Republic of Yemen
University of Saba Region
Faculty of IT&CS
Course: Electrical Circuits analysis
Communications Technology 1
Lec.5
Dr. Abdullah Alamri
Analog modulation : Amplitude Modulation (AM)
References:
• “Fundamentals of communication” by [Link] and Masoud Salehi
• “Analog and Digital Communications” by Schaum
Outline
1. introduction
2. Why Modulation?
3. Analog Modulation
4. Types of analog modulation
5. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Amplitude modulation (DSB-SC)
• Theory of Double Side band Suppressed carrier
• Types of transmitters used in generating DSB-SC
• Types of receivers used in detecting DSB-SC
• Amplitude modulation (SSB)-Theory of Single Side band SSB -Comparison between SSB and DSB-Types of transmitters used in
generating SSB-Types of receivers used in detecting SSB
• Amplitude modulation (VSB)-Theory of Vestigial Side band -VSB-Types of transmitters and receivers used in VSB-Comparison
between VSB and SSB
• Applications on Amplitude modulation-Telephony systems
• Multiplexing Systems
Introduction
• The different types of media need different types of
electromagnetic signals to carry information from the source
to the destination.
• The Source information is impressed upon a carrier-wave
(essentially a sinusoid of a certain frequency) by changing or
modifying some characteristic of the sinusoidal wave. This
process is called modulation.
• The original source signal (e.g., audio, voltage pulse train
carrying digital information) is called the baseband signal.
Modulation has the effect of moving the baseband signal
spectrum to be centered frequencies around the frequency of
the carrier.
• The resulting modulated signal is considered a bandpass
signal. Other processes that modify the original information
bearing signal are sometimes called modulation
Introduction
Speech, music, images, and video are examples of
analog signals. Each of these signals is characterized
by its bandwidth, dynamic range, and the nature of
the signal. For instance, in the case of audio and
black-and-white video, the signal has just one
component, which measures air pressure or light
intensity. But in the case of color video, the signal
has four components, namely, the red, green, and
blue color components, plus a fourth component for
the intensity. In addition to the four video signals, an
audio signal carries the audio information in color-
TV broadcasting. Various analog signals exhibit a
large diversity in terms of signal bandwidth. For
instance, speech signals have a bandwidth of up to 4
kHz, music signals typically have a bandwidth of 20
kHz, and video signals have a much higher
bandwidth, about 6 MHz.
Why Modulation?
1. To reduce the size of the antenna for transmission.
• The size of the antenna depends on the wavelength of the
signal that is transmitted or received. Higher frequencies
(smaller wavelengths) can reduce the size of the antenna
and thus the transceiver.
• Example :Suppose we need to transmit the signal of
frequency 20-20kHz: at 10kHz, That means the
wavelength should be 30km
• But if the signal is of frequency 10MHz: we increased the
frequency by factor of 1000. In this way the size of the
antenna will decrease to 7.5m
2. To reduce interference of signals so as to maintain
the uniqueness of each signal.
• As we have seen in previous sidle the electromagnetic
spectrum which is regulated and different applications are
allowed transmissions only in specific parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
3. To allow multiplexing of the signals
Analog Modulation
• In analog modulation, the characteristics of the modulated sinusoid (such as amplitude, frequency or phase) can take a continuum of
values depending on the source of the information.
• The two common forms of analog modulation are amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) which is specific form of
more general angle modulation. Most of us are familiar with AM and FM commercial radio stations. These radio transmissions make use
of amplitude and frequency modulation respectively.
• In North America, the 525 kHz to 1715 kHz band is used for AM transmissions and the 87.8 MHz–108 MHz band is used for FM
transmissions. An AM channel is 10 kHz wide and an FM channel is 0.2 MHz wide.
• Note that the commercial radio systems adopted the names of the modulation schemes that they emply, but there are other systems that also
use amplitude and frequency modulation.
• For example, analog video transmission for television makes use of a combination of both AM and FM. The analog cell phone systems use
FM as the modulation scheme.
Types of analog modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)
AM-DSB-SC
AM-SSB
AM-VSB
AM Concepts
1. In the modulation process, the voice,
video, or digital signal modifies another
signal called the carrier.
2. In amplitude modulation (AM) