J.K.
SHAH CLASSES
Random Variables – Class Work
Explanatory Answers
1. Probability mass function is always greater than and equal to zero. Option C
2. The sum of probability mass function is sum of all the probabilities, which shall be always
equal to one. Option B
3. For a continuous variable, or when “x” is a continuous function, f(x) is called probability
density function. Option B
4. P(a) + P(b) + P(c) must be equal to 1. Now, (1/3 + ½ + ¼ ) > 1; (1/3 + 1/6 + ¼) < 1; (2/3 + 2/3 +
¼) > 1; thus none of the given options fits in. Option D
5. P(a) + P(b) + P(c) = 0 + 1/3 + 2/3 = 1. Thus s = a, b, c is a probability space. Option A
6. E(x) = ∑xp = x1p1 + x2p2 + x3p3 + x4p4. Option B
7. E(x) or the expected value of “x” of mean of the “x” distribution is defined as the sum of
products of the different values and the corresponding probabilities. Option A
8. For a probability distribution, expected value of “x”, E(x) is the mean of the distribution.
Option B
9. If x and y are two independent variables, E(xy) = E(x).E(y). Option A
10. With negative expected values, the results are unfavourable to the variable in the discussion.
Option B
11. Variance(x) = E(x – m)2. Variance of the distribution is the expected value of (x – m)2, where m
is the mean of the distribution. Option B
12. V(x) = E(x – m)2 = E(x2 – 2xm + m2) = E(x2) – m2
Option D
13. E(x) = Mean = 1*p + 0(1 – p) = p
Option A
14. E(x) = 4*0.1 + 5*0.3 + 6*0.4 + 8*0.2 = 0.4 + 1.5 + 2.4 + 1.6 = 5.9
Option C
15. E(x2) = 16*0.1 + 25*0.3 + 36*0.4 + 64*0.2 = 1.6 + 7.5 + 14.4 + 12.8 = 36.3
V(x) = 36.3 – (5.9)2 = 1.49
SD = √1.49 = 1.22
Option D
16. E(x) = 1/6[1+2+3+4+5+6] = 21/6 = 3.50. Option C
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17. Calculation of Expected Values
X P XP X2P
-3 1/6 -1 / 2 3/2
6 1/2 3 18
9 1/3 3 27
Total 1 5.5 46.5
E(X) = ∑XP = 5.5
E(X2) = ∑X2P = 46.5
E(2X + 1)2 = E(4X2 + 4X + 1) = 4.E(X2) + 4.E(X) + 1 = 4(46.5) + 4(5.5) + 1 = 186 + 22 + 1 = 209
18. Head = Gain Rs. 4; Tail = Loss Rs. 2; Both with probability 0.5
E(X) = 4*0.5 + (-2)*0.5 = 2 – 1 = 1
E(X2) = 16*0.5 + 4*0.5 = 8 + 2 = 10
V(X) = 10 – 12 = 9
Option B
19. X = 4, 2, (3) with P = 1 / 4, 2 / 4 and 1 / 4 respectively
E(X) = 4/4 + 4/4 – ¾ = 1 + 1 – 0.75 = 1.25
Option A
20. X = 16, 8, 4, 2 with P = 1/8, 3/8, 3/8, 1/8 respectively
E(X) = 16/8 + 24/8 + 12/8 + 2/8 = 54/8 = 6.75
Option C
21. X = 12, 7, 2, X with P = 1/8, 3/8, 3/8, 1/8 respectively
E(X) = 12/8 + 21/8 + 6/8 + X/8 = (39+X)/8
For a fair game; E(X) = 0; i.e., 39 + X = 0, or X = - 39
Option A
22. E(X) = 160 * 1/8 = 20
Entry Fee = Rs. 16
Mathematical expectation = 20 – 16 = 4
Option A
23. E(Gain) = 5000*0.6 + 2500*0.3 – 15000*0.1 = 3000 + 750 – 1500 = 2250
Option A
24. E(profit) = 2000*0.4 – 1000*0.6 = 800 – 600 = 200
Option D
25. E(gain) = 100 * 0.4 – 10 * 0.6 = 40 – 6 = 34
Option B
26. Profit per cup = 3.50 – 2 = 1.50
E(quantity sold) = 4000*4/7 + 5000*(1 – 1/7 – 4/7) + 2500 * 1/7 = 28500/7
Expected profit = 28500/7 * 1.50 = 6107
Option B
