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Chapter 7 Bio

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CHAPTER Peretti ce ETM ites] Your one-stop online resource FeTar ue tant Reon) Launch Lab What is a cell? All things are made of atoms and molecules, but only in living things are the atoms and molecules organized into cells, In r: this lab, you will use a compound microscope to view slides of . living things and nonliving things. LDABLES | For a lab worksheet, use your StudentWorks™ Plus Online. Make a layered: Ea) tauncntab look book using the n. Use it cellular transport, Le eer ee Bila aes ee Pee nd en ed Pree Cells are the structural and functional units Perera orem) ay Surry Ped rete Orr Eau a jow are the advances in microscope technology related to discoveries about cells? What are the similarities and differences between compound light microscopes and electron microscopes? 1 What are the principles of the cell theory? 1 What are the differences between a prokaryotic cel and a eukaryotic cll? Review Vocabulary ‘organization: the orderly structure shown by tving things New Vocabulary cell cell theory plasma membrane organelle eukaryotic cell nucleus prokaryotic cell = Figure 1 Microscopes in Focus The vention of microscopes, improvements to the struments, and new microscope techniques have ed to the development of thecal tery anda beter undestrdng teal ‘The Interactive Timeline 1590 Dutch lens grinders Hans and Zacha- Cell Discovery and Theory (WENNER the invention of the microscope led to the discovery of cells. Real-World Reading Link The different parts of your body might seem to have nothing in common. Your hear, for example, pumps blood throughout your body, while your skin protects and helps cool you. However, your body parts have ‘one thing in common—they are composed of cells. History of the Cell Theory For centuries, scientists had no idea that the human body consists of tril- lions of cells. Cells are so small that their existence was unknown before the invention of the microscope. In 1665, as indicated in Figure 1, an English scientist named Robert Hooke made a simple microscope and looked at a piece of cork, the dead cells of oak bark. Hooke observed small, box-shaped structures, such as those shown in Figure 2. He called them cellulae (the Latin word meaning small rooms) because the boxlike cells of cork reminded him of the cells in which monks live at a monas- tery. Itis from Hooke's work that we have the term cell. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. During the late 1600s, Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek (LAY vun hook) designed his own microscope after he was inspired by a book written by Hooke. To his surprise, he saw living organisms in pond water, milk, and various other substances. The work of these sci- entists and others led to new branches of science and many new and exciting discoveries. 1830-1855 scientists discover the cell nucleus (1833) and propose that both plants and animals. ‘are composed of cells (1838), 1665 Robert Hooke ‘observes cork and names the tiny chambers that he sees cells He publishes, drawings of cells, fleas, ‘and other minute bodies. inhis book Micrographia 1683 Dutch biologist rias Janssen invent the first compound ‘Anton van Leeuwenhoek microscope by placing two lenses in a tube, discovers single-celled, animal-lke organisms, ow called protozoans. The cell theory Scientists continued observing the living micro- scopic world using glass lenses. In 1838, German scientist Matthias Schleiden carefully studied plant tissues and concluded that all plants are composed of cells. A year later, another G ist, Theodor Schwann, reported that animal tissues also consisted of individual cells, Prussian physician Rudolph Virchow proposed in 1855 that all cells are produced from the division of existing cells. The observations and con- clusions of these scientists and others are summarized as the cell theory. The cell theory is one of the fundamental ideas of modern biology and ludes the following three principles: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of alll organisms, ing 3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing, copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells. @ Reading check Explain Can cells appear spontaneously without ‘genetic material from previous cells? Microscope Technology The discovery of cells and the development of the cell theory would not have been possible without microscopes, Improvements made to micro- scopes have enabled scientists to study cells in detail, as described in Figure 1. “Turn back to the opening pages of this chapter and compare the illus: trations of the skin shown there. Note that the detail increases as the magnification and resolution—the ability of the microscope to make individual components visible—increase. Hooke and van Leewenhoek ‘would not have been able to see the individual structures within human skin cells with their microscopes. Developments in microscope technol- ogy have given scientists the ability to study cells in greater detail than carly scientists ever thought possible. 