Flood Preparedness in Sirajganj

Impact Assessment and Key

Learnings
 Advisors
Md. Alauddin Khan
Dr. ABM Shazzad Hossain
Kazi Masuduzzaman Poll

Research Team
A M Rasheduzzaman Khan
Atiqur Rahaman Shadhin
Shobhajit Chowdhury

Contributors
Shafi-ul-Kafi Suman
Md. Janafar Islam

Published by
National Development Programme (NDP)

Published
February 2025

©All rights reserved by

National Development Programme (NDP)
Table of Contents
Acronyms 01
Acknowledgement 01
Affirmation 01
Executive Summary 02
1. Introduction and Study Overview 06
1.1. Background of the project 06
1.2. Objective of the Impact Study 09
1.3. Key research questions 09
1.4. Implication of the study 09
2. Methodology of the Study 10
3. Findings 12 12
3.1 Findings from the Literature review 12
3.2 Demographic profile of Quantitative Survey Participants 13
3.3 Community Insights on Flood Preparedness 14
3.4 Community Evaluation of Start Ready's Flood Preparedness Support 20
3.5 Communication, Coordination, and Support Distribution Challenges in
the Readiness Phase and Addressing Them 23
3.6 Enhancing Safety and Support Through Safeguarding Measures 26
3.7 Lessons Learned for Improving Future Flood Preparedness Strategies 27
4. Recommendations for Enhancing Flood Preparedness 30
5. Conclusion 32
Case Story 33
Acronym
ADC Additional Deputy Commissioner
DC Deputy Commissioner
FGD Focus Group Discussion
KII Key informant Interview
LGI Local Government Institution
MMS Manab Mukti Sangstha
NDP National Development Programme
NGO Non-governmental organization
ToR Terms of Reference
UDMC Upazila Disaster Management Committees
UNO Upazila Nirbahi Officer
UP Union Parishad, the lowest tier of local government in Bangladesh
WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

Acknowledgement
We are deeply indebted to all the individuals who contributed their valuable time and
insights through interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and surveys conducted during
this study. Their perspectives and information have been instrumental in shaping this
research.

We also extend our sincere appreciation to the enumerators and other members of the
study team for their dedication and effort in carrying out various field activities, all of which
played a crucial role in the successful completion of this study.

We are especially grateful to NDP and MMS, including Start Ready and its officials, for their
technical support and granting us the opportunity to conduct this research. A special note
of thanks goes to the NDP and MMS officials who actively engaged in the study process,
providing valuable comments, suggestions, and ongoing support.

Affirmation
The data in this report were collected directly from communities in the project area through
surveys, FGDs, KIIs, and observations. We believe the findings will be valuable for NDP,
MMS, and Start Ready, supporting future project design. The primary data remain the
property of the participating communities and families, and may only be used with consent
from NDP and Start Ready authorities.

A M Rasheduzzaman Khan & Team

Consultant

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 01

Executive Summary
This report details the findings of the Impact Survey conducted in February 2025 on two
innovative flood preparedness projects under the Start Ready fund. These projects were
implemented in the flood-prone regions of Kazipur, Chauhali, and Shahjadpur Upazilas
within Sirajganj District, Bangladesh, by the National Development Programme (NDP) and
Manab Mukti Sangstha (MMS). The NDP-led initiatives took place between June and August
2024, while MMS implemented their activities from February 7 to March 7, 2024. Both
projects aimed to bolster community resilience against recurring floods through a
combination of community engagement, targeted infrastructure improvements, strategic
disaster risk financing, and anticipatory action measures.

Project Overview: Bangladesh, one of the most disaster-prone countries globally, faces
significant challenges from recurring floods that jeopardize livelihoods, infrastructure, and
economic stability. The Sirajganj district, located near the dynamic Jamuna River, is
particularly vulnerable. In addressing, the Start Ready-funded projects, supported through
the National Reserves of Start Ready, were strategically designed to mitigate these impacts
through targeted interventions. This initiative aims to enhance both organizational and
community preparedness before or during the early stages of the risk season. By
establishing national reserves, the program ensures that resources are readily available to
enable more effective anticipatory action if a trigger is activated. These initiatives focused
on upgrading water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities by repairing and installing
community tube wells and latrines to improve access to safe water and reduce waterborne
disease risks. Additionally, livestock vaccination campaigns were implemented to protect
farmers’ incomes, agricultural awareness programs were conducted to promote flood-
resilient practices, small-scale infrastructure projects such as earth road and bridge
construction were developed to enhance mobility and access to essential services, and
flood shelter readiness was improved by upgrading shelter infrastructure and sanitation
facilities. Community capacity building was also emphasized by training local volunteers in
disaster response, early warning systems, and emergency preparedness.

Methodology: A robust mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative

data from surveys of 200 beneficiaries with qualitative insights gathered through Focus
Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews, case study and direct field observations. The
data was analyzed using SPSS and validated through triangulation with project reports,
completion reports, and field observations, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of the
project outcomes.

Key Findings
Effectiveness of Interventions: Respondents overwhelmingly rated the flood preparedness
efforts favorably, with many describing the interventions as highly effective. The overall
positive feedback indicates that the measures taken have substantially improved the
community’s capacity to respond to flood events.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 02

Community Benefits: The infrastructure improvements have played a pivotal role in
enhancing community resilience. Upgrades in water access, sanitation, and evacuation
routes have not only reduced immediate flood risks but also instilled a renewed sense of
confidence among residents regarding their ability to manage future flood events.

Satisfaction Levels: The community expressed mixed satisfaction with the project
interventions, with water and sanitation improvements and cattle vaccination campaigns
receiving the most varied feedback. While many respondents appreciated the efforts,
concerns were raised about inadequate maintenance of newly installed facilities and the
need for more comprehensive hygiene education. Some community members also faced
difficulties in accessing sanitation facilities, particularly women and people with disabilities,
due to their location and lack of inclusivity due to struggled to access WASH facilities due to
their location in male-dominated spaces, lack of ramps, handrails, and inadequate privacy.
Additionally, transporting livestock for vaccination remained a challenge for those in remote
areas, limiting the campaign’s reach and effectiveness.

In contrast, agricultural awareness campaigns received high levels of approval, with many
respondents acknowledging their positive impact on preparedness and food security.
However, the most widely appreciated intervention was small-scale risk mitigation through
earth road construction, which was recognized for significantly improving accessibility
during floods. Despite the challenges in some areas, the community acknowledged
improvements in flood resilience, mobility, and overall preparedness. To enhance the
effectiveness of interventions, respondents suggested better infrastructure maintenance,
greater accessibility for vulnerable groups, and expanded hygiene education.

Inclusivity and Accessibility: Targeted measures have particularly benefited women and
persons with disabilities. However, further improvements are necessary to ensure that all
infrastructure is fully gender-sensitive and accessible. For instance, dedicated sanitation
facilities for women and enhanced accessibility features for persons with disabilities remain
critical areas for future development.

Economic Resilience: The projects contributed significantly to economic stability. Livestock

vaccination programs and improved road connectivity have reduced losses and facilitated
better market access. As a result, farmers have experienced enhanced economic security
and an increased ability to withstand future disasters.

Community Engagement: Active participation by local community members has been

instrumental in the success of these initiatives. The incorporation of participatory planning
and decision-making processes has fostered local ownership, which is crucial for the
sustainability and long-term effectiveness of flood preparedness measures.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 03

Coordination in Readiness Phase: NDP collaborated with local authorities, NGOs, and other
stakeholders to ensure smooth implementation, with key partnerships like the Upazila
Livestock Officer facilitating the vaccination campaign. Coordination with other NGOs
helped prevent duplication and optimized resource use. Similarly, MMS worked closely with
local authorities during the flood preparedness phase, coordinating with key government
officials to streamline execution. Formal meetings with local government representatives
and community members ensured alignment with local needs, strengthening local
ownership and contributing to the overall success of the response efforts.

Safeguarding Measures: While flood shelters integrated initial protective measures for
vulnerable groups—including women, children, and persons with disabilities—gaps persist.
Efforts to prevent exploitation and gender-based violence through community awareness
sessions have yielded positive results; however, more robust strategies such as designated
safe spaces, effective monitoring, and stronger legal support are needed to ensure
comprehensive protection.

Challenges and Mitigation: The project encountered several significant challenges. The
project timelines were impacted by delays due to the political unrest in Bangladesh in mid-
July, leading to a 8-day delay in the rollout, slower than initially planned. Inconsistent
communication strategies among various project teams led to gaps in information
dissemination, leaving some beneficiaries unclear about available services and support.
Coordination issues with local authorities further complicated implementation, hindering
the efficient delivery of preparedness activities. Additionally, logistical constraints meant
that certain community members faced difficulties accessing essential support during
critical moments. To address these obstacles, the project teams implemented several
mitigation measures. Enhanced coordination protocols were established to streamline
procurement processes and ensure the timely delivery of materials. A centralized
communication strategy was adopted to improve information sharing among project teams
and beneficiaries, reducing ambiguity about available services. Regular multi-stakeholder
meetings with local authorities were introduced to reinforce coordination, clarify roles, and
expedite decision-making. Furthermore, alternative logistical arrangements and community-
based support networks were developed to ensure that essential services reached even the
most remote areas during critical times.

