Unit 4
Three Phase Transformers
Dr. Vanjari Venkata Ramana
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Delhi Technological University
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Contents
• Various Connections and their Comparative
Features
• Harmonics in EMF and magnetizing currents
• Effect of Connections and Construction on
harmonics
• Parallel Operation of Three Phase Transformers
• Sharing of Load
• Vector Groups
• Three-Phase to Two-Phase Conversion
• Three-Phase to Six-Phase Conversion
• Parameter Estimation and Testing
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Introduction
• Three phase transformer can be constructed using
• Three identical Single Phase Transformers
• Single Unit
• In power system, there are three-phase voltages
which are balanced
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Introduction
• Let us consider three single-phase transformers
• Rating: 5kVA, 200V/100V, 50Hz, 1-phase transformer
• In a single-phase transformer, there is one primary and one
secondary
• Terminal marking is easy
• In a three-phase transformer, there are six coils.
• It is essential to mark the terminals of the transformer
appropriately
• Generally, capital letters are used for HV side
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Introduction
• The polarity marking is essential
• Supply terminals are marked as As, Bs, Cs
• Phase Sequence is As, Bs, Cs
• If As, Bs, Cs are shorted, then it becomes a star connected
primary
• Since it is star-connection
• (Supply Voltage/ 3) will appear at the winding of the transformer
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Phasor Diagram
• The secondary voltages will be half of the length of
primary and it will be parallel to A1, B1, C1
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Phasor Diagram
• Let us short a2, b2, c2 and A2, B2, C2
• Both secondary and primary are in star-star
• If V1L-L= 200 3 V, then V2L-L= 100 3 V
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kVA Rating in Star-Star Connection
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Connection Types of Star and
Delta
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Checks to Connect three
1-ph Transformers
• Supply is from a balance 3-ph system
• A1 is connected to As
• B2 is connected to Bs
• On Secondary side there will be induced voltages
• Without polarity test, 3-ph transformers should never be connected in star or
delta
• Let us consider the secondary connections as star
• As a2, b2, c2 are at same potential, the phasor diagram
• This is not a balanced system because
• balanced 3-ph is not obtained at the output
• Voltage of each phase is same but the phase angle is not 1200 apart
• This kind of connections should be avoided
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Checks to Connect three
1-ph Transformers
• If the secondary terminals are connected as shown below, then secondary voltage is
balanced 3-ph voltage
• Above Connection is referred as star-star connection and is expressed as Yy00
Primary
Connection Yy 0 0 Phase displacement of ‘a’
phase voltage with respect
to the neutral of secondary
side is same as phase
is in star displacement of ‘A’ phase
with respect to neutral of
Secondary Connection
primary side
is in star
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Another Star-Star Connection Example
• The phasor diagram must be drawn
• a1, b1, c1 are common
• A1A2 should be parallel to a1a2
• Similarly for b and c phases
• From this we get a balanced three phase output
• This is Yy1800
• Because A phase neutral of Primary and a phase neutral of
secondary are 1800 apart
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Star-Delta
Connection
• Voltmeter reading=Vc2a1=0
• The secondary has 1200 phase
shift
• This is successful delta
connection
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Star-Delta
Connection
• As the outputs are connected,
the single-phase transformers
are parallel to respective
primary
• As input voltages are 1200
apart, they are also 1200 apart
• This is another way of having
delta
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Case - 1
• If a1 and c1 are shorted Va1c1=100V+100V=200V
• This is not a valid connection
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Case - 2
• In delta Connection, consider the
centroid of triangle as neutral
• Superimpose primary Phasor on
secondary
• Secondary voltage is lagging primary
voltage by 300.
• So, it is called Yd(-300) This is also
Yd (-30)0 referred as
Vector
group
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Case - 3
• Secondary voltage is leading primary Yd (+30)0
voltage by 300.
• So, it is called Yd(+300)
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Few points
• Given three 1-ph transformers
• Without doing polarity test do not go for connecting 3-ph connections
• Two Correct star connections are possible
• Short A1, B1, C1
• Short A2, B2, C2
• Two Correct delta connections are possible
• As discussed in previous slides
• Vector Group is also specified in clock minutes hand and hour hand
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Vector Grouping
• Consider a clock
• The consecutive number will have 300 between them
• Primary is represented with Minute’s hand shown at 12
• It represents ‘A’ phase voltage w.r.t neutral
• Secondary is represented with hour’s hand
• For Delta connection, use artificial neutral
• If the angle is 300 lagging, show the hours hand at 1
• For the above diagram it is Yd(-300) or Yd1
• Similarly, Yy00 =Yy12
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Another Circuit
0
Yd30 or
Yd11
• Few connections like Yd3, Yd2 are not available
• Only 300 are possible with star-delta connections
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Another Case
• Here a1 lags A1 by 300
• So it is Dy(-300) or Dy1
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Delta-Delta Connection
• Here a1 lags A1 by 300
• So, it is Dy(00) or Dy12
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Harmonics in EMF and
magnetizing currents
• Effects of Non-Linear B-H Curve
• Effect of odd harmonics
• Saturation non-linearity
• Hysteresis non-linearity
• Consider a transformer under no-load
condition
• Core losses are assumed as 0
• Eddy current losses and hysteresis losses are not
considered when we are taking saturation non-
linearity
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Odd Harmonics
• When odd harmonics are added to the sinusoidal
waveform, the resultant waveforms
• Let us consider the fundamental component of flux
waveform
• As per Fourier analysis, the magnitude of max.
value will be inversely proportional to order of the
harmonic 1
∅𝑚 𝛼
𝑛
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Adding 3rd and 5th Harmonic to
Fundamental
• Adding 3rd Harmonic • Adding 3rd + 5th Harmonic
Ø1+ Ø3+ Ø5➔Flat topped wave
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Subtracting 3rd and 5th Harmonic
from Fundamental
Ø1+ Ø3+ Ø5➔Flat topped wave
Ø1- Ø3- Ø5➔Peakywave
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Saturation Non-Linearity
• Consider flux as sinusoidal waveform
𝑑∅
• Induced Emf 𝛼
𝑑𝑡
∅=𝐵×𝐴
𝐻×𝑙
𝐼𝜇 =
𝑁
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Saturation Non-Linearity
Case 1: Flux is Sinusoidal
• Consider flux as sinusoidal waveform
𝑑∅
• Induced Emf 𝛼
𝑑𝑡
• In area 1 and 2 ➔Linear relationship between flux and current
• For small change in I, there is huge change in flux
• In area 2 to 3➔ ΔI and ΔØ are in the same shape
• In area 3 to 4➔for small flux, there is huge change in magnetizing current
• Iµ is symmetrical about x-axis and is in phase with flux
• If flux is sine wave, then Iµ is peaky wave
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Saturation Non-Linearity
Calculation of Active Power
• 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
• Flux lags behind the applied voltage by 900
• Iµ lags behind the applied voltage by 900
• So, active power=𝑉𝐼𝜇 𝐶𝑜𝑠 90 = 0
• If flux wave is sinusoidal and magnetzing current is
peaky waveform, then active power is 0
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Saturation Non-Linearity
Case 2: Magnetizing current is Sinusoidal
• Initially, for a small change in current, the change in flux is
more ➔ So steep characteristics
• As core goes to saturation, huge change in current is
required to produce small changes in flux
• So flux becomes a flat-topped wave
• This flux is also symmetrical with x-axis and flux is in phase
with Iµ
• Power is zero➔ Active power drawn from the source
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