1939 Emest Everett ‘ust writes the textbook Biology of the Cell ‘Surface after years of 1880-1890 Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, using compound microscopes, pioneered 1970 tynn Margulis, a microbiologist, pro- poses the idea that Some organelles found in eukaryotes were once free-living prokaryotes. the study of bacteria, = Figure 2 Robert Hooke used abasic light mmcroscope to see what looked lke empty ‘chambers in a cork sample. Infer what you think Hooke would have seen if these were living cells. Launch Lab Based on what you've read about cell, how would you now answer the analysis ‘questions? 1981 The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) allows scientists to see individual atoms. T1008 +-amensina suc ‘ured illumination microscopy (30-SiM) combines a 3-0 view, high resolution, and multiple colors Compound light microscopes ‘The modern compound light microscope consists ofa series of glass lenses and uses visible light to pro- duce a magnified image. Each lens in the series magnifies the image of the previous lens. For example, when two lenses each individually magnify 10 times, the total magnification is 100 times (10 10), Scientists often stain cells with dyes to see them better when using a light microscope because cells are so tiny, thin, and translucent. Over the years, scientists have developed various techniques and modifications for light micto- scopes, but the properties of visible light will always limit resolution with these microscopes. Objects cause light to scatter, which blurs images. The ‘maximum magnification without blurring is around 1000x. Electron microscopes As hey began to study cells, scientists needed sgreater magnification to see the detail of tiny parts of cells. During the second World War, in the 1940s, they developed the electron microscope. 7 . Instead of lenses, the electron microscope uses magnets to aim a beam of fouter naa electrons at thin slices of cells. This type of electron microscope is called a thak pric tothe scenic transmission electron microscope (TEM) because electrons ate passed, or community. technology representa transmitted, through a specimen toa fluorescent screen. Thick parts of tveisan expert in these new the specimen absorb more electrons than thin parts, forming a black-and technology products and brings this white shaded image of the specimen. Transmission electron microscopes experts to scientists who might use «an magnify up to 500,000X, but the specimen must be dead, sliced very the products in the laboratory. and stained with heavy metals. Over the past 65 years, many modifications have been made to the inal electron microscopes. Fr example, the scanning electron micro- scope (SEM) is one modification that directs electrons over the surface of the specimen, producing a three-dimensional image. One disadvantage of usinga TEM and an SEM is that only nonliving cells and tissues can be observed. Photomicrographs made with electron microscopes can be found onli Technology Representative Companies that manufacture EAT iris How can you describe a new discovery? Imagine that you are a scientist looking through the eye- piece of some newfangled instrument called a microscope and you see a field of similarly shaped ‘objects. You might recognize that the shapes that you see are not merely coincidence and random objects. Your whole idea of the nature of matter is changing as you view these objects. Procedure Ta BUKy BE 1, Read and complete the lab safety form. 2, Prepare a data table in which you will record observations and drawings for three slides. 3. View the slide images that your teacher projects for the class. 4. Describe and draw what you see. Be sure to include enough detail in your drawings to convey the information to other scientists who have not observed cells. Analysis 1. Describe what analogies or terms could explain the images in your drawings. 