Lessons Learned: Lessons learned from these initiatives emphasize the critical importance
of engaging women, youth, and marginalized groups in the planning and implementation
processes. Early preparedness measures—such as pre-disaster infrastructure investments
and localized early warning systems—are vital for minimizing flood impacts. Additionally,
enhanced coordination among government bodies, NGOs, and community stakeholders
optimizes resource allocation and prevents redundancy. Promoting economic resilience
through flood-resistant agricultural practices and livelihood diversification further
strengthens post-disaster recovery, and tailoring interventions to the local cultural,
economic, and environmental context increases their overall sustainability.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 04

Recommendations: The report recommends establishing flexible funding mechanisms, such
as contingency funds and climate finance, to enable the rapid deployment of resources and
address coordination challenges. Future interventions should prioritize the timely
availability of essential resources, including clean water, livestock protection, and medical
supplies. During the preparedness phase, efforts should focus on securing these resources
in advance through targeted measures such as pre-positioning supplies, strengthening
vaccination programs, and improving water and sanitation infrastructure.

To enhance community participation and ownership, localized and inclusive communication

strategies should be developed to ensure flood risk information reaches all, especially
vulnerable groups such as women, youth, and people with disabilities. Strengthening
coordination among local authorities, NGOs, and community groups is critical to avoiding
duplication and ensuring equitable resource distribution. Additionally, flood shelters must
incorporate inclusive infrastructure, including designated safe spaces, accessible facilities,
and safeguarding mechanisms to protect at-risk populations. Ongoing monitoring and
evaluation with real-time feedback loops will further improve responsiveness, allowing
interventions to be adapted to community needs more effectively.

Conclusion: National reserves are important because they create access and provide
opportunities to understand the community's needs, particularly in terms of basic
preparedness before a flood occurs. Additionally, national reserves meet the aims of
operational and community readiness, enhancing the ability to take anticipatory action
when a flood occurs. The Start Ready-funded preparedness projects, implemented by NDP
and MMS, have made significant progress in strengthening flood preparedness and
enhancing community resilience in Sirajganj district. Key improvements have been made in
infrastructure, disaster awareness, and community engagement. However, challenges
remain, such as communication gaps, inclusivity, and refining safeguarding measures to
ensure equal access for all. Focusing on the preparedness phase, the projects have
enhanced organizational and community capacity for anticipatory actions. This includes
pre-positioning critical resources, strengthening early warning systems, and training local
communities to respond quickly to flood risks. These measures improve the ability of local
stakeholders to act proactively, minimizing flood impacts before they occur. Lessons
learned emphasize the importance of investing in preparedness to build long-term
resilience. Activities like ensuring clean water access, livestock protection, and stockpiling
medical supplies directly support community resilience and community capacity for
anticipatory actions. Future initiatives can build on these insights, making them more
effective, equitable, and sustainable, ensuring vulnerable communities are better equipped
to handle and recover from floods.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 05

1. Introduction and Study Overview
This report presents the details of the Impact Survey conducted in February 2025 by A. M.
Rasheduzzaman Khan on two projects funded by Start Ready in Kazipur, Chauhali and
Shajadpur Upazila under Sirajganj District of Bangladesh.

1.1. Background of the project

Bangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, with floods being a
major and recurring threat. During the monsoon season, which typically occurs from June to
September, heavy rainfall significantly contributes to flooding. While flooding affects almost
every region, its intensity and frequency vary. Sirajganj district, particularly Kazipur and
Chauhali Upazilas, is among the most vulnerable areas due to its proximity to the Jamuna
River. Kazipur and Chauhali experience frequent and severe flooding, primarily caused by
the river’s dynamic morphology, heavy monsoon rainfall, and low-lying topography. The
Jamuna River regularly overflows, inundating large areas, damaging agriculture and
infrastructure, and displacing communities. These floods not only cause significant
economic losses but also disrupt livelihoods, making disaster preparedness and resilience-
building critical for the region.

Start Ready builds on the Start Network’s experience in developing locally-led systems that
empower frontline humanitarians with early and predictable disaster risk financing. By pre-
positioning funds for crises that follow regular patterns—such as floods, droughts, and
heatwaves— Start Ready ensures that resources are available before disasters strike. Using
advanced risk modeling, it predicts where these crises are likely to occur, how often they will
happen, and their potential impact on the most vulnerable communities. This proactive
approach enables faster and more efficient responses, reducing both economic and human
losses.

National Development Programme (NDP) and Manab Mukti Sangstha (MMS) implemented
preparedness projects in Kazipur Upazila (NDP implanted the project in 2 Unions) and
Chauhali and Shahjadpur Upazila (MMS implanted the project in 4 Unions ) during June-
August 2024, with funding from START Ready through the National Reserves Fund. The
projects were strategically designed to mitigate these impacts through targeted
interventions. This initiative aims to enhance both organizational and community
preparedness before or during the early stages of the risk season. By establishing national
reserves, the program ensures that resources are readily available to enable more effective
anticipatory action (AA) if a trigger is activated. NDP implemented the project with the goal
of improving flood preparedness and response interventions in 2 Unions of Kazipur Upazila,
Sirajganj District.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 06

Monsoon Flood Readiness Initiative 2024 of NDP

Table-1: Key initiative of the Monsoon Flood Readiness Initiative 2024

SL No. Key Activities Number of People Benefited

Repairment and instalment of new 1,500 (800 female, 700 male including
1
community tubewells and latrine 11 persons with disability)

1,645 (800 female, 845 male including

2 Vaccination camp for livestock
11 persons with disability)

200 (100 female, 100 male including 2

3 Awareness meeting on agriculture
persons with disability)

Small scale Risk Mitigation through

4 200 (100 female, 100)
Earth Road Construction

Under the Monsoon Flood Readiness Initiative 2024, the National Development Programme
(NDP) and funded by START Ready’s National Reserves Fund, implemented several key
activities to improve flood preparedness. These included 10 agricultural awareness
campaigns with the Department of Agriculture Extension, educating 200 community
members on sustainable farming practices and flood risk management. In partnership with
the Department of Livestock, the project also organized 10 cattle vaccination campaigns,
vaccinating 2,713 cattle to safeguard livestock from diseases and protect the livelihoods of
local farmers. Additionally, a 625-meter earth road was constructed to provide better
access to flood shelters, reducing the hardships faced by residents during floods.

The project further addressed water and sanitation challenges by installing tubewells and
latrines to ensure clean water access and reduce the risk of waterborne diseases during
floods. A 650-meter connecting road was built to enhance access for relief efforts, and
flood preparedness information was shared with the community to strengthen their ability
to respond effectively. The project involved collaboration with the implementing NGO
(MMS) of START Ready to ensure successful execution.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 07

MMS implemented flood readiness activities from February 7 to March 7, 2024, across four
unions in Chauhali (Umarpur, Baghutia, and Sthall Union) and Shahjadpur (Sonatoni)
Upazilas. These activities included road repairs, wooden bridge setups, and the
establishment and improvement of WASH facilities to enhance preparedness before the
flood season.

Table-2: Key initiative of the Organizational Readiness and Disaster Risk Financing for
Early Action and Responses to Humanitarian Crises

SL No. Key Activities Number of People Benefited

Day-long training on the basic concept of

climate change, disaster terminology,
1 80 (32 female)
emergency responses, and early warning
systems management

Small scale risk mitigation interventions like;

2 damaged road repair, wooden bridges, 10,000 People
connecting roads

3 Support to keep shelter ready & clean 200 families

To strengthen disaster response capacity, the project formed four volunteer groups,
engaging a total of 80 volunteers (20 per group) across the four targeted unions, including
32 female volunteers. To mitigate disaster risks in the target communities, the project
implemented various small-scale interventions, such as repairing damaged roads,
constructing wooden bridges, and improving connecting roads. In total, eight mitigation
schemes were completed, benefiting approximately 10,000 people by ensuring safe access
and communication routes during floods.

To provide safe and hygienic shelter during floods, the project supported five flood shelters
with essential cleaning and maintenance, including tub-well installations, latrine
construction, solar system setups, and emergency shelter kits. These efforts created a
hygienic environment, allowing approximately 200 families to take refuge during floods.
Additionally, a list of vulnerable households was prepared and validated. To strengthen
coordination, five meetings were held with the flood shelter management committee, with
the participation of 52 members, including 09 women.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 08

1.2. Objective of the Impact Study
The aim of this study is to document and analyze the collaboration between communities,
leaders, and local authorities to improve flood preparedness. By gathering community
feedback, the study seeks to provide insights for enhancing future interventions,
strengthening disaster risk financing (DRF), and advancing anticipatory action [Link]
objectives of this study are:
Assess the effectiveness and impact of flood preparedness interventions.
Identify gaps, challenges, and opportunities for improvement in disaster response.
Capture community feedback to shape future interventions.
Evaluate safeguarding measures and inclusivity in the preparedness process.

1.3. Key research questions

The key research questions guiding this study, which aims to evaluate the effectiveness,
challenges, and community perceptions of flood preparedness in the implemented projects,
are as follows:
i. What are the community members' experiences and perceptions of flood preparedness
and response efforts?
ii. How do community members evaluate the effectiveness of the Start Ready’s
preparedness activities before the flood season?
iii. What are the key lessons learned from the community's experience that can inform
future flood preparedness and response strategies?
iv. What gaps and challenges in communication, coordination, and support distribution did
the community face during the readiness phase?
v. Have the safeguarding measures in the community made them feel safer and more
supported?
vi. What are the recommendations for improving future humanitarian interventions based
on community feedback?

1.4. Implication of the study

The findings and recommendations of the impact study are expected to help Start Ready
and its partners identify necessary changes for replication and improve future preparedness
and anticipatory actions.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 09

2. Methodology of the Study
The study is designed as a descriptive analysis aimed at documenting and examining the
collaborative processes between communities, community leaders, and local authorities. A
thorough review of relevant literature, including project applications and reports, was
conducted to align with the study's objectives. Additionally, a survey was administered that
employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. This mixed-methods approach
enables to explore not only the "what" (quantitative) but also the "why" (qualitative),
offering deeper insights into the issues at hand.

The quantitative survey focused on intervention impact and beneficiary satisfaction among
targeted beneficiaries of the NDP. It utilized a two-stage random sampling approach, with
respondents being interviewed face-to-face at their households using KOBO Toolbox. A total
of 200 beneficiaries from Natuapara and Chargirish participated in the survey.

Sample Size Calculation for the Beneficiaries’:

Based on Cochran’s formula to ensure statistical reliability, sample size for Quantitative
Survey were determined,

Considering: n = Sample size; P = a dichotomous probability (.5); Q = 1 – P; N = (3545

Persons directly affected by the intervention (1800 female and 1745 male);Z= confidence
level (95% confidence = 1.96); C = Precision level. = 10% (0.1); deff = design effect = 2; A =
Adjustment for non-response = 0.05 (To compensate for nonresponse and inaccurate
responses, the sample size was increased by 5% (Abubakar, 2018; Liu & Liang, 1997)).

Thus, a workable sample size (n) has been determined n=196. which is minimally required
for the study.

A two-stage sampling technique was used to selected 8 villages (25 interview in per village)
for the quantitative survey. The quantitative data has been analyzed based mainly on
descriptive statistics; SPSS software has been used for quantitative data.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 10

For qualitative data collection, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Key Informant Interviews
(KII) were conducted with various project participants, including community members,
community leaders, and local authorities. The data collection breakdown is as follows:

Table-3: Extent of the study by methods

Method(s) Respondents Category No. No. of participants

200 (135 female) including

Quantitative Women, Men and Persons
200 9 persons
Survey with disability
with disability

Women, young , women

3 28
and girls

Men and young men 2 17

Elderly people 1 9

FGD Persons with disability 1 7 (1 female)

With members of disaster

management committee at
union and ward level, local
1 9
community leaders, elite
people, religious leaders
etc.

Government official (Dept.

of health), LGI
KII Representative, Local Elite 9 9 (2 female)
and School-Teacher and
Project Official

Personal stories were an integral part of the study, providing insights into the community's
experiences with the initiatives. Personal observations made during the FGDs, KIIs, and field
visits were also noted. The consultant has utilized guidelines, checklists, and partially open-
ended questionnaires, with the Completion Report and Project Application also serving as
additional sources of information.

The data was validated through the triangulation of findings from the literature review,
quantitative survey, and qualitative data, which included FGDs, KIIs, personal stories, and
observations.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 11

3. Findings
The report draws on its findings to achieve the study's objectives and provide a
comprehensive understanding of the outcomes of activities aimed at enhancing flood
preparedness. Emphasis is placed on effectively integrating various data sources to ensure
they complement and enrich the overall analysis. In the findings section, both quantitative
and qualitative data are blended to provide a more holistic interpretation

3.1 Findings from the Literature review

The literature review highlights Sirajganj district, often called the "Gateway to North
Bengal," is among the most flood-prone regions in Bangladesh. With an average elevation of
just 7 meters above sea level, it remains highly vulnerable to flooding. The district is
crisscrossed by major rivers, including the Brahmaputra (Jamuna), Baral, Ichamati, Karatoa,
and Phuljuri, which exacerbate the risk of recurrent floods (Chanda et al., 2021).

Annual flooding is a persistent challenge, with particularly severe occurrences recorded

over multiple years. The low-lying "char" lands are especially susceptible to inundation (Ali
et al., 2019). Agriculture, the district's economic backbone, suffers extensive damage,
leading to crop loss, livestock mortality, and employment disruptions, worsening poverty
and food insecurity (Ali et al., 2019). Floods also heighten the prevalence of vector- and
waterborne diseases, causing widespread health risks, morbidity, and mortality (Siddik &
Rahman, 2013). Infrastructure—including homes, roads, and essential services—suffers
repeated damage due to flooding and riverbank erosion, particularly in Kazipur, Chauhali,
and Shahjadpur upazilas (Md Akhtaruzzaman, 2024). Continuous riverbank erosion displaces
communities, leading to the loss of homes and agricultural land, deepening the region’s
vulnerability. Research indicates that current flood mitigation strategies are inadequate,
and the lack of effective disaster preparedness measures contributes to recurring
devastation (Rashid & Pramanik, 2004).

Rajshahi is classified among the extremely flood-affected regions, with Sirajganj district
experiencing severe impacts (Jakia Alam et al., 2024). The northeastern district of
Bangladesh has faced severe flooding in 2024 due to continuous rainfall and the onrush of
water from upstream hills in India. Reports indicate that at least 103,594 people from
23,306 families in 34 unions of five upazilas were affected by floodwaters. Riverbank erosion
remains a critical concern, especially in Kazipur, Chauhali, and Shahjadpur upazilas, further
deteriorating residents' living conditions (Md Akhtaruzzaman, 2024). While adaptation
measures in agriculture, livestock, and fisheries have been introduced, they have yet to fully
mitigate flooding’s long-term consequences. Local coping strategies include temporary
relocation, embankment construction, and diversified livelihoods. However, these measures
often prove inadequate, emphasizing the need for comprehensive and sustainable flood
management policies (Haque, 2015).

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 12

Furthermore, Azam et al. (2021) assessed vulnerability and adaptability to natural hazards in
rural char land (bar land) communities along the Jamuna River using the Livelihood
Vulnerability Index (LVI) within the IPCC vulnerability framework and the Sustainable
Livelihoods Framework (SLF). The study determined that the area has an index value of
0.513, indicating a moderate level of vulnerability. Financial capital was found to be the
most vulnerable aspect (0.685), followed by human capital (0.521), natural capital (0.501),
social capital (0.477), and physical capital (0.388). The IPCC Vulnerability Index (IPCC-VI)
result of 0.0163 suggests that the region is more exposed to natural hazards than it has the
capacity to adapt. While the adaptive capacity index (0.415) exceeds both the exposure
index (0.453) and sensitivity index (0.429), the findings highlight the urgent need for
government intervention through development programs to enhance resilience.

Kazipur is an agriculture-dominant upazila, where most of the population relies on

agriculture and fishing, with others engaged in business, service, agricultural labor, wage
labor, and construction work. Major crops include rice, jute, pepper, maize, potato, sweet
potato, sugarcane, and groundnut. The Jamuna River, which branches and rejoins multiple
times, is the primary river, while the Ichamati River flows along the upazila’s western edge.
The most common hazards in Kazipur are riverbank erosion by the Jamuna River, monsoon
floods, and cold waves in winter (MoL, 2016). Riverbank erosion and flooding are so frequent
that almost every year, certain parts of the upazila face direct impacts. Kazipur experiences
the highest flood impacts during the monsoon season, from June to September, when heavy
rainfall and upstream water flow cause the Jamuna River to overflow.

3.2 Demographic profile of Quantitative Survey Participants

Figure- 1: Profile of Survey Participants

Having any difficulty in seeing,

Young (<30 years) = 20%
No Schooling 23% hearing, walking, cognition,
Middle age 1 (30-45
Primary (Incomplete) 26.5% self-care, or communication:
years)= 43.5%
Primary Completed 25 % Yes= 4.5 % ; No= 95.5%
Middle age -2 (46 - 59
SSC Completed 15% Seeing =11.1%; Walking =
years)= 20.5%
HSC Completed 7.5% 33.3%; Cognition = 22.2%; Self-
Senior citizen (60 years
Graduate and Above= 3% care = 22.2%;
and >)= 16%
Communication = 11.1%

The survey findings revealed that out of 200 respondents, 67.5% were female, while the
remaining 32.5% were male. The majority of respondents had some level of schooling, with
25% completing primary education and 26.5% not completing the primary level.
Additionally, 23% had never attended school, while only 3% had attained a graduate or
postgraduate degree.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 13

Among the respondents of the quantitative survey, 4.5% reported having difficulties related
to vision, hearing, mobility, cognition, self-care, or communication. Of this group, 11.1% had
difficulty seeing, 33.3% faced challenges in walking, 22.2% had cognitive difficulties, 22.2%
struggled with self-care, and 11.1% had communication impairments.

