,
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 =
1
, 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 = −
1
R 𝚥𝚥̂ + 0𝑘𝑘�

, 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = 0
�⃗ = ���⃗
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉 = �𝑉𝑉

𝑉𝑉 = �𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉 = �𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉 = �𝑉𝑉
���⃗2 = −𝟒𝟒𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂
���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
���⃗2 � = �𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑉𝑉𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑉𝑉𝑧𝑧2

���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
���⃗2 � = �42 + 22 + 02
���⃗2 � = √16 + 4 + 0
���⃗2 � = √20
SH
√2 √2 𝑉𝑉 = �𝑉𝑉 ���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉���⃗2 � = √4 × 5
Magnitude of 𝑎𝑎� will be given by,
𝑉𝑉 = �𝑉𝑉 ���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉���⃗2 � = 2√5
𝑎𝑎 = �𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧2 To find direction of 𝑉𝑉 ���⃗1 + 𝑉𝑉
���⃗2
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
1 2 1 2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
�
𝑎𝑎 = � � + �− � + 02 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
√2 √2 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
1 1 2
𝑎𝑎 = � + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
2 2 −4
1
𝑎𝑎 = √1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = −
2
𝑎𝑎 = 1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = −0.5000
𝚤𝚤̂−𝚥𝚥̂
Thus 𝑎𝑎� = is a unit vector. - tan (180-α) = -0.5000
√2
13. If 𝑽𝑽 � and 𝑽𝑽
����⃗𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝟒𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝒌𝒌 �,
����⃗𝟐𝟐 = 𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝒌𝒌 tan (180-α) = 0.5000
����⃗𝟏𝟏 + 𝑽𝑽
determine the magnitude of 𝑽𝑽 ����⃗𝟐𝟐 180-α = 26034′
180 - 26034′ = α
Solution: α = 180 - 26034′
Given vectors are α = 179060′ - 26034′
𝑉𝑉1 = 3𝚤𝚤̂ + 4𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘�
���⃗ α = 153026′
���⃗2 = 𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ − 𝑘𝑘�
𝑉𝑉 15. Find a vector which is parallel to ��⃗ 𝑷𝑷 = 𝒊𝒊̂ −
���⃗ 𝑉𝑉2 = 3𝚤𝚤̂ + 4𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘� + 𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ − 𝑘𝑘�
𝑉𝑉1 + ���⃗ 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ and has a magnitude 10.
�⃗ = ���⃗
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉 ���⃗2 = 4𝚤𝚤̂ + 3𝚥𝚥̂

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Solution: 17) Determine 𝒂𝒂 �⃗ given that 𝒂𝒂
�⃗ × 𝒃𝒃 �⃗ = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝒋𝒋̂
𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂ − 2𝚥𝚥̂ and 𝒃𝒃 �⃗ = 𝟑𝟑𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝟓𝒋𝒋̂
Unit vector in the direction of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ is given by, Solution:
𝑃𝑃�⃗ Given vector are
𝑎𝑎� = 𝑎𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤𝚤̂ + 3𝚥𝚥̂
𝑃𝑃
𝚤𝚤̂ − 2𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 3𝚤𝚤̂ + 5𝚥𝚥̂
𝑎𝑎� =
�𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧2 𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�
𝚤𝚤̂ − 2𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑎𝑎⃗ × 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = �𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 �
𝑎𝑎� = 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧
�12 + (−2)2 + 02
𝚤𝚤̂ − 2𝚥𝚥̂
𝑎𝑎� = 𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�
√1 + 4 + 0 𝑎𝑎⃗ × 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = �2 3 0�
𝚤𝚤̂ − 2𝚥𝚥̂
𝑎𝑎� = 3 5 0
√5
1 2
𝑎𝑎� = 𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑎𝑎⃗ × 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂(3 × 0 − 0 × 5) − 𝚥𝚥̂(2 × 0 − 0 × 3)
√5 √5 + 𝑘𝑘�(2 × 5 − 3 × 3)
Let 𝑄𝑄�⃗ is parallel to 𝑃𝑃�⃗
𝑎𝑎⃗ × 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂(0 − 0) − 𝚥𝚥̂(0 − 0) + 𝑘𝑘�(10 − 9)

I
�⃗
𝑄𝑄
𝑎𝑎� = 𝑎𝑎⃗ × 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 0𝚤𝚤̂ − 0𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘�
𝑄𝑄 𝑎𝑎⃗ × 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 𝑘𝑘�
�⃗
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑎𝑎�𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎�
𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 10 � 𝚤𝚤̂ −
𝑄𝑄

�⃗ =
𝑄𝑄
10
√5
√5
𝚤𝚤̂ −
1

20
√5
R
𝚥𝚥̂
2
√5
𝚥𝚥̂�
18) Show that vectors �𝒂𝒂⃗ = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝟔𝒌𝒌
�𝒃𝒃⃗ = 𝟑𝟑𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝟔𝟔𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒌𝒌
mutually perpendicular.
Solution:
Given vectors are
𝑎𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤𝚤̂ + 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 6𝑘𝑘�
� and 𝒄𝒄
� ,
� are
�⃗ = 𝟔𝟔𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌
SH
16. Show that vectors 𝒂𝒂 � and
�⃗ = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝟓𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝟔𝟔𝒌𝒌 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 3𝚤𝚤̂ − 6𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘�
�𝒃𝒃⃗ = 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝟓 𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌
� are parallel. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 6𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ − 3𝑘𝑘�
𝟐𝟐
𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 + 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧
Solution: 𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 2 × 3 + 3 × (−6) + 6 × 2
Given vector are
𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 6 − 18 + 12
�
�⃗ = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝟓𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝟔𝟔𝒌𝒌
𝒂𝒂
𝟓𝟓 𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑏𝑏�⃗ = 0 (𝑎𝑎⃗ ≠ 0, 𝑏𝑏� ≠ 0) ∴ 𝑎𝑎� ⊥ 𝑏𝑏�
�⃗ = 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌
𝒃𝒃 � As dot product of 𝑎𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏�⃗ is zero, 𝑎𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏�⃗
𝟐𝟐
Comparing corresponding components of 𝑎𝑎� are perpendicular to each other.
and𝑏𝑏�, we get, 𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 + 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 2 × 6 + 3 × 2 + 6 × (−3)
= 𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 12 + 6 − 18
𝑏𝑏𝑋𝑋 1
𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 5 2 𝑎𝑎⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 0 (𝑎𝑎⃗ ≠ 0, 𝑐𝑐̂ ≠ 0) ∴ 𝑎𝑎� ⊥ 𝑐𝑐̂
= = As dot product of 𝑎𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐⃗ is zero, 𝑎𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐⃗
𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 5� 1
2 are perpendicular to each other
𝑏𝑏�⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 + 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧
𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 −6 2
= = 𝑏𝑏�⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 3 × 6 + (−6) × 2 + 2 × (−3)
𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧 −3 1
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 𝑏𝑏�⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 18 − 12 − 6
∴ = =
𝑏𝑏𝑋𝑋 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧 𝑏𝑏�⃗. 𝑐𝑐⃗ = 0 (𝑏𝑏�⃗ ≠ 0, 𝑐𝑐̂ ≠ 0) ∴ 𝑏𝑏� ⊥ 𝑐𝑐̂
As components of 𝑎𝑎� and 𝑏𝑏� are in proportion,
the vectors 𝑎𝑎� and 𝑏𝑏� are parallel to each other. As dot product of 𝑏𝑏�⃗ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐⃗ is zero, 𝑏𝑏�⃗ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐⃗
are perpendicular to each other

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Thus, the given three vectors are �⃗ = 12𝚤𝚤̂ − 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 4𝑘𝑘� − 3𝚤𝚤̂ + 6𝚥𝚥̂ + 9𝑘𝑘�
2𝑃𝑃�⃗ + 3𝑄𝑄
perpendicular to each other. �⃗ = (12 − 3)𝚤𝚤̂ + (6 − 2)𝚥𝚥̂ + (4 + 9)𝑘𝑘�
2𝑃𝑃�⃗ + 3𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 9𝚤𝚤̂ + 4𝚥𝚥̂ + 13𝑘𝑘�
2𝑃𝑃�⃗ + 3𝑄𝑄
19) Determine the vector product of ����⃗ 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 =
� ����⃗ �
𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝒌𝒌 and 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌 � and ��⃗
22) If ��⃗
𝑷𝑷 = 𝟔𝟔𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒌𝒌 𝑸𝑸 = −𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ +
Solution: � ��⃗ ��⃗
𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌, find, �𝟑𝟑𝑷𝑷 − 𝟐𝟐𝑸𝑸�
Given vector are
𝑉𝑉1 = 2𝚤𝚤̂ + 3𝚥𝚥̂ − 𝑘𝑘�
���⃗ Solution:
𝑉𝑉2 = 𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ − 3𝑘𝑘�
���⃗ Given vectors are
𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘� 𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 6𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘�
���⃗ 𝑉𝑉2 = �𝑉𝑉1 𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉1 𝑦𝑦 𝑉𝑉1 𝑧𝑧 �
𝑉𝑉1 × ���⃗ �⃗ = −𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘�
𝑄𝑄
𝑉𝑉2 𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉2 𝑦𝑦 𝑉𝑉3 𝑧𝑧
3𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 2𝑄𝑄 �⃗ = 3�6𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘�� − 2(−𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ +
𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�
���⃗
𝑉𝑉1 × ���⃗
𝑉𝑉2 = �2 3 3𝑘𝑘�)
−1� �⃗ = 18𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 6𝑘𝑘� + 2𝚤𝚤̂ − 4𝚥𝚥̂ − 6𝑘𝑘�
1 2 −3 3𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 2𝑄𝑄
���⃗ 𝑉𝑉2 = 𝚤𝚤̂[−9 − (−2)] − 𝚥𝚥̂[−6 − (−1)] + 𝑘𝑘� [4
𝑉𝑉1 × ���⃗ 3𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 2𝑄𝑄 �⃗ = (18 + 2)𝚤𝚤̂ + (−3 − 4)𝚥𝚥̂ + (6