2. Explain how you could show Hooke, with twenty-first-century technology, that his findings were valid. Another type of microscope, the scanning tunneling electron micto- scope (STM), involves bringing the charged tip of a probe extremely close to the specimen so that the electrons “tunnel” through the small gap between the specimen and the tip. This instrument has enabled sci entists to create three-dimensional computer images of objects as small as atoms, Unlike TEM and SEM, STM can be used with live specimens. Figure 3 shows DNA, the cell’s genetic material, magnified with a scan: ning tunneling electron microscope. The atomic force microscope (AFM) measures various forces between the tip of a probe and the cell surface. To learn more about ‘AFM, read the Cutting Edge Biology feature at the end of this chapter, Basic Cell Types You have learned, according to the cell theory, that cells are the basic units of all living organisms. By observing your own body and the living things around you, you might infer that cells must exist in various shapes and sizes. You also might infer that cells differ based on the functions they perform for an organism. However, all cells have at least one physi: cal trait in common: they all have a structure called a plasma membrane. A plasma membrane, labeled in Figure 4, is a special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell. Each of your skin cells has a plasma membrane, as do the cells of a rattlesnake. This critical structure is described in detail in the next section. Cells generally have a number of functions in common. For example, most cells have genetic material in some form that provides instruc- tions for making substances that the cell needs. Cells also break down, molecules to gy. Scientists have grouped cells into two broad categories. These categories are prokaryotic (pro kar ee AW tik) cells and eukaryotic (yew kar ee AW tik) cells. Figure 4 shows TEM photomicrographs of these two cell types. The images of the prokayotic cell and eukaryotic cell have been enlarged so that you can compare the cell structures. Eukaryotic cells generally are one to one hundred times larger than prokaryotic cells. @ Reading check Compare the sizes of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells Plasma membrane Prokaryotic cell DNA Figure 3 The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) provides images, such a this [DNA molecule in which cracks and depressions appear darker and raised areas appear lghte ‘Name an application for which an STM might be used. ED inary Figure 4 The prokaryotic cell on the lefts ‘smaller and appears less complex than the ‘eukaryotic cel onthe right. The prokaryotic cell has been enlarged forthe purpose of compar ing each cel’ internal strctures Eukaryotic cell Section 1 + Cell Discovery and Theory EBWD srainror Refer again to Figure 4 and compare the types of cells to see why sci- entists place them into two broad categories that are based on internal structures, Both havea plasma membrane, but one cell contains many distinct internal structures called organelles—specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and other organelles that, are bound by membranes, also referred to as membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus is a distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA. Organelles enable cell functions to take place in different parts of the cell at the same time. Vocasutary . Most organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells and are called ‘Woro omicin ‘eukaryotes. However, some unicellular organisms, such as some Bukaryote algae and yeast, also are eukaryotes. Freee Prokaryotic cells are defined as cells without a nucleus or other c= prefix; from Greek, meaning true pro- prefix; from Greek, meaning before kary from Greek, meaning nucleus. ‘membrane-bound organelles. As you can see in Figure 4, prokaryotic cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells. Most unicellular organisms, such as bac- teria, are prokaryotic cells. Thus, they are called prokaryotes. Many scien- tists think that prokaryotes are similar to the first organisms that lived on Earth. Origin of cell diversity Scientists continue to investigate why there are two basic types of cells, The answer might be that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells millions of years ago. According to the endosymbiont theory, a symbiotic relationship involves one pro- karyotic cell living inside of another and both cells benefiting from the relationship. Imagine how organisms would be different if the eukaryotic form had not evolved. Because eukaryotic cells are larger and have distinct organelles, these cells have developed specific functions. Having specific functions has led to cell diversity, and thus more diverse organisms that can adapt better to their environments. Life-forms more complex than bacteria might not have evolved without eukaryotic cells. 4 Assessment \___ 2 Understand Main Ideas 1, ({ENNK¢@M Explain how the development and improvement of microscopes changed the study of ving organisms. 2. Compare and contrast a compound light microscope and an electron microscope. 