The survey also assessed

Table -4: Distribution of Respondents by Occupation
respondents' occupations. It
found that 64% were Categories Percent
homemakers, 16% were farmers,
7% were day laborers, and 5.5% Farmer 13.5
were engaged in small
Service 1.5
businesses. Additionally, 1% were
in formal jobs or services, 1.5% Fishing .5
were transport workers, and 2%
were students. Another 2% were Transport Worker 1.5
unemployed or not engaged in
income-earning activities. Homemaker 64.0
For a detailed breakdown, see
Small Business 5.5
Table -4.
Day Laborer 7.0

Village Doctor .5

Imam/Priest .5

Domestic Aid 1.0

Involved in Social Work .5

Jobless/Unemployed 2.0

Student 2.0

3.3 Community Insights on Flood Preparedness

With funding from Start Ready, NDP and MMS implemented a variety of initiatives to
enhance flood preparedness and strengthen community resilience. These efforts included
road construction and repairs, building wooden bridges, improving WASH facilities,
vaccinating livestock, promoting climate change adaptation in agriculture, and training
volunteers. These interventions have had a positive impact, improving accessibility,
preparedness, and resilience to flooding. The following highlights community members'
experiences and perceptions of these flood preparedness and response efforts.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 14

The survey data shows that 97.5% of respondents participated in water and sanitation
improvements, followed by 94.5% in cattle vaccination campaigns. Agricultural awareness
campaigns had 50% participation, while the construction of the earth road to the flood
shelter had the lowest engagement at 49%.

Figure-2: Community perception on flood preparedness efforts (in %)

60
Survey findings revealed that the
majority of community members viewed
flood preparedness efforts positively.
50 52
Specifically, 52.5% of respondents rated
the initiatives as "Very Effective," while
43
40 43.5% considered them "Effective." This
indicates that nearly 96% of
30 respondents recognized the benefits of
these efforts in enhancing flood
preparedness. However, a small portion
20
remained neutral (3.5%) or found the
efforts "Very Ineffective" (0.5%),
10 suggesting that while the overall
perception was favorable, there are still
4 1
0 areas for improvement
Very Effective Effective Neutral Very ineffective

NDP project has significantly improved the Figure-3: Community perception of

community’s quality of life, particularly in flood resilience improvement
health and economic resilience, though further
expansion is needed in agricultural knowledge No
and infrastructure. Survey data highlights key 3%
impacts in water and sanitation, agriculture,
livestock health, and infrastructure. Water and
sanitation improvements have been highly
effective, with 100% reporting better access to
clean water, 94% noting improved hygiene, and
98.5% experiencing fewer waterborne diseases.
Agricultural awareness campaigns have
benefited 60.5% with sustainable farming
knowledge and 93% with flood resilience. Cattle
vaccination campaigns improved livestock
health (93%) and reduced economic losses
(95.5%). However, earth road construction for
flood shelter connectivity had a more limited
Yes
reach, with only 50% reporting improved access
97%
and reduced transportation challenges.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 15

The survey data indicates that the majority of respondents perceive the project as having a
positive impact on their resilience to floods. A significant 97% (194 respondents) believe the
project has enhanced their household or community's ability to withstand flooding,
demonstrating its effectiveness in flood risk mitigation. In contrast, only 3% (6 respondents)
do not perceive any improvement, suggesting minimal gaps in impact or awareness.

Figure-4: Impact of project activities on life and community

Improved access clean and safe water 100

Improved hygiene and sanitation 94

Reduced waterborne diseases 88

Increased knowledge on sustainable farming prctices 60

Enhanced resilience to flood related risk 93

Improved livestock health 93

Reduced economic losses 95

Improved access to flood shelter 50

Reduced transportation challenges 50

0 20 40 60 80 100

Through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), it was evident
that NDP's interventions significantly enhanced flood preparedness and community
resilience. The installation of tube wells and latrines provided clean water and improved
sanitation during floods, helping reduce health risks. The construction of new roads
improved access to markets, schools, hospitals, and relief services, while also allowing for
safer transport of agricultural products, which contributed to economic stability. The
livestock vaccination program helped protect animals and supported farmers' livelihoods.
Agricultural preparedness measures safeguarded crops, ensuring food security.
Additionally, flood preparedness information was disseminated, increasing community
awareness and preparedness, which led to improvements in health, mobility, economic
stability, and disaster response

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 16

The survey data indicates that the majority of respondents perceive the project as having a
positive impact on their resilience to floods. A significant 97% (194 respondents) believe the
project has enhanced their household or community's ability to withstand flooding,
demonstrating its effectiveness in flood risk mitigation. In contrast, only 3% (6 respondents)
do not perceive any improvement, suggesting minimal gaps in impact or awareness.

Community Use of Project Knowledge and Resources

From an open-ended question, the survey respondents shared how the community
applied project knowledge and resources in daily life. Community members have
effectively used this knowledge in various ways. Water and sanitation efforts ensured
clean drinking water, improved hygiene, and flood-resilient sanitation. Flood
management included preparedness awareness, and elevated roads. Animal health
initiatives protected livestock through vaccination and shelters. Health and hygiene
practices enhanced sanitation, healthcare access, and disease prevention. Food
security measures secured dry food, protected crops, and managed livestock feed.
Education and community support ensured school continuity and aid for vulnerable
groups. Emergency preparedness involved disaster training and stocking essentials,
while social inclusion provided facilities for at-risk populations. These efforts have
strengthened community resilience and well-being.

During the FGDs, community members shared positive experiences. Women emphasized
how road improvements facilitated easier access to services and enabled the safe transport
of agricultural products, which bolstered their economic stability. Men appreciated the road
construction and livestock vaccination program, which helped reduce financial losses and
improved animal health. Persons with Disabilities highlighted the benefits of the tube wells,
which made accessing clean water more convenient and independent. Youth valued the
improvements in transportation and sanitation, which positively impacted school
attendance. Girls noted the improvements in hygiene from the new WASH facilities, though
they suggested expanding these facilities to better accommodate menstrual needs.

"In our char region, every family depends on agriculture, and most of us raise poultry,
cattle, and goats. However, due to a lack of awareness about the importance of vaccination,
many have faced challenges in livestock and poultry farming. Every year, after the floods,
various diseases cause the death of livestock and poultry, leading to significant losses. But
this year, thanks to vaccination, there have been no such issues. Therefore, there is a need
for vaccination campaigns in every village and to raise public awareness. It would be more
effective if vaccinations are provided house-to-house or through village camps, as men are
often working in the fields, and it is difficult for women to travel long distances to vaccinate
their animals."
-Women FGD participant in Natuarpara

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 17

A key informant, Mamta Khatun, a teacher at a girls' school in Char Girish Union, shared,
"Proper sanitation is one of the fundamental needs of an educational institution, especially
in girls' schools. The provision of hygienic and safe toilets directly affects students' health,
attendance, and the overall learning environment. Clean and sanitary toilets significantly
reduce the risk of diseases like diarrhea and urinary infections. During floods, the lack of
proper toilet facilities and clean water can exacerbate health issues, leading to increased
absenteeism, especially among female students. Many female students, particularly during
menstruation, feel hesitant to attend school due to inadequate facilities. When separate and
secure toilets are available, students feel mentally relieved and safe, promoting consistent
attendance. The installation of hygienic elevated toilets and the provision of clean drinking
water have had a positive impact on ensuring students' health and well-being, reducing
waterborne diseases and improving school attendance for girls, even during flood
conditions."
Shakila Afrojah, a pharmacist of Govt.
Health Service Providing Center,
pointed out that high toilets
significantly reduced waterborne
diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, and
typhoid during floods.
Abdul Khalek, a community leader and
former local representative of
Natuapara, stated that the new road
has benefited nearly 40,000 people
across three unions, especially during
floods. Previously, navigating uneven
paths was challenging, but now both
people and vehicles can move easily,
even in flood conditions. The road has
made travel to schools and hospitals
quicker and allowed agricultural products
and goods to reach markets more
efficiently, benefiting farmers and
businesses. This improved infrastructure
has provided significant advantages for
transportation and access, enhancing the
community's opportunities, even during
[Link] LGI representative from
Chargirish stated,
"The installation of hygienic elevated toilets has significantly reduced the number of
patients suffering from diarrheal and other waterborne diseases during floods and post-
flood periods. These toilets are especially beneficial for women and children, offering a safer
and more convenient option, leading to increased usage. Women can now use toilets with

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 18

greater privacy and security, enhancing their overall safety. The introduction of these toilets
has also raised health and sanitation awareness within the community, positively impacting
public health. Given the area's flood vulnerability, there is a pressing need for more toilets
and tube wells. This could be addressed through joint funding with the Union Parishad and
local elders, ensuring separate facilities for women and, if possible, constructing toilets at
the community or household level to further strengthen flood preparedness and sanitation
resilience."

Better roads help us reach higher ground more quickly during floods, making evacuation
safer – Women FGD participants in Natuapara, Kazipur

Timely vaccinations help reduce the spread of disease among animals, keeping them
resilient to flood-related stress – Women FGD participants in Natuapara, Kazipur

Access to proper sanitation has helped reduce the number of students falling ill from
waterborne diseases during floods. However, a more comprehensive toilet facility with
additional space and the ability to change sanitary pads during menstruation would
provide even greater benefits. – School Student, FGD Participant, Chargirish

MMS interventions further strengthened community resilience. Improvements in

infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and sanitation facilities, enhanced the overall
preparedness of the community. Additionally, 80 volunteers and community members were
trained in early warning systems, which improved the community's response during floods.
The project also focused on upgrading flood shelters to ensure they could accommodate
displaced families. As part of these efforts, five flood shelter management committee
meetings were held with 52 active members, where a repair and renovation plan was
developed to enhance shelter readiness for the upcoming flood. These combined actions
significantly strengthened flood preparedness and overall disaster resilience.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 19

3.4 Community Evaluation of Start Ready's Flood Preparedness Support
The project, implemented by NDP, significantly strengthened the community’s resilience to
floods by improving infrastructure, sanitation, and agricultural preparedness. Key
interventions included the installation of tube wells and latrines, which ensured access to
clean water and sanitation, reducing health risks during floods. The construction of a raised
road in Natuapara improved access to relief services, while cattle vaccination campaigns
protected livestock, safeguarding farmers' livelihoods. Additionally, agricultural
preparedness initiatives helped secure food supplies by protecting crops, and flood
preparedness awareness campaigns enabled the community to respond effectively.

The project was executed as planned during July and August 2024. Survey data indicates
that over 50% of respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with the timeliness of
activities, while 25% expressed dissatisfaction. FGDs revealed that delays were mainly due
to difficulties in procuring materials and coordinating deliveries during the monsoon season.
Additionally, severe flooding began before the project was completed, affecting some
construction efforts.

Figure-5: Satisfaction with the timeliness of project activities (in %)

Very Unsatisfied
5%
Unsatisfies
20%

Very Satisfied
49%

Neither satisfied or Unsatisfied

Satisfied 21%
5%

Both FGDs and KIIs emphasized the critical role of infrastructure interventions such as
elevated roads, tube wells, and toilets in improving flood resilience. These measures
ensured access to markets, clean water, and sanitation, directly reducing vulnerabilities and
helping the community recover more quickly.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 20

Table-5: Satisfaction with Interventions

Interventions Response Percent

Very Unsatisfied 3.1

Unsatisfied 19.5

Water and Sanitation Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 19.5

Improvements Satisfied 5.6

Very Satisfied 52.3

Total 100.0

Very Unsatisfied 1.0

Unsatisfied 2.0

Agricultural Awareness Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 2.0

Campaigns Satisfied 6.0

Very Satisfied 89.0

Total 100.0

Very Unsatisfied 3.2

Unsatisfied 16.9

Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 19.0

Cattle Vaccination Campaigns
Satisfied 5.3

Very Satisfied 55.6

Total 100.0

Earth Road Construction (Flood Very Satisfied 100.0

Shelter Connectivity) Total 100.0

Survey data revealed that most interventions were well received, though water and
sanitation improvements and cattle vaccination campaigns had relatively higher
dissatisfaction levels, highlighting areas for potential improvement. Improvements can be
made in community awareness regarding the cattle rearing and proper use of WASH

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 21

facilities, fostering better collaboration among facility users, and encouraging community
leaders' proactiveness in maintaining these facilities. Specifically, water and sanitation
improvements saw 52.3% of respondents very satisfied, 5.6% satisfied, while 19.5% were
neutral or unsatisfied, and 3.1% were very unsatisfied. Agricultural awareness campaigns
received the highest approval, with 89% very satisfied and 6% satisfied, and only 3%
expressing dissatisfaction or neutrality. Cattle vaccination campaigns showed 55.6% very
satisfied, 5.3% satisfied, but 16.9% were unsatisfied and 3.2% very unsatisfied, indicating
concerns among some community members indicating concerns among some community
members, including the placement of sanitation facilities in locations more accessible to
men, which created challenges for women and caregivers of persons with disabilities.
Additionally, despite the availability of livestock vaccinations, women in remote areas faced
difficulties transporting cattle, highlighting the need for more inclusive infrastructure and
services. Earth road construction for flood shelter connectivity received unanimous
approval, with 100% very satisfied, highlighting its crucial role in improving accessibility.
The data highlights key areas for improving community participation and ownership in flood
preparedness. The top priority (94%) is increasing community-led decision-making,
emphasizing the need for inclusive planning. Strengthening training for local leaders and
volunteers (86%) underscores the importance of capacity-building, while 80% of
respondents stress the value of long-term partnerships with local organizations.
Additionally, 78% highlight the need for more accessible information and resources, pointing
to gaps in communication. Encouraging gender and disability-inclusive planning (75.5%)
further emphasizes the need to remove participation barriers.

The construction of elevated roads, tube wells, and toilets played a pivotal role in reducing
community vulnerabilities, particularly for women and people with disabilities. These
improvements ensured safe access to essential services and resources, mitigating the
impact of floods. Women especially valued the elevated toilets for maintaining privacy and
hygiene, while youth appreciated the flood preparedness efforts. Key Informant Interviews
highlighted the success of the livestock vaccination program, which minimized losses and
strengthened local livelihoods, reinforcing Start Ready’s role in enhancing economic
resilience. Although the project’s interventions improved health, mobility, economic
stability, and disaster resilience, better preparing the community for future floods, some
areas still need attention. The toilets and tube wells were established or renovated in
community locations that were more accessible to men, but posed challenges for women.
During one FGD, a woman shared, "We are Muslim, and our society does not allow us to use
toilets in places where men are present. If there was a separate toilet dedicated for women,
it would be more beneficial." In another FGD, caregivers of persons with disabilities and Key
Informants stressed the importance of accessible sanitation facilities, such as high
commodes, to better accommodate individuals with disabilities. These accessible facilities,
including ramps and adapted toilets, will promote inclusivity and independence, enhancing
the safety and confidence of people with disabilities and enabling their full participation in
disaster response activities. However, despite the availability of livestock vaccinations at
the camp, women faced difficulties in transporting cattle from remote locations.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 22

A local educated youth, who had been unemployed for a long time after completing his
studies, shared during a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) at Chargirish Union, "I achieved great
success by starting flood-resistant plum farming through my own efforts. During the flood
season, people, especially women, have no work for about three months. After the floods,
financial struggles continue until new crops are harvested. During this period, many men
leave in search of work, leaving women in a state of uncertainty. If proper agricultural
training and financial assistance, tailored to local needs, were provided before the floods,
small cottage industries and agriculture-based initiatives could create local employment
opportunities and help mitigate these challenges at the community level."

The project activities implemented by MMS significantly enhanced the community’s

capacity to prepare for and respond to floods. Through infrastructure improvements, such
as the repair and construction of roads, bridges, and WASH facilities, the community's
resilience was greatly strengthened. Additionally, 80 volunteers and community members
were trained in early warning systems, ensuring better preparedness and a more effective
response during floods. Furthermore, efforts were made to improve the readiness of flood
shelters, ensuring they could accommodate affected families and provide essential services
during times of disaster. These interventions collectively contributed to improved disaster
preparedness, enhanced mobility, and better access to resources, thereby positively
impacting the community's overall flood resilience.

Start Ready’s support in flood preparedness, particularly through livestock vaccination

and the establishment of elevated tube wells, ensured the protection of livestock and
maintained access to clean water during floods – Community Leader in Chargirish

Although a 650-meter road was constructed under the project, we locally raised over 12
lakh taka to connect other roads in our area to this road, benefiting people from our village
as well as from three to four neighboring villages. However, it would have been better if
culverts were built at intervals along the road and the road was widened a bit.
Nevertheless, Alhamdulillah, no one gives us anything here, but this project has done a lot
for us. - Local Elder, Natuapara

When animals are vaccinated before floods, they stay healthy and can provide milk and
food, helping families survive flood disruptions- Women FGD participant in
Natuapara.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 23

3.5 Communication, Coordination, and Support Distribution Challenges in the Readiness
Phase and Addressing Them
During the implementation of the project, NDP maintained
strong coordination with local authorities, NGOs, and
various stakeholders to ensure seamless execution.
For the vaccination campaign, the project closely
collaborated with the Upazila Livestock Officer,
who played an active and essential role in
facilitating the vaccination process. This
partnership enabled the community to access
vaccination services with ease, ensuring the
maximum reach and effectiveness of the
program. NDP engaged Union Parishads,
Upazila Disaster Management Committees
(UDMCs), and local administration to share
information and resources, ensuring
alignment of efforts and proper resource
allocation. Regular coordination meetings
with key actors helped share information,
avoid duplication of efforts, and ensure
smooth service delivery to the affected
[Link], NDP collaborated
with national and international NGOs to
leverage technical expertise, funding, and relief support. This partnership enhanced the
collective response capacity, streamlining resources and services across the board. NDP's
readiness activities were aligned with government disaster mitigation plans, ensuring a
coordinated approach to disaster preparedness. By integrating local knowledge and
priorities, the project's community-based coordination empowered community leaders and
volunteers to take an active role in readiness efforts. This comprehensive strategy
strengthens anticipatory actions for potential floods, enhances community resilience, and
maximizes the impact of the intervention..Similarly, MMS worked with local authorities,
NGOs, and other stakeholders during the flood preparedness phase. They coordinated with
the government officials. Formal validation meetings were held with local government
representatives, including Union Parishad Chairmen, and community members were actively
involved in both the planning and implementation stages.

Table-6 highlights strong community engagement in flood preparedness. A significant 91.5%

of respondents participated in community meetings to discuss flood risks, while 80%
worked with local government for resource mobilization. Volunteer groups saw 78%
involvement, and 78.5% emphasized the importance of including women, youth, and people
with disabilities in decision-making. Information sharing with neighboring communities was
supported by 68.5%, and 70.5% participated in joint training sessions with local authorities.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 23

Table -6: Community Collaboration in Flood Preparedness

Response Percent

Community meetings to discuss flood risks and preparedness

91.5
strategies

Forming local volunteer groups 78.5

Sharing information and resources with neighboring communities 68.5

Organizing joint training or awareness sessions with local

70.5
authorities

Coordinating with local government for resource mobilization and

80.0
distribution

Involving women, youth, and persons with disabilities in planning

78.5
and decision-making

Despite efforts to ensure effective communication and coordination during the readiness
phase, both NGOs encountered challenges such as limited community awareness, resource
constraints, and coordination issues. The involvement of multiple agencies—including
government bodies, NGOs, and local response teams—with varying priorities and
operational approaches led to delays in flood preparedness efforts. Some community
members, particularly in remote areas, expressed concerns that information about flood
risks and preparedness measures was not effectively communicated. Both FGD and KII
participants recommended localized and targeted communication strategies to ensure that
crucial information reaches all, especially vulnerable groups like women, youth, and people
with disabilities.

The qualitative survey findings emphasized the need for a more streamlined coordination
system to facilitate timely resource delivery, ensuring equitable support for all, including
those with special needs. While community consultation was a core component, insufficient
feedback loops limited meaningful engagement, reducing community ownership and the
overall impact of interventions. Delays in resource mobilization also stemmed from gaps in
coordination among local authorities, NGOs, and community groups. A lack of clear
communication and role definition sometimes resulted in duplication of efforts while
leaving critical service gaps unaddressed. To address these challenges, the NGOs conducted
comprehensive outreach campaigns to raise awareness and collaborated closely with local
authorities, including the Deputy Commissioner (DC), Additional Deputy Commissioner
(ADC), District Relief and Rehabilitation Officer (DRRO), Upazila Agriculture Officer, Upazila
Nirbahi Officers (UNO), Upazila Livestock Officer, and Union Parishad Chairmen, to ensure
the smooth delivery of vaccinations and awareness campaign.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 24

Resource limitations were tackled by prioritizing critical interventions, such as infrastructure
improvements and vaccination support, to meet the community's essential needs and
enhance flood preparedness. Furthermore, the project organized regular multi-stakeholder
meetings and set up a centralized communication platform to synchronize response
strategies and improve overall coordination.

"Start Ready's initiatives will allow us, the youth, to play a more active role in community
response efforts. Being involved in these activities will not only give us a sense of
responsibility but also empower us to contribute meaningfully in times of disaster. We
believe that by engaging us in flood preparedness planning and response, we can help
guide our community through challenging situations and make a real difference. This
involvement will strengthen our bonds with the community and increase our readiness to
act in emergencies." Youth FGD participants

“When decisions are being made that affect us, it’s important that we are consulted first. In
the future, any decisions that directly impact us should always involve discussions with us
before anything is decided. This would allow us to share our perspectives and play a role in
shaping decisions that influence our lives, particularly in terms of flood preparedness and
other community issues. Unfortunately, at our school, we were not informed about the
planned interventions; only the teachers were involved. It made us feel like our opinions
and needs were not taken into account.” – A FGD Participant of School Students (Local Girls
High School)

"Improved transport and access to services have reduced isolation and enhanced
community connectivity to essential resources through the Start Ready Initiative."- A FGD
Community leader of Chargirish

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 25

3.6 Enhancing Safety and Support Through Safeguarding Measures

Flood preparedness and response efforts under the project included a comprehensive set of
safeguarding measures aimed at protecting vulnerable groups, ensuring their safety, dignity,
and rights throughout the disaster. Special attention was given to individuals at higher risk,
such as women, children, elderly people, and persons with disabilities, ensuring their
protection during the flood preparedness phase. Awareness and training on safeguarding
were prioritized as a key component of the flood preparedness strategy. Community
members, volunteers, and local leaders were trained on critical issues such as sexual
exploitation and abuse (PSEA), child protection, and gender-based violence. Workshops and
meetings emphasized the importance of safeguarding vulnerable groups and equipped
responders with the knowledge to handle these issues during the flood preparedness phase.

To ensure that vulnerable groups had access to safe spaces during emergencies, specific
measures were put in place. For example, separate shelters for women and children were
established to minimize the risks of harassment and violence in overcrowded shelters. This
was particularly important in flood shelters where people from various areas congregated,
and the potential for abuse was heightened. These safe spaces helped protect vulnerable
individuals and allowed them to seek refuge with greater confidence. Accessibility for
people with disabilities was a core consideration in the flood preparedness activities.
Measures were taken to ensure that flood shelters, toilets, and other essential facilities were
accessible. This included the installation of ramps, clear pathways to shelters, and the
provision of support services such as sign language interpreters for individuals with hearing
impairments. These efforts promoted inclusivity and ensured that persons with disabilities
had equal access to shelter and services.

The project also integrated community consultation and feedback mechanisms into its flood
preparedness activities to ensure that vulnerable groups could report concerns and seek
assistance. Hotlines, feedback systems, and community meetings were implemented to
create confidential, easy-to-access channels for community members to voice their
concerns. This encouraged participation from all members of the community, especially
those who may otherwise feel excluded. A strong Protection Policy and Code of Conduct
were enforced to ensure that staff and volunteers adhered to appropriate ethical standards.
The Code of Conduct emphasized a zero-tolerance approach to abuse and exploitation,
ensuring that all personnel were held accountable for their actions and that any incidents
were addressed swiftly. This code helped maintain a high standard of conduct and
protected vulnerable individuals from harm during the flood response. Collaboration with
local authorities and NGOs played a critical role in safeguarding vulnerable groups during
the flood response. Through these partnerships, the project provided psychological first aid,
legal assistance, and referral systems for individuals who needed additional support. This
coordinated approach ensured that those affected by violence or abuse received the help
they needed in a timely and efficient manner.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 26

The project team visited flood shelters and other critical areas to ensure that safety
measures were functioning as intended and that the needs of vulnerable groups were being
met. These ongoing checks helped ensure that the safeguarding actions remained relevant
and responsive to the evolving needs of the community. The flood preparedness activities
under this project focused on protecting vulnerable groups, implementing a range of
measures to ensure their safety, inclusivity, and active participation in the response. These
safeguarding actions were crucial for upholding the dignity and rights of all community
members throughout the flood, contributing to a more effective and equitable disaster
response.

The safeguarding measures implemented in the community significantly enhanced safety

and well-being, particularly during floods. Efforts to prevent abuse and foster tolerance for
children and individuals with disabilities helped create a more inclusive and secure
environment. These actions played a vital role in maintaining dignity, supporting community
resilience, and ensuring a fair and responsive disaster intervention.

3.7 Lessons Learned for Improving Future Flood Preparedness Strategies

Flood preparedness requires a holistic, community-driven approach to effectively mitigate

risks and enhance resilience. This intervention provided valuable insights into the
importance of early preparedness, strong coordination, flexible funding, and inclusive
strategies to support disaster-affected communities. Engaging local people, particularly
marginalized groups, in decision-making processes strengthened ownership and long-term
sustainability. Key lessons learned highlight the need for targeted interventions, such as
improving early warning systems, strengthening infrastructure, prioritizing critical
resources, and supporting economic security, to ensure communities can withstand and
recover from future disasters. The following lessons provide a roadmap for enhancing future
flood preparedness and response efforts.