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27. E(X) = 5*0.4 + 6*0.3 + 7*0.2 + 8*0.1 = 2 + 1.8 + 1.4 + 0.8 = 6
Option D
28. E(error) = 10*0.2 + 16*0.25 + 20*0.4 = 2 + 4 + 8 = 14
E(correct statements) = 10 + 16 + 20 – 14 = 46 – 14 = 32
Option A
29. E(X) = 14 * 2 * 3C2/9C2 + (14 + 7) * 3C1*6C1/9C2 + 7 * 2 * 6C2/9C2
= 28 * 3/36 + 21 * 18/36 + 14 * 15/36 = (84 + 378 + 210)/36 = 672/36 = 18.67
Option A
30. E(defective items) = 0*10C3/15C3 + 1*10C2.5C1/15C3 + 2*10C1.5C2/15C3 + 3*5C3/15C3
= 0 + 225/455 + 40/455 + 30/455 = 295/455 = 0.64
Option C
31. E(non defective items) = 3*6C3/8C3 + 2*6C2.2C1/8C3 + 1*6C1.2C2/8C3
= 60/56 + 60/56 + 6/56 = 126/56 = 2.25
Option C
32. For X = 1, 2, 3, ..., n with equal probability 1/n
E(X) = 1/n [1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n] = n(n+1)/2n = (n + 1 )/2
Let X = 1, 2, 3, ...., 100. E(X) = 101/2
For Y = 1, 2, 3, ...., 50. E(Y) = 51/2
E(XY) = E(X).E(Y) = 101/2 * 51/2 = 5151/4
Option B
33. E(x) = 1/6[-1 + 2 -3 + 4 -5 + 6] = 3/6 = 0.50
Option A
34. E(sum of points] = 1/36[2*1 + 3*2 + 4*3 + 5*4 + 6*5 + 7*6 + 8*5 + 9*4 + 10*3 + 11*2 + 12*1]
= 1/36 [2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + 30 + 42 + 40 + 36 + 30 + 22 + 12] = 252/36 = 7
[Or, short trick can be used: Formula is 7n/2, n is no of dices = 7*2/2 = 7]
Option D
35. Probability of A winning = 1/6 + 5/6*5/6*1/6 + ....... = 1/6[1 / 1 – 25/36] = 6/11
Probability of B winning = 1 – 6/11 = 5/11
E(A) = 99 * 6/11 = 54
E(B) = 99 * 5/11 = 45
Option A
36. P(white ball is drawn) = 2/5
P(A) = 2/5 = 0.4
P(B) = 3/5*2/4 = 3/10 = 0.3
P(C) = 3/5*2/4*2/3 = 1/5 = 0.2
P(D) = 3/5*2/4*1/3*2/2 = 1/10 = 0.1
Expectations = 10*0.4, 10*0.3, 10*0.2, 10*0.1 = 4, 3, 2, 1 respectively
Option A
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37. Total probability = c + 2c + 3c + 4c = 10c = 1. Thus, c = 1/10 = 0.10
Option A
38. 0 + 2k + 3k + k + 2k + k2 + 7k2 + 2k2 + k = 1
Or, 10k2 + 9k – 1 = 0
Or, (10k – 1)(k + 1) = 0
Or, k = 1/10
Option D
39. P(x < 6) = 1 – P(x = 6) – P(x = 7) = 1 – 7k2 – 2k2 – k = 1 – 9/100 – 1/10 = 1 – 0.09 – 0.10 = 0.81
Option C
40. P(0 < x < 5) = P(x = 1, 2, 3, 4) = 2k + 3k + k + 2k = 8k = 8/10 = 0.80
Option C
41. P(x) = k + k + k + k + k + k = 6k = 1
K = 1/6.
Option B
42. E(x) = 1/6[1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6] = 21/6 = 3.5
Option D
43. E(X2) = 1/6[1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36] = 91/6
V(X) = 91/6 – (3.5)2 = 2.9167
SD(X) = 1.71
Option D
44. E(Z) = E(4X + 3Y) = 4.E(X) + 3.E(Y) = 4*50 + 3*120 = 200 + 360 = 560
Option C
45. E(X – Y) = E(X) – E(Y) = 4.5 – 2.5 = 2. Option A
46. V(2X + 10) = 4.V(X) = 4*23 = 92. Option D
47. V(Y) = V(- 3X + 4) = 9.V(X)
SD(Y) = [Link](X) = 3*2 = 6. Option B
48. Expected sum of points on n unbiased dice = 7n/2. Option C
49. E(number of defectives) = 3*3C3.7C1/10C4 + 2*3C2.7C2/10C4 + 1*3C1.7C3/10C4 +
0*7C4/10C4 = 1/210[21 + 126 + 105] = 1.20
Option A
50. E(in correct statements) = 60*0.20 + 70*0.30 + 90*0.10 = 12 + 21 + 9 = 42
E(correct statements) = 60 + 7 0 + 90 – 42 = 178
Option A