3. Summarize the cel theory 4. Differentiate the plasma membrane and the organelles. Think Critically 5. Describe how you would determine whether the cells of a newly discov- ered organism were prokaryotic or eukaryotic. CHEM Biology 6. If the overall magnification of a series of two lenses is 30%, and one lens ‘magnifies 5x, whats the magnification of the other lens? Calculate the 2 total magnification ifthe 5x lens is replaced by a 7 lens. a sc ts sees ick eliotn CTEERD ovine owe been used as tools for idy since the late 1500s. different types of microscopes ‘summarizes three principles. re are two broad groups of cel types als and eukaryote cel at are the roles of proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol in the plasma membrane? Review Vocabulary Tom: an atom or group of atoms with ‘a positive or negative electric charge New Vocabulary selective permeability phospholipid bilayer ‘transport protein fluid mosaic model Left: The fish net selectively captures fish while allowing water and other debris to pass through. Right: Similar, the plasma membrane selects substances entering and leaving the cll The Plasma Membrane [TENISK¢EEI The plasma membrane helps to maintain a c homeostasis. Real-World Reading Link When you approach your school, you might pass through a gate ina fence that surrounds the school grounds. The fence prevents people who should not be there from entering, and the gate allows students, staff, and parents to enter. Similarly, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have structures that maintain control of their internal environments. Function of the Plasma Membrane Recall that the process of maintaining balance in an organism's internal environment is called homeostasis. Homeostasis is essential to the sur- vival of a cell. One of the structures that is primarily responsible for homeostasis is the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is a thin, flexible boundary between a cell and its environment that allows nutri- ents into the cell and allows waste and other products to leave the cel. All prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane to separate them from the watery environments in which they exist. A key property of the plasma membrane is selective permeability (pur mee uh BIH luh tee), by which a membrane allows some sub- stances to pass through while keeping others out. Consider a fish net as an analogy of selective permeability. The net shown in Figure 5 has holes that allow water and other substances in the water to pass through, but not the fish. Depending on the size of the holes in the net, some kinds of fish might pass through, while others are caught. The diagram in Figure 5 illustrates selective permeability of the plasma membrane. The arrows show that substances enter and leave the cell through the plasma membrane. Control of how, when, and how much of these substances enter and leave a cell relies on the structure of the plasma membrane. @ Reading check Define the term selective permeability. Outside the cell P99 ucose ‘visio, Plasma membrane ™ Carbon Water Inside sowie the cell Outside the cell A Cholesterol ‘Transport protein ® Figure 6 The phospholipid bilayer loks lke a sandich, withthe polar heads facing the ‘outside and the nonpolar tails facing the inside Infer how hydrophobic substances «ross a plasma membrane. Vocasutary « ‘ScieNCE USAGE v. COMMON USAGE Polar Science usage: having an unequal distribution of charge The positive end ofa polar molecule attracts the negative end of a polar molecule : Common usage: relating to a ‘geographic pole or region ‘The polar ice cap in Greenland is, on ‘average, 1.6 km thick... Inside the cell Structure of the Plasma Membrane Most of the molecules in the plasma membrane are lipids. Lipids are large molecules that are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. Ifa phosphate group replaces a fatty acid, a phospholipid forms. A phospholipid (fahs foh LTH pid) is a mol- ecule that has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phos- phate-containing group. The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, in which two layers of phospholipids are arranged tail-to-tail, as shown in Figure 6. In the plasma membrane, phospholipids arrange themselves in a way that allows the plasma membrane to exist in the watery environment. The phospholipid bilayer Notice in Figure 6 that each phospho- lipid is diagrammed as a head with two tails. The phosphate group in each phospholipid makes the head polar. The polar head is attracted to water because water also is polar. The two fatty acid tails are nonpolar and are repelled by water, ‘The two layers of phospholipid molecules resemble a sandwich, with the fatty acid tails forming the interior of the plasma membrane and the phospholipid heads facing the watery environments found inside and outside the cell, as shown in Figure 6. This bilayer structure is crit- ical for the formation and function of the plasma membrane. The phos- pholipids are arranged in such a way that the polar heads can be closest to the water molecules and the nonpolar tails can be farthest away from the water molecules. When many