Strengthening Community Engagement and Coordination

Community Involvement Enhances Resilience: Active engagement of local people,
including women, youth, and marginalized groups, fosters ownership of interventions,
leading to greater sustainability and resilience. Transparent beneficiary selection and
inclusive decision-making strengthen project impact.
Local Leadership is Key to Effective Disaster Management: Community leaders play a
crucial role in mobilizing resources, organizing emergency responses, and guiding the
community before, during, and after floods.
Strong Coordination Optimizes Resources and Prevents Duplication: Effective
collaboration with government agencies, NGOs, local disaster management committees,
and other stakeholders ensures efficient resource allocation, reduces redundancy, and
improves overall disaster preparedness.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 27

 Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration Enhances Impact: Working with government bodies,
humanitarian organizations, and climate finance initiatives facilitates access to funding,
technical expertise, and emergency relief, helping communities adapt and recover more
effectively.
Clear Communication and Information Sharing Improve Preparedness Efficiency: Clear
communication and timely information sharing are essential for effective disaster
preparedness. They enable the prompt procurement of relief materials, facilitate
stakeholder engagement, and support community awareness initiatives, strengthening
coordination, improving response efficiency, and enhancing overall resilience.

Enhancing Early Preparedness and Response Strategies

Early Warning Systems Are Crucial for Disaster Risk Reduction: Investing in localized,
community-based early warning mechanisms improves preparedness and allows people
to take timely action to minimize disaster impacts.
Stockpiling Essential Resources in Advance Ensures Faster Recovery: Pre-positioning
critical supplies, such as food, water, medicine, emergency kits, and animal fodder,
strengthens household and community resilience.
Effective Evacuation Planning and Communication Saves Lives: Clearly defined
evacuation routes, pre-designated safe shelters, and community awareness programs
improve response efficiency and reduce panic during emergencies.
First Aid and Emergency Response Training Strengthens Community Readiness: Training
community members, especially women and youth, in first aid and basic disaster
response ensures a quicker and more effective local response before external aid
arrives.
Establishing Community-Led Disaster Committees Improves Response: Local disaster
response teams and trained volunteers play a crucial role in coordinating relief efforts,
distributing resources, and assisting vulnerable groups.

Building Climate-Resilient Infrastructure and Livelihoods

Sustainable and Flood-Resilient Agricultural Practices Strengthen Food Security:
Training farmers on flood-resistant crop cultivation, improved irrigation techniques, and
climate-adaptive farming reduces risks and safeguards livelihoods.
Knowledge of Flood-Resistant Infrastructure Enhances Disaster Preparedness:
Promoting elevated housing, reinforced embankments, and climate-resilient
construction techniques helps communities withstand future floods.
Timely Animal Vaccinations Protect Livelihoods: Regular vaccination programs help
prevent disease outbreaks among livestock, reducing financial losses for farming
households.
Improved Transport and Access to Services Reduce Isolation: Ensuring better roads,
bridges, and transport facilities enhances community connectivity and access to
essential services, improving recovery efforts.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 28

 Diversification of Livelihoods Strengthens Economic Security: Encouraging alternative
income-generating activities, such as small businesses and vocational training, reduces
dependence on flood-affected agriculture.

Inclusive Infrastructure Supports Vulnerable Groups

Safe and Accessible Infrastructure is Essential for Women, Elderly, and Persons with
Disabilities: Many disaster response strategies overlook the specific needs of vulnerable
populations, including women, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. The lack of
accessible evacuation centers, sanitation facilities, and mobility support increases their
vulnerability during floods. Providing barrier-free shelters, gender-sensitive toilets, and
specialized assistance services is crucial for ensuring their dignity, safety, and equal
access to aid.
Gender-Sensitive Disaster Response Increases Safety and Dignity: Tailoring interventions
to women’s and girls’ specific needs, such as providing separate and secure sanitation
facilities, enhances safety and dignity during disasters.
Child-Friendly Spaces Improve Protection During Disasters: Setting up safe zones for
children in evacuation centers ensures their well-being, prevents distress, and maintains
a sense of normalcy during crises.

Addressing Health and Social Well-Being

Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Are Critical During and After Floods: Providing
counseling, safe spaces, and community support systems helps individuals cope with
trauma and stress.
Prioritizing Clean Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Saves Lives: Ensuring access to safe
drinking water, hygiene facilities, and sanitation services prevents the spread of
waterborne diseases and improves public health.
Emergency Health Services Should Be Strengthened: Increasing the availability of mobile
health units, community health workers, and pre-stocked medical supplies ensures rapid
response to health needs in disaster-affected areas.
Protection Mechanisms Are Needed to Prevent Gender-Based Violence: During crises,
women and girls face increased risks of exploitation and abuse. Strengthening protection
measures, awareness programs, and community policing enhances their safety.

Promoting Adaptation and Continuous Learning

Flexible Funding Mechanisms Strengthen Sustainability: Establishing contingency funds
and diversifying funding sources help projects scale up and adapt to changing needs.
Economic Security Supports Long-Term Recovery: Promoting alternative livelihoods,
small-scale businesses, and skills training programs helps communities rebuild and
reduces future vulnerabilities.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 29

 Community-Led Disaster Preparedness Plans Improve Long-Term Resilience:
Encouraging villages to create their own flood contingency plans, conduct mock drills,
and update preparedness strategies ensures proactive disaster management.
Continuous Learning and Adaptation Improve Disaster Response: Regular monitoring,
feedback collection, and post-disaster evaluations ensure lessons are incorporated into
future preparedness strategies.
Investment in Digital and Mobile-Based Solutions Enhances Preparedness: Using mobile
apps, SMS alerts, and GIS mapping for flood monitoring and response helps improve
early warning systems and coordination.

By integrating these lessons into future interventions, flood-prone communities can

enhance disaster preparedness, response, and resilience, ensuring faster recovery and long-
term sustainability. These insights emphasize the need for inclusive, community-driven, and
technology-supported approaches to mitigate risks and build a more resilient future.

4. Recommendations for Enhancing Flood Preparedness

Based on the findings and lessons learned from the recent flood preparedness intervention,
the following recommendations are offered to improve future initiatives. These
recommendations emphasize a comprehensive, community-driven approach that focuses
on strengthening early preparedness, fostering strong coordination, ensuring flexibility in
funding, and addressing critical needs to enhance the resilience of communities facing
disaster risks.

Strengthening Community Engagement: Future flood preparedness initiatives must

involve local communities early in the planning and decision-making processes. Engaging
marginalized groups, such as women, youth, and people with disabilities, is essential for
ensuring that interventions are relevant to their needs and priorities. By fostering active
participation and transparency in beneficiary selection, communities can take ownership
of the preparedness process, leading to more effective and sustainable outcomes.
Focus on Early Preparedness: Early intervention is key to minimizing the impacts of
flooding. Future projects should prioritize the readiness of shelters, infrastructure
improvements, and localized early warning systems. The establishment of flood-resistant
infrastructure and shelters, along with timely early warnings, will ensure that
communities are better prepared to respond quickly and reduce the extent of damage
when a flood occurs.
Enhance Stakeholder Coordination: Strengthening coordination among local
governments, NGOs, community organizations, and other stakeholders is essential to
optimizing resources and preventing duplication of efforts. Clear communication
channels, joint planning, and coordinated response mechanisms will improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of future disaster anticipatory actions and responses,
allowing for faster and more coordinated efforts in times of crisis.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 30

 Secure Flexible and Contingency Funding: Future flood preparedness initiatives should
prioritize securing flexible funding mechanisms that can be mobilized quickly when
needed. Establishing contingency funds, partnering with climate finance initiatives, and
leveraging public resources will allow projects to scale up as needed and adapt to
changing circumstances. Flexible funding can ensure that critical resources are readily
available for emergencies and that interventions are responsive to evolving community
needs.
Prioritize Critical Resources: Given the limited resources during flood events, future
interventions should focus on critical needs such as clean water access, livestock
protection, vaccination programs, and medical supplies. These interventions should be
prioritized to ensure that basic survival needs are met, especially for vulnerable groups.
By focusing on these essential areas, future projects can minimize health risks and
safeguard livelihoods, ensuring better long-term recovery for the affected communities.
Support Livelihoods through Timely Animal Vaccination: Livestock health plays a crucial
role in community resilience. Future flood preparedness projects should include regular
vaccination programs for livestock to prevent disease outbreaks that could further
undermine farmers' livelihoods. Ensuring that livestock remains healthy and resilient to
flood-related stresses will help families maintain income sources and improve overall
community recovery.
Support Economic Recovery through Livelihood Diversification: Future flood
preparedness initiatives should include strategies for supporting the economic security
of affected communities. This could involve promoting flood-resistant agricultural
techniques, diversifying livelihoods, and supporting small-scale businesses. These
efforts will help communities reduce their vulnerability to future floods and enhance
their ability to recover and rebuild after disasters.
Ensure Tailored Solutions for Local Contexts: Every community has unique challenges,
and flood preparedness interventions must be designed to address local risks, cultural
dynamics, and priorities. Engaging with local leaders and conducting thorough
community assessments will help design context-specific interventions that have a
higher likelihood of success. Understanding the local context ensures that interventions
are practical and effective in mitigating flood risks.
Design Inclusive Infrastructure: The design of infrastructure, such as shelters, latrines,
and evacuation routes, must take into account the needs of vulnerable groups,
especially women, the elderly, and people with disabilities. Accessible and safe
infrastructure is crucial for ensuring that all members of the community can evacuate,
seek shelter, and maintain dignity during disasters. Gender-sensitive and disability-
inclusive infrastructure will enhance community resilience and ensure that no one is left
behind in the disaster response.
Implement Effective Monitoring and Evaluation Systems: Future interventions must
include robust monitoring and evaluation systems that enable real-time tracking of

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 31

 progress and outcomes. Establishing clear metrics for success, gathering feedback from
community members, and continuously assessing the effectiveness of interventions will
allow for ongoing improvements. This data-driven approach will help identify gaps, make
necessary adjustments, and ensure that interventions are responsive and efficient.

