Deflection Control
Aci-318 11 (9.5)
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Importance of deflections
The adoption of the strength design method, together with the use of
higher-strength concretes and steels, has permitted the use of relatively
slender members. As a result, deflections and deflection cracking have
become more severe problems than they were a few decades ago. The
magnitudes of deflections for concrete members can be quite important.
Excessive deflections of beams and slabs may cause sagging floors, ponding
on flat roofs, excessive vibrations, and even interference with the proper
operation of supported machinery. Such deflections may damage partitions
and cause poor fitting of doors and windows. In addition, they may damage a
structure’s appearance or frighten the occupants of the building, even though
the building may be perfectly safe. Any structure used by people should be
quite rigid and relatively vibration-free so as to provide a sense of security.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Control of deflections/ Minimum Thickness
One of the best ways to reduce deflections is by increasing
member depths
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Aci 318-14
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Short-Term Deflection
5𝑊𝐿4
𝛿=
384𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒
(Depends on the beams or floors type)
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 𝐸𝑞. 9.8 𝑎𝑐𝑖 − 318
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝐷 − 𝑘𝑑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑓𝑟 = 𝐸𝑞. 9.9 𝑎𝑐𝑖 − 318
𝑦𝑡 𝐼
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐸𝑞. 9.10 𝑎𝑐𝑖 − 318
𝐼𝑒 𝑖𝑠 the effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection, mm4,
𝐼𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal
axis, neglecting reinforcement, mm4
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
𝐼𝑐𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 transformed moment of inertia of the cracked section
transformed to concrete, mm4
yt is the distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting
reinforcement, to tension face, mm,
Ma is the maximum service-load moment occurring for the condition
under consideration.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Long-Term Deflection
𝜉
𝜆Δ = 𝑒𝑞. 9.11 (𝑎𝑐𝑖 − 318)
1 + 50𝑝′
ξ is a time-dependent factor, P’ is the ratio of As ′ to bd,
ρ ′ shall be the value at mid-span for simple and continuous spans, and
at support for cantilevers. It shall be permitted to assume ξ, the time-
dependent factor for sustained loads, to be equal to:
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Apartment house or for an office building, perhaps only 20% to 25% of
the service live load should be considered as being sustained, whereas
perhaps 70% to 80% of the service live load of a warehouse might fall
into this category.
It is logical to assume that the live load cannot act on a structure when
the dead load is not present. As a result of this fact, we will compute an
effective Ie and a deflection δD for the case where the dead load alone is
acting. Then we will compute an Ie and a deflection δD+L for the case
where both dead and live loads are acting. This will enable us to
determine the initial live load part of the deflection as follows:
𝛿𝐿 = 𝛿𝐷+𝐿 − 𝛿𝐷
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
The long-term deflection will equal the initial live load deflection, δL,
plus the infinitely long-term multiplier, λ∞, times the dead load
deflection, δD, plus λr, the live load sustained multiplier, times the
sustained live load deflection, δSL.
𝛿𝐿𝑇 = 𝛿𝐿 + 𝜆∞ 𝛿𝐷 + 𝜆𝑡 𝛿𝑆𝐿
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
The steps involved in calculating instantaneous and long-term deflections
(a) Compute the instantaneous or short-term deflection, δD, for dead load only.
(b) Compute instantaneous deflection, δD+L, for dead plus full live load.
(c) Determine instantaneous deflection, δL, for full live load only.
(d) Compute instantaneous deflection due to dead load plus the sustained part of the
live load, δD+δSL.
(e) Determine instantaneous deflection, δSL, for the part of the live load that is
sustained.
(f) Determine the long-term deflection for dead load plus the sustained part of the
live load, δLT.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Continuous-Beam Deflections
Information about Continuous-Beam Deflections
See 6.8 (Design of reinforced concrete 9th edition by Jack C.
Iem refers to Ie at the mid-span section
Ie1 & Ie2 refers to Ie at the respective beam ends
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 4 December 2016 Duhok Polytechnic University