phospholipid molecules come together in this mann a barrier is created that is polar at its surfaces and nonpolar in the dle, Water-soluble substances will not move easily through the plasma membrane because they are stopped by the nonpolar middle. Therefore, the plasma membrane can separate the environment inside the cell from the environment outside the cell. Other components of the plasma membrane Moving with and among the phospholipids in the plasma membrane are cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. When found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, proteins called receptors transmit signals to the inside of the cell. Proteins at the inner surface anchor the plasma membrane to the cell’s internal support structure, giving the cell its shape. Other proteins span the entire membrane and create tunnels through which certain substances enter and leave the cell. ‘These transport proteins move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane and therefore contribute to the selec- tive permeability of the plasma membrane, @ Reading Check Describe the benefit ofthe bilayer structure of the plasma membrane. Locate the cholesterol molecules in Figure 6. Nonpolar cholesterol is repelled by water and is positioned among the phospholipids. Cholesterol helps to prevent the fatty-acid tals of the phospholipid bilayer from stick- ing together, which contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane, Although avoiding a high-cholesterol diet is recommended, cholesterol plays a critical role in plasma membrane structure and it is an important substance for maintaining homeostasis in a cell. Other substances in the membrane, such as carbohydrates attached to proteins, stick out from the plasma membrane to define the cell’s characteristics and help cells identify chemical signals. For example, carbohydrates in the membrane might help disease-fighting cells recog- nize and attack a potentially harmful cel. DATA ANALYSIS LAB 7 patked oleh How are protein channels involved in the death of nerve cells after a stroke? A stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks the flow of oxygen- containing blood in a portion of the brain. Nerve Calcium @ Glutamate cells in the brain that release glutamate are sen- sitive to the lack of oxygen and release a flood of glutamate when oxygen is low. During the glutamate flood, the calcium pump is destroyed. This affects the movement of calcium ions into and out of nerve cells. When cells contain excess calcium, homeostasis is disrupted. Think Critically 1. Interpret how the glutamate flood destroys the calcium pump. 2. Predict what would happen if Ca** levels were lowered in the nerve cell during a stroke. baa obtained rom Ch, 205, ewedegenrtin: ear deere ested Note 3: 655-58 Question Session Work with a partner and ask each other questions about the plasma membrane Discuss teach other's answers. Ask as many questions as you think of while taking tums. Nonpolar tail ‘groups Cholesterol molecule Polar head groups. = Figure 7 The fluid mosaic model refer to plasma membrane with substances that can ee ences | Together, the phospholipids in the bilayer create a “Sea” in which other molecules can float, like apples floating in a barrel of water. This (GQ concepts motion) | *sea” concept is the basis for the fluid mosaic model of the plasma faaation membrane. The phospholipids can move sideways within the mem- ———____________=_ brane, just as apples move around in water. At the same time, other components in the membrane, such as proteins, also move among the phospholipids. Because there are different substances in the plasma membrane, a pattern, or mosaic, is created on the surface. You can see this pattern in Figure 7. The components of the plasma membrane are in constant motion, sliding past one another. 2 Assessment \ 1 Understand Main Ideas 1. (HEMEKGRM Describe how the plasma membrane helps maintain homeo- stasis ina cell. 2. Explain how the inside of a cell remains separate from its environment. 3. Diagram the plasma membrane and label each component. 4, Identify the molecules in the plasma membrane that provide basic ‘membrane structure, cell identity, and membrane fluidity. Think Critically 5. Explain what effect more cholesterol in the plasma membrane will have ‘on the membrane. CEEZTED Biology 6. Using what you know about the term mosaic, write a paragraph describing ‘another biological mosaic. TEED) 190 chapter 7» cetuiar secre and function (CURR) online Quiz 7 intial Questions ) What are the structures of atypical “eukaryotic cll, and what are their functions? What are the similarities and differences between plant and ‘animal cells? Review Vocabulary ‘enzyme: a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction New Vocabulary ojtoplasm cytoskeleton ribosome nucleolus endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vacuole lysosome centriole mitochondrion chloroplast cell wall «ium flagellum = Figure 8 Microtubules and microfilaments make up the cytoskeleton. Structures and Organelles (OEINK@EE Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that allow the specialization and the separation of functions within the cell. Real-World Reading Link Suppose you start a company to manufacture hiking ‘boots. Each pair of boots could be made individually by one person, but it would be more effcient to use an assembly line. Similarly, eukaryotic cells have specialized structures that perform specific tasks, much like a factory Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton You just have investigated the part ofa cell that functions as the boundary between the inside and outside environments. The environment inside the plasma membrane isa semifluid material called cytoplasm. In a prokary- otic cell, all of the chemical processes of the cell, such as breaking down Sugar to generate the energy used for other functions, take place directly in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells perform these processes within organelles in their cytoplasm. At one time, scientists thought that cell organelles floated in a sea of cytoplasm. More recent, cell biologists have discovered that organelles do not float freely in a cell, but are supported by a structure within the cytoplasm similar to the structure shown in Figure 8. The cytoskeleton isa supporting net- work of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework forthe cell and pro- vide an anchor for the organelles inside the cells. The cytoskeleton also has a function in cell movement and other cellular activities. ‘The cytoskeleton is made of substructures called microtubules and microfilaments. Microtubules are long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell Microfilaments are thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and enable the entire cell or parts of the cell to move. Microtubules and micro- filaments rapidly assemble and disassemble and slide past one another. This allows cells and organelles to move. Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Visualizing Cells Figure 9 Compare the illustrations of a plant cell, animal cell, and prokaryotic cell. Some organelles are found only in plant cells; others are found ‘only in animal cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. Nucleus Microtubule © Animat cet \Mitochondrion Nuclear pore Nucleus uceolus Vacuole Cell wall ‘ (celulose) ‘Smooth endoplasmic Plasma reticulum membrane Microtubule © Prokaryotic Cell (not to scale) 192 Chapter 7 + Celular Stucture and Function Cell Structures Ina factory, there are separate areas set up for performing different tasks. Eukaryotic cells also have separate areas for tasks. Membrane- bound organelles make it possible for different chemical processes to take place at the same time in different parts of the cytoplasm. Organelles carry out essential cell processes, such as protein synthe- sis, energy transformation, digestion of food, excretion of wastes, and cell division, Each organelle has a unique structure and function. You can compare organelles to a factory's offices, assembly lines, and other important areas that keep the factory running. As you read about the different organelles, refer to the diagrams of plant and ani- ‘mal cells in Figure 9 to see the organelles of each type. The nucleus Just asa factory needs a manager, a cell needs an organ- elle to direct the cell processes. The nucleus, shown in Figure 10, is the cell’s managing structure. It contains most of the cell’s DNA, which stores information used to make proteins for cell growth, function, and reproduction. ‘The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is similar to the plasma membrane, ‘except the nuclear membrane has nuclear pores that allow larger-sized substances to move in and out of the nucleus. Chromatin, which is a complex DNA attached to protein, is spread throughout the nucleus. @ Reading check Describe the role of the nucleus. Ribosomes One of the functions of acellis to produce proteins. The organelles that help manufacture proteins are called ribosomes. Ribo- somes are made of two components—RNA and protein—and are not bound by a membrane like other organelles are. Within the nucleus is the site of ribosome production called the nucleolus, shown in Figure 10. Cells have many ribosomes that produce a variety of proteins that are used by the cell or are moved out and used by other cells. Some ribo- somes float freely in the cytoplasm, while others are bound to another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum, Free-floating ribosomes produce proteins for use within the cytoplasm of the cell. Bound ribo- somes produce proteins that will be bound within membranes or used by other cells. Ta Magan: 16000% Vocagutary . Woro oniciw Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Plant cells. ‘= Figure 25 In a hypertonic solution, water leaves a cell by osmosis, causing the cel to shrink Animal cel shrivel up as they lose water. As pant cells lose internal pressure, the plasma membrane shrinks away from the cell wall jure 26 Carter proteins pick up and ‘move substances across the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient and into the cell. Explain why active transport requires energy. Tiny mm ARTY TH = AGAAATT, inning Hany Ce, ay i nn, HON NG HI a Va a al Qroseinie rendre binds Ore sacrestopeienwithbound he breaeown of Actes shape Trectrsodum ans aanioe agen pee alongs ans Cie th, nnn | Anni i Aint PH 0000 a 1 Tat COOLER) RR CLEA Leh SG fb > Qbsrocstinpoossiminstndio ——@)raing optim cases ese ot roxas relene change pre back Cpntan prt om poeh Sik nga apn sof pecan ns iniencal s= Figure 27 Some cls use elaborate punping systems such eee here tohelpmove substances = jYat/K+ ATPase pump One common active transport pump is called the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. This (© coneepsin motion) ‘Animation pump is found in the plasma membrane of animal cells, ‘The pump maintains the level of sodium ions (Na’) and EAR) Personatturor potassium ions (K*) inside and outside the cell. This pro- tein pump isan enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of an energy-storing molecule. The pump uses the energy to transport three sodium ions out of the cell while mov- ing two potassium ions into the cell, The high level of sodium on the outside of the cell creates a concentration gradient. Follow the steps in Figure 27 to see the action of the Na*/K* ATPase pump. ‘The activity of the Na*/K* ATPase pump can result in yet another form of cellular transport. Substances, such as sugar molecules, must come into the cell from the out side, where the concentration of the substance is lower than itis inside. This requires energy. Recall, however, that the Na*/K* ATPase pump moves Nat out of the cell, which creates a low concentration of Nat inside the cell. Ina process called coupled transport, the Na* ions that have been pumped out of the cell can couple with sugar molecules and be transported into the cell through a membrane protein called a coupled channel, The sugar molecule, coupled to a Na’ ion, enters the cell by facili- tated diffusion of the sodium, as shown in Figure 28. As a result, sugar enters the cell without spending any addi- tional cellular energy. «= Figure 28 Substances “piggy-back" their way into or out of a cll by «coupling with another substance that uses an active transport pump, ‘Compare and contrast active and passive transport across the plasma membrane. ED oscars Exocytosis Outside the cell Er, Transport of Large Particles 1 Cane aleamcn 6 ir ib Some substances are too large to move through the plasma membrane by diffusion or transport proteins and must get inside the cell by a differ- ent process, Endocytosis isthe process by which a cell surrounds a sub- stance in the outside environment, enclosing the substance in a portion of the plasma membrane. The membrane then pinches off and leaves the substance inside the cell, The substance shown on the lft in Figure 29 is ‘engulfed and enclosed by a portion of the cell’s plasma membrane. The membrane then pinches off inside of the cell, and the resulting vacuole, with its contents, moves to the inside of the cell. Exocytosis is the secretion of materials atthe plasma membrane. The illustration on the right in Figure 29 shows that exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis. Cells use exocytosis to expel wastes and to secrete sub- stances, uch as hormones, produced by the cell. Both endocytosis and exocytosis require the input of energy. Cells maintain homeostasis by ‘moving substances into and out of the cell. Some transport processes require additional energy input, while others do not. Together, the differ- ‘ent types of transport allow a cell to interact with its environment while maintaining homeostasis. @ Assessment Understand Main Ideas List and describe the types of celular transport. 2. Describe how the plasma membrane controls what goes into and comes out ofa cell. 3. Sketch a before and an afer diagram of an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution. 4, Contrast how facilitated diffusion is different from active transport. Think Critically 5. Describe Some organisms that normally live in pond water contain water pumps These purnps continually pump water out ofthe cell, Describe a scenario that might reverse te action of the pump. 6. Summarize the role of the phospholipid bilayer in cellular transport in living cells. Section 4 Cellular Transport 207

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