I
− 3] − 6)𝑘𝑘�
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉2 = 𝚤𝚤̂[−9 + 2] − 𝚥𝚥̂[−6 + 1) + 𝑘𝑘� [1]
���⃗1 × ���⃗ 3𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 2𝑄𝑄 �⃗ = 20𝚤𝚤̂ − 7𝚥𝚥̂ + 0𝑘𝑘�
𝑉𝑉1 × 𝑉𝑉2 = −7𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂[−5] + 𝑘𝑘�
���⃗ ���⃗
���⃗ 𝑉𝑉2 = −7𝚤𝚤̂ + 5𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘�
𝑉𝑉1 × ���⃗

20) Given ����⃗

are perpendicular to each
determine the value of ‘a’.
Solution:
R
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ and ����⃗ 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝒂𝒂𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝟔𝟔𝒋𝒋̂
other,
𝑅𝑅 = �3𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 2𝑄𝑄

𝑅𝑅 = �3𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 2𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 20𝚤𝚤̂ − 7𝚥𝚥̂ + 0𝑘𝑘�
𝑅𝑅�⃗ = 3𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 2𝑄𝑄
�⃗ � = �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑍𝑍2

�⃗ � = �202 + (−7)2 + 02
𝑅𝑅 = �3𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 2𝑄𝑄
�⃗ � = √400 + 49 + 0
𝑅𝑅 = �3𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 2𝑄𝑄
�⃗ � = √449
SH
Given vector are
���⃗
𝑉𝑉1 = 5𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ 23) Find the vector which is to added to
���⃗2 = 𝑎𝑎𝚤𝚤̂ − 6𝚥𝚥̂ vector 𝑷𝑷 � to get vector 𝑸𝑸
��⃗ = 𝟔𝟔𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒌𝒌 ��⃗ =
𝑉𝑉
As given vector are perpendicular to each �
−𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌,
other, their dot product is zero. Solution:
���⃗
𝑉𝑉1 . ���⃗
𝑉𝑉2 = 0 Given vector are
𝑉𝑉1 𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑉𝑉1 𝑦𝑦 𝑉𝑉2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑉𝑉1 𝑧𝑧 𝑉𝑉2 𝑧𝑧 = 0
𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 6𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘�
5𝑎𝑎 + 2 × (−6) + 0 × 0 = 0
5𝑎𝑎 − 12 = 0 �⃗ = −𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘�
𝑄𝑄
5𝑎𝑎 = 12
12 Let the required vector is 𝑅𝑅�⃗
𝑎𝑎 =
5 ∴ 𝑃𝑃�⃗ + 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄
�⃗
21) If 𝑷𝑷 ��⃗ = 𝟔𝟔𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒌𝒌 � and 𝑸𝑸 ��⃗ = −𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ +
� , find, 𝟐𝟐𝑷𝑷 ��⃗ + 𝟑𝟑𝑸𝑸 ��⃗ 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ − 𝑃𝑃�⃗
𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌
Solution: 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = −𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘� − ( 6𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘�)

Given vectors are 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = −𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘� − 6𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ − 2𝑘𝑘�

𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 6𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘� 𝑅𝑅�⃗ = −7𝚤𝚤̂ + 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘�

�⃗ = −𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘�,
𝑄𝑄 24) Determine the scalar product of
�⃗ = 2�6𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘�� following vectors. 𝑨𝑨 � and ��⃗
�⃗ = 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝒌𝒌 𝑩𝑩 =
2𝑃𝑃�⃗ + 3𝑄𝑄
�
𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝒌𝒌
+ 3�−𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘��
Solution:
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Given vectors are 𝐶𝐶 = �𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ � = √9 + 9 + 9
𝐴𝐴⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂ + 3𝚥𝚥̂ − 𝑘𝑘�
𝐶𝐶 = �𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ � = √27
�⃗ = 2𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘�
𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐶 = �𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ � = √3 × 9
Ax = 1, Ay = 2 and Az = -1
�⃗ � = 3√3
𝐶𝐶 = �𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
Bx = 2, By = 1 and Bz = 1
𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 26) Determine the angle between the vectors
� and ��⃗
�𝑨𝑨⃗ = 𝟔𝟔𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝟔𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌 �
𝑩𝑩 = 𝟕𝟕𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝟒𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝟒𝒌𝒌
𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
Solution:
𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ = 1 × 2 + 3 × 1 + (−1) × 1
Given data:
𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ = 2 + 3 − 1
𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ = 4 𝐴𝐴⃗ = 6𝚤𝚤̂ + 6𝚥𝚥̂ − 3𝑘𝑘�
25) Determine the vector product of �⃗ = 7𝚤𝚤̂ + 4𝚥𝚥̂ + 4𝑘𝑘�
� and 𝑩𝑩
�⃗ = 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝒌𝒌 ��⃗ = 𝐵𝐵
following vectors. 𝑨𝑨
�
𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝒌𝒌 Ax = 6, Ay = 6, Az = -3
Determine magnitude of vector product Bx = 7, By = 4, Bz = 4