5. Conclusion
The Start Ready-funded preparedness projects, implemented by NDP and MMS through the
National Reserves (NR) Fund, have been instrumental in strengthening flood preparedness
and enhancing community resilience in Sirajganj district. These initiatives align with the NR
Fund’s goal of improving both organizational and community readiness before floods,
increasing capacity for anticipatory actions and long-term resilience. Key achievements
include enhanced infrastructure, increased disaster awareness, and greater community
engagement. However, challenges such as communication gaps, limited inclusivity, and the
need for stronger safeguarding measures remain.

The emphasis on youth and community engagement in flood preparedness highlights the
need for inclusive, participatory decision-making. Feedback from diverse groups—including
youth, women, school students, and marginalized populations—underscores the importance
of transparent communication, equitable participation, and shared responsibility in disaster
management. Their active involvement not only strengthens preparedness efforts but also
fosters resilience, empowerment, and long-term sustainability.

Key findings from the intervention highlight the necessity of early warning systems, better
coordination among local stakeholders, and strong local leadership in mobilizing
communities. Investments in flood-resilient infrastructure, such as elevated toilets and
accessible water sources, have significantly improved public health and safety, particularly
for women and persons with disabilities. Additionally, sustainable agricultural practices,
timely livestock vaccination programs, and stockpiling essential resources have helped
mitigate economic losses and enhance food security.

Future interventions should integrate local knowledge, prioritize inclusive strategies, and
strengthen collaboration among stakeholders to ensure more adaptive and community-
driven approaches. Investments in clean water access, livestock protection, and medical
supply stockpiling remain essential for building long-term flood resilience. Addressing
existing gaps and refining response mechanisms will enable more effective anticipatory
actions—ultimately saving lives, protecting livelihoods, and reducing the overall impact of
floods.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 32

Case Stories

Case Story 1: Transforming Livelihoods through Livestock Vaccination

Sultana Khatun, a resilient woman from a struggling farming family, faced constant financial
hardship due to the frequent loss of her livestock. Each flood season brought devastating
disease outbreaks, killing her chickens, goats, and cows, and wiping out her savings. With no
alternative income source, she struggled to provide for her children, often finding it difficult
to afford their basic needs like food, clothing, and education. The financial strain left her
with little hope for the future. However, a transformative change occurred when the NDP, as
part of its flood preparedness initiative supported by the START Network, introduced a
livestock vaccination program in her village. Skeptical at first, Sultana decided to participate
in the program, ensuring that her animals received timely vaccinations. Within months, she
noticed a dramatic improvement. The health of her livestock stabilized, mortality rates
plummeted, and her goats started producing more offspring. As a result, she was able to sell
the young goats for a steady profit, reinvesting in her farm and securing a better future for
her children.

Empowered by this transformation, Sultana became a vocal advocate for livestock

vaccination, urging for more vaccination camps and door-to-door services to reach every
farmer, particularly in flood-prone areas. "This program has changed my family's life," she
shares. "Now, I want every farmer to have the same opportunity to protect their livestock
and secure their livelihood." By ensuring accessible veterinary care, the initiative has not
only improved productivity and resilience among farmers but has also strengthened food
security and economic stability in flood-affected communities. The impact extends beyond
Sultana, offering hope and sustainable progress to countless families who once faced similar
struggles.

Case Story 2: Boosting Livelihoods and Hope with Livestock Vaccination and Training
In the remote village of Jorabaṛi, families primarily depend on livestock for their income.
However, the recurring monsoon floods posed a severe threat to their livelihood, leading to
widespread livestock mortality due to disease outbreaks. For years, farmers struggled with
financial instability, unable to prevent the economic setbacks caused by the loss of their
animals. The turning point came when the NDP, with support from START Ready,
implemented a livestock vaccination program as part of the Monsoon Flood Readiness
Initiative. Farmers who previously watched helplessly as their livestock perished now had
access to preventive healthcare measures for their animals.

The results were immediate and profound—fewer deaths, healthier animals, and increased
productivity. Cows produced more milk, goats and chickens thrived, and farmers found
themselves with a reliable source of income even during flood seasons. Beyond
vaccinations, the program introduced an educational component, equipping farmers with
knowledge about disease prevention, proper feeding, and hygiene practices.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 33

This holistic approach not only improved livestock survival rates but also fostered a sense of
responsibility and awareness within the community. Recognizing the success of the
program, community members have requested expanded services, including door-to-door
vaccination drives and additional awareness camps. Furthermore, the initiative has
highlighted the need for training local youth in livestock management, ensuring long-term
sustainability and economic resilience. "We no longer live in fear of losing our livestock to
disease," one farmer expressed with gratitude. "Now, we have the knowledge and resources
to protect them and secure our future." This intervention has significantly transformed the
community, providing stability and instilling hope for a better, more sustainable livelihood
even in the face of recurring floods.

Case Story 3: Access to Safe Water Transforms the Community

Sindur Ata village has long suffered from an acute shortage of clean drinking water,
particularly during the flood season when water contamination leads to severe health
hazards. Residents, including shopkeepers, rickshaw drivers, and schoolchildren, endured
the daily hardship of carrying water from distant sources under the blistering sun. The
village’s primary school also lacked a clean water source, making students vulnerable to
frequent illnesses caused by unsafe drinking water. Everything changed when the Start
Ready, as part of its flood preparedness initiative, installed a tube well at Takkar Mor. This
intervention marked a dramatic shift in the community’s daily life. Suddenly, families had
access to clean and safe drinking water, drastically reducing cases of waterborne diseases
such as diarrhea and cholera. Children could now attend school regularly, no longer falling
sick due to contaminated water.

Sakir Hossain, a local resident, expressed his deep appreciation: "This tube well has been
life-changing for us. We no longer have to walk miles to fetch water, and we no longer suffer
from the constant fear of disease outbreaks during floods." The installation of the tube well
has brought immense relief to the villagers, ensuring their health and well-being even during
the most challenging flood seasons. This initiative has highlighted the critical role of clean
water in building resilient communities, reinforcing the need for further investment in safe
water solutions for flood-prone areas.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 34

Case Story 4: Improving Health and Education with Clean Water and Sanitation
At Ragunathpur Girls High School, students and teachers faced daily hardships due to the
lack of basic water and sanitation facilities. The absence of a tube well and proper toilets
meant that students had to walk to nearby houses for water and restroom needs. This
situation worsened during the flood season when the surrounding areas became inundated
with contaminated water, significantly increasing the risk of disease and disrupting
education. The dire situation took a positive turn when NDP, with funding from Start Ready
as part of a flood preparedness initiative, installed a tube well and built a hygienic toilet on
school grounds. The impact was immediate and far-reaching. Students could now access
clean drinking water and use sanitary facilities without difficulty, even during floods when
access to clean water is most critical.

Attendance rates improved as students no longer had to leave school premises for basic
needs, allowing them to focus on their education. Russel Alam, an assistant teacher,
emphasized the importance of expanding such facilities: "We need additional tube wells and
toilets, especially separate ones for female students and teachers. Providing sanitary
napkins would also help students maintain hygiene, especially during floods when resources
become scarce."

The intervention has significantly improved the school environment, ensuring that students
can continue their education in a healthier, more comfortable setting. By addressing basic
hygiene and water needs, the initiative has not only enhanced learning conditions but also
empowered young girls to attend school regularly, breaking barriers that previously
hindered their education during flood seasons.

These success stories highlight the transformative impact of targeted interventions in flood-
prone communities. By addressing critical needs such as livestock health, clean water, and
sanitation, these activities have empowered individuals, strengthened local economies, and
built resilience against future challenges. Continued investment in such initiatives will
ensure that more vulnerable communities can experience similar positive changes, securing
a better future for generations to come.

Impact Assessment and Key Learnings 35

 National Development Programme (NDP)
Head Office: NDP Bhaban, Bagbari, Shahid Nagar, Kamarkhanda, Sirajganj-6703
Dhaka Office: House #379, Road#06, Adabor, Baitul Aman Housing, Dhaka-1207