I
also. ] → →
A=
⋅ B AB cos θ
Solution:
→ →
A⋅ B
Given vectors are
𝐴𝐴⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ − 𝑘𝑘�
�⃗ = 2𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘�
𝐵𝐵
Ax = 1, Ay = 2 and Az = -1
Bx = 2, By = 1 and Bz = 1
𝑘𝑘�
R cos θ =

cos θ =

cos θ =
AB
AX BX + AY BY + AZ BZ
AX 2 + AY 2 + AZ 2 BX 2 + BY 2 + BZ 2
6 × 7 + 6 × 4 + (−3) × 4
62 + 62 + (−3) 2 7 2 + 42 + 42
SH
𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂
𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ = �𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 � 42 + 24 − 12
cos θ =
𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 36 + 36 + 9 49 + 16 + 16
𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘� 54
𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ = �1 2 −1� cos θ =
81 81
2 1 1
54
𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂[(2 × 1) − (−1 × 1)] cos θ =
81
− 𝚥𝚥̂[(1 × 1) − (−1 × 2)]
+ 𝑘𝑘�[(1 × 1) − (2 × 2)] cos θ =0.6667
θ = 480-11/
�⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂[2 + 1] − 𝚥𝚥̂[1 + 2] + 𝑘𝑘�[1 − 4]
𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
27) Determine the angle made by the vector
�𝑨𝑨⃗ = 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝒋𝒋̂ with the x- axis.
�⃗ = 3𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ − 3𝑘𝑘�
𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
Solution:
�⃗ = 3𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ − 3𝑘𝑘�
𝐶𝐶⃗ = 𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵 Given vector is 𝐴𝐴⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂
Cx = 3, Cy = -3 and Cz = -3 Here, AX = 1, AY = 1 and AZ = 0
From figure,
Magnitude of 𝐶𝐶⃗ = 𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ is given by,

𝐶𝐶 = �𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ � = �𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥2 + 𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦2 + 𝐶𝐶𝑍𝑍2

𝐶𝐶 = �𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ � = �32 + (−3)2 + (−3)2

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√9
Component of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ along 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ =
√6

9
Component of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ along 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = �
6

3
Component of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ along 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = �
2

29) Determine the work done by the force

� acting on the particle
�𝑭𝑭⃗ = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌
𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 displaces through displacement �𝑺𝑺⃗ = 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ +
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �
𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌
𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 Solution: Given, 𝐹𝐹⃗ = 2𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘�
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
�𝐴𝐴2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐴𝐴2𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴𝐴2𝑧𝑧 and 𝑆𝑆⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘�
𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 FX = 2, FY = -1 , FZ = 3, SX = 1, SY = 2 and SZ
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = =3
�𝐴𝐴2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐴𝐴2𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴𝐴2𝑧𝑧 Work is dot product of force and displacement
1 𝑊𝑊 = 𝐹𝐹⃗ . 𝑠𝑠⃗

I
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = W = FXSX + FYSY +FZSZ
√12 + 12 + 02
W = 2× 1 + (-1) × 2 + 3 × 3
1
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = W = 2 -2+9

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =

∴θ = 450
√1 + 1 + 0
1
√2

28) Find the component of vector 𝑷𝑷

R ��⃗ = 𝒊𝒊̂ +
W = 9 unit
30) Find the area of parallelogram whose
adjacent sides are represented by following
vectors 𝑷𝑷
�
𝟒𝟒𝒌𝒌
� and 𝑸𝑸
��⃗ = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌 ��⃗ = 𝟑𝟑𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ +

Solution: The magnitude of cross product of two

SH
� along vector 𝑸𝑸 �
��⃗ = 𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝒌𝒌 vectors is numerically equal to the area of a
𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒌 parallelogram whose adjacent sides represent the
Solution: two vectors.
Let θ is angle between given two vectors,
Component of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ along 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃… (1)

𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗
= 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑄𝑄
𝑃𝑃�⃗. 𝑄𝑄
�⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑄𝑄
�⃗
𝑃𝑃�⃗.𝑄𝑄 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ �
Component of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ along 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ =
𝑄𝑄 𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�
𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 +𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 +𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧 �⃗ �⃗
𝑃𝑃 × 𝑄𝑄 = � 𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 �
Component of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ along 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = 𝑦𝑦

�𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥2 +𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦2 +𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧2 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧

1×2+2×(−1)+3×1
Component of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ along 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ = Px = 2, Py = -1, Pz = 3
�22 +(−1)2 +12 Qx = 3, Qy = -2, Qz = 4
2−2+3
Component of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ along 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ =
√4+1+1
3
Component of 𝑃𝑃�⃗ along 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ =
√6

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𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘� 𝑅𝑅�⃗ − 𝑆𝑆⃗
�⃗ �⃗
𝑃𝑃 × 𝑄𝑄 = �2 −1 3� �⃗ =
𝑄𝑄
2
3 −2 4 3𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘� − (𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 4𝑘𝑘�)
�⃗ = [−4 − (−6)]𝚤𝚤̂ − [8 − 9]𝚥𝚥̂
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ =
𝑄𝑄
2
+ [−4 − (−3)]𝑘𝑘� 3𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘� − 𝚤𝚤̂ + 3𝚥𝚥̂ − 4𝑘𝑘�)
�⃗ = [−4 + 6]𝚤𝚤̂ − [−1]𝚥𝚥̂ + [−4 + 3]𝑘𝑘�
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ =
𝑄𝑄
2
�⃗ = 2𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ − 𝑘𝑘� = 𝑅𝑅�⃗(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄 2𝚤𝚤̂ + 4𝚥𝚥̂ − 2𝑘𝑘�
Rx = 2, Ry = 1 and Rz = -1 �⃗ =
𝑄𝑄
2
�⃗� = �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑧𝑧2
�⃗ = 𝚤𝚤̂ + 2𝚥𝚥̂ − 𝑘𝑘� ………(4)
𝑄𝑄
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
From equation (3) and equation (4)
�⃗� = �22 + 12 + (−1)2 Px = 2, Py = -1, Pz = 3
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
Qx = 1, Qy = 2, Qz = -1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √4 + 1 + 1 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ �
𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √6
�⃗ = � 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 �
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
31) The diagonals of a parallelogram are 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
given by the vectors 𝑹𝑹 � and
��⃗ = 𝟑𝟑𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒌𝒌 𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�

I
� . Find the area of
�𝑺𝑺⃗ = 𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝟒𝒌𝒌 �⃗ �⃗
𝑃𝑃 × 𝑄𝑄 = �2 −1 3 �
parallelogram. 1 2 −1
�⃗ = [1 − 6]𝚤𝚤̂ − [−2 − 3]𝚥𝚥̂ + [4 + 1]𝑘𝑘�
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
R
The magnitude of cross product of two vectors is
numerically equal to the area of a parallelogram
whose adjacent sides represent the two vectors.

𝑆𝑆⃗
𝑅𝑅�⃗
�⃗ = −5𝚤𝚤̂ + 5𝚥𝚥̂ + 5𝑘𝑘� = 𝑅𝑅�⃗(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
Rx = -5, Ry = 5 and Rz = 5

�⃗� = �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑅𝑅𝑧𝑧2

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗� = �(−5)2 + (5)2 + (5)2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
SH
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √25 + 25 + 25
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √75 = 8.66 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
32)𝑷𝑷 � )m
��⃗ = (𝟑𝟑𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝟒𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝒌𝒌 and ��⃗ =
𝑸𝑸
� �𝒎𝒎 represents two adjacent sides
�𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝒋𝒋̂ − 𝒌𝒌
of a triangle. Find area of the triangle.
From figure
Solution:
𝑅𝑅�⃗ = 𝑃𝑃�⃗ + 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ … … … … . (1)
𝑆𝑆⃗ = 𝑃𝑃�⃗ − 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ … … … … . (2) Area of triangle is given by,
Equation (1) + Equation (2) gives 1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄 �⃗ �
𝑅𝑅�⃗ + 𝑆𝑆⃗ = 2𝑃𝑃�⃗ 2
𝑅𝑅�⃗ + 𝑆𝑆⃗ 𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�
𝑃𝑃�⃗ = �⃗ �⃗
2 𝑃𝑃 × 𝑄𝑄 = � 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 �
3𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘� + (𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 4𝑘𝑘�) 𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑧𝑧
𝑃𝑃�⃗ =
2 𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�
3𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘� + 𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 4𝑘𝑘�) �⃗ = �3 −4 2 �
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
𝑃𝑃�⃗ = 1 1 −1
2
4𝚤𝚤̂ − 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 6𝑘𝑘� 𝑃𝑃 × 𝑄𝑄 = [4 − 2]𝚤𝚤̂ − [−3 − 2]𝚥𝚥̂ + [3 + 4]𝑘𝑘�
�⃗ �⃗
𝑃𝑃�⃗ = �⃗ = 2𝚤𝚤̂ + 5𝚥𝚥̂ + 7𝑘𝑘�
𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
2
𝑃𝑃 = 2𝚤𝚤̂ − 𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘� ……..(3)
�⃗ �⃗� = �22 + 52 + 72
�𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
Equation (1) – Equation (2) gives �⃗� = √4 + 25 + 49
�𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
𝑅𝑅�⃗ − 𝑆𝑆⃗ = 2𝑄𝑄 �⃗ �⃗� = √4 + 25 + 49
�𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄

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�⃗� = √78
�𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄 (B) 2
�⃗� = 8.832
�𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄 (C) 3/2
1 1 (D) �3/2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �𝑃𝑃�⃗ × 𝑄𝑄
�⃗ � = × 8.832 = 4.416 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 05) If 𝑨𝑨 �⃗, 𝑩𝑩
��⃗ and 𝑪𝑪 �⃗ are three vectors, then
�⃗ × ��⃗
33) Prove that �𝑨𝑨 ��⃗. ��⃗
𝑩𝑩� + �𝑨𝑨 𝑩𝑩� = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 which of the following is not correct?
Proof: (A) 𝐴𝐴⃗. �𝐵𝐵
�⃗ + 𝐶𝐶⃗� = 𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵�⃗ + 𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐶𝐶⃗
2 2 (B) 𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ = 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ . 𝐴𝐴⃗
�⃗ � + �𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵
T.P.R. �𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ � = 𝐴𝐴2 𝐵𝐵 2
(C) 𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵�⃗ = 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ × 𝐴𝐴⃗
2 2
L.H.S. = �𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ � + �𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵
�⃗ � (D) 𝐴𝐴⃗ × �𝐵𝐵 �⃗ + 𝐶𝐶⃗� = 𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵�⃗ + 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ × 𝐶𝐶⃗
= (AB sinθ) + (AB cosθ)2
2

= A2B2 sin2θ + A2B2 cos2 θ 06) The physical quantity which can be
completely described magnitude alone is
= A2B2 (sin2θ + cos2 θ) called as
= A2B2 (A) fundamental quantity
= R.H.S. (B) derived quantity
2 2 (C) scalar quantity

I
�⃗ � + �𝐴𝐴⃗. 𝐵𝐵
Thus, �𝐴𝐴⃗ × 𝐵𝐵 �⃗ � = 𝐴𝐴2 𝐵𝐵 2
(D) derived quantity

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS PART-01

R
For Answers and solutions click here

01) The resultant of two forces 10 N and

15 N acting along + x and - x-axes
respectively, is
(A) 25 N along + x-axis
07) Scalar product of two vectors is
numerically equal to vector products of two
vectors when angle between them is
(A) 00
(B) 300
(C) 450
(D) 900
SH
(B) 25 N along - x-axis 08) Which of the following is a scalar
(C) 5 N along + x-axis quantity
(D) 5 N along - x-axis (A) force
(B) mass
02) For two vectors to be equal, they (C) velocity
should have the (D) impulse
(A) same magnitude
(B) same direction 09) Product of two vectors
(C) same magnitude and direction (A) always results a scalar
(D) same magnitude but opposite direction (B) always results a vector
(C) is always unit vector
(D) may result a scalar or a vector.
03) The magnitude of scalar product of
two-unit vectors perpendicular to each
10) Magnitude of cross product of two
other is
vector
(A) zero
(A) is maximum if they are parallel to each
(B) 1
other
(C) -1 (B) is minimum if they are perpendicular to
(D) 2 each other
(C) is always equal to product of their
04) The magnitude of vector product of magnitudes
two unit vectors making an angle of 600 (D) is maximum if they are perpendicular to
with each other is each other.
(A) 1

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11) If component of one vector in the (C) scalar
direction of another vector is zero, then (D) none of these
those two vectors
(A) are parallel to each other 19) Dot product of a vector with itself is
(B) are perpendicular to each other equal to
(C) are opposite each other (A) zero
(D) are coplanar vectors (B) square of magnitude of the vector
(C) magnitude of a vector
12) If the magnitude of addition of two (D) unit vector.
vectors is equal to the magnitude of
subtraction of those two vectors 20) work is
(A) those two vectors are parallel to each other. (A) scalar product of force and displacement
(B) those two vectors are collinear (B) vector product of force and displacement
(C) those two vectors are perpendicular to each (C) scalar product of force and velocity
other (D) vector product of force and velocity

13) The resultant of two vectors will be MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS PART-02
maximum if they are

I
(A) opposite vectors For Answers and solutions click here
(B) parallel vectors
(C) orthogonal vectors 01) A force of magnitude 25 N produced
(D) coplanar vectors

(B) negative vector

(C) unit vector
(D) does not exists
R
14) The ratio of a vector to its magnitude is
(A) zero vector
displacement of 4 m. If angle between force
and displacement is 600, work done by the
force is
(a) 25 J
(b) 50 J
(c) 75 J
(d) 100 J [ANS: b]
SH
15) law of triangle is used to 02) Power is
(A) add the vectors (a) dot product of force and velocity
(B) subtract the vectors (b) dot product of force and displacement
(C) multiply the vectors (c) cross product of force and velocity
(D) add and subtract the vectors (d) cross product of force and displacement
[ANS: a]
16) Law of parallelogram is to
(A) add the vectors 03) Scalar product of two vectors is
(B) subtract the vectors minimum when angle between them is
(C) multiply the vectors (a) 00
(D) add and subtract the vectors (b) 300
(c) 600
17) Scalar product of two non-zero vectors is (d) 900 [ANS: d]
zero. These vectors must be
(A) perpendicular vectors 04) Vector product two vectors is minimum
(B) unit vectors when angle between them is
(C) parallel vectors (a) 00
(D) equal vectors (b) 300
(c) 600
18) cross product of two parallel vectors is (d) 900 [ANS: a]
always
(A) zero 05) Magnitude of sum of two vectors is
(B) unit vector maximum when angle between them is

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(a) 00 each other. Magnitude of resultant vector
(b) 300 will be
(c) 600 (a) 10 N
(d) 900 [ANS: a] (b) 14 N
(c) 20 N
06) Magnitude of sum of two vectors is (d) 48 N [ANS: d]
minimum when angle between them is
(a) 00 �⃗ = 𝟒𝟒𝒊𝒊̂ 𝑩𝑩
13) If 𝑨𝑨 ��⃗= 6𝒊𝒊̂, then 𝑨𝑨
�⃗. 𝑩𝑩
��⃗ is equal to
(b) 300 (a) 12
(c) 600 (b) 24
(d) 900 [ANS: d] (c) 48
(d) zero [ANS: b]
07) For which of the following angles scalar
product of two vectors will be minimum �⃗ = 𝟒𝟒𝒊𝒊̂ 𝑩𝑩
14) If 𝑨𝑨 ��⃗= 6𝒋𝒋̂, then 𝑨𝑨
�⃗. 𝑩𝑩
��⃗ is equal to
(a) 100 (a) zero
(b) 200 (b) 12
(c) 300 (c) 18
(d) 400 [ANS: d] (d) 24 [ANS: a]

I
08) For which of the following angles scalar �⃗ = 3𝒊𝒊̂, 𝑩𝑩
��⃗= 4𝒊𝒊̂ then 𝑨𝑨
�⃗ × 𝑩𝑩
��⃗ is
15) If 𝑨𝑨
product of two vectors will be maximum
(a) 100
(b) 200
(c) 300
(d) 400 [ANS: a]
R
09) In law of parallelogram, the component
vectors and resultant vector must start from
(a) zero
(b) 7𝚤𝚤̂
(c) 12𝚤𝚤̂
(d) 𝚤𝚤̂ [ANS: a]

16) A force of 50 N acting along positive

direction of X-axis produces displacement of
4 m along positive direction of y-axis. Work
SH
(a) same vertex of the parallelogram
(b) adjacent vertices of the parallelogram done is
(c) diagonally opposite vertices of the (a) zero
parallelogram (b) 100 J
(d) any of the four vertices of the parallelogram (c) 200 J
[ANS: a] (d) 54 J [ANS: a]

��⃗ and �𝑻𝑻⃗ are 17) A force of 50 N acting along positive

10) P and Q are two scalars and 𝑹𝑹
direction of X-axis produces displacement of
two vector quantities then
4 m along positive direction of X-axis. Work
(a) |𝑅𝑅�⃗ + 𝑇𝑇
�⃗| = |P+Q|
done is
(b) |𝑅𝑅�⃗ + 𝑇𝑇
�⃗ | < |P+Q| (a) zero
(c) |𝑅𝑅�⃗ + 𝑇𝑇
�⃗| > |P+Q| (b) 100 J
(d) |𝑅𝑅�⃗ + 𝑇𝑇
�⃗ | ≤ |P+Q| [ANS:d] (c) 200 J
(d) 54 J [ANS: c]
11) Two forces of 1 N each act at a common
point. If the angle between them is 00, the 18) Magnitude of sum of three rectangular
magnitude of resultant vector will be unit vectors will be
(a) zero (a) 0
(b) 2 N (b) 1
(c) 1 N (c) √2
(d) 3 N [ANS:b] (d) √3 [ANS: d]

12) Two forces of magnitudes 6N and 8N act

a common point making an angle of 900 with

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 [Link]
19) A force 100 N acting along positive (b) 20√3 m/s north-east
direction of X-axis has Y-component (c) 40√3 m/s south-west
(a) zero (d) 20√2 south-west [ANS: d]
(b) 50 N
(c) 100 N 05) Two forces of 4 dyne and 3 dyne act
(d) 200 N [ANS: a] upon a body. The resultant force on the
body can only be
��⃗. 𝑩𝑩
20) If 𝑨𝑨 ��⃗ = AB, then angle between two (a) between 3 and 4
vectors is (b) between 1 and 7 dyne
(a) 0 (c) more than 3 dynes
(b) 300 (d) more 4 dynes [ANS: b]
(c) 600
(d) 900 [ANS: a] 06) The resultant of two equal forces is
double of either of the force. The angle
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS PART-03 between them is
(a) 00
For Answers and solutions click here (b) 600
(c) 900

I
(d) 1200 (Ans: a)
01) Magnitude of resultant of two
perpendicular forces acting on a point 100 07) A body constrained to move in y

(a) zero
(b) 50 N
(c) 100 N
(d) 200 N [ANS: c]
R
N. What will be the magnitude of resultant
of these forces when one of the forces is
reversed?
direction is subject to force by F = (-2𝒊𝒊̂ +15𝒋𝒋̂
+ 6𝒌𝒌� ) N. What is the work done by this
force, in moving the body through 10 m
along y-axis?
(a) 20 J
(b) 150 J
(c) 160 J
SH
(d) 190 J [ANS: b]
02) Rain is falling vertically downwards
with a velocity 4 km/hr. A cyclist moves on 08) I walked 4 miles turned to my left and
straight road with a velocity 3 km/hr. Then walked 6 miles then turned to my right and
the apparent velocity of the rain with again walked 4 miles. Which of the choice
respect to the cyclist is mentions the distance from the straight
(a) 7 km/hr point to the place where I stopped?
(b) 1 km/hr (a) 10 mile
(c) 5 km/hr (b) 14 mile
(d) 4 km/hr [ANS: c] (c) 15 mile
(d) 20 mile [ANS: a]
03) If the sum of two-unit vectors is a unit
vector, then the magnitude of their � newton
09) A force of F = 6𝒊𝒊̂ – 8𝒋𝒋̂ + 10𝒌𝒌
difference is
produces an acceleration of 1 m/s in a body,
(a) √3 the mass of the body would be
(b) 3√3 (a) 10 √2 kg
(c) 2√3 (b) 6 √2 kg
(d) √5 [ANS: a] (c) 20 kg
(d) 200 kg [ANS: a]
04) A car is going towards north a speed of
20 m/s. It turns to west and continues with 10) Maximum and minimum magnitudes of
the same speed. The change in its velocity the resultant of two vectors of magnitudes P
will be and Q are in the ratio 3:1. Which of the
(a) 40 m/s north-west following relation is true

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 [Link]
(a) PQ = 1
(b) P = 2Q 17) If �𝑪𝑪⃗ = �𝑨𝑨⃗ + ��⃗
𝑩𝑩 and C2 = A2 + B2, then
(c) P = Q angle between A and B is
(d) P = [ANS: b] (a) 00
(b) 600
11) Rain is falling vertically with speed of 4 (c) 900
m/s. A man is moving due east with 3 m/s. (d) 1800 [Ans: c]
The direction in which he should hold the
umbrella with the vertical is �⃗ = 𝑨𝑨
�⃗ + 𝑩𝑩
��⃗ and C = A-B, then angle
(18) If 𝑪𝑪
(a) 500 east of vertical
between A and B is
(b) 370 east of vertical
(a) 00
(c) 530 west of vertical
(b) 600
(d) 370 west of vertical [ANS: b]
(c) 900
(d) 1800 [Ans: d]
12)Which of the following operation
between the two vectors can yield a vector
�⃗ = 𝑨𝑨
19) If 𝑪𝑪 �⃗ + 𝑩𝑩
��⃗ and C = A + B, find
perpendicular to either of them?
(a) subtraction angle between A and B is
(a) 00

I
(b) division
(c) addition (b) 600
(d) multiplication [ANS:d] (c) 900

(a) 60
(b) 900
0

(c) 1800
(d) 00 [ANS:a]
R
14) Resultant of two vectors ��⃗
� ) is
13) Angle between ( 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝒋𝒋̂ ) and ( 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝒌𝒌
(d) 1800 [Ans: a]

�⃗ = �𝑨𝑨⃗ + ��⃗
20) If 𝑪𝑪
between A and B is
(a) 00
(b) 900
(c) 1200
𝑩𝑩 and A = B = C, then angle
SH
𝑷𝑷 and 𝑸𝑸 is (d) 1800 [Ans: c]
inclined at 450 to either of them. What is the
magnitude of the resultant?
(a) �𝑃𝑃2 + 𝑄𝑄 2
(b) �𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑄𝑄 2
(c) P + Q
(d) P –Q [ANS: a]

15) A vector ��⃗ 𝑨𝑨 of magnitude 7 unit is

multiplied by -2 then the new vector
quantity has a magnitude of
(a) 14 units in direction of 𝐴𝐴⃗
(b) 14 unit in opposite direction of 𝐴𝐴⃗
(c) 7 unit in direction of 𝐴𝐴⃗
(d) 7 unit in opposite direction of 𝐴𝐴⃗ [Ans: b]

16) IF 𝑨𝑨 ��⃗ + 𝑩𝑩��⃗ is a unit vector along X-axis

and 𝑨𝑨 � then ��⃗
�⃗ = 𝒊𝒊̂ − 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝒌𝒌 𝑩𝑩 is
(a) 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ − 𝑘𝑘�
(b) 𝚥𝚥̂ − 𝑘𝑘�
(c) 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘�
(d) 𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘� [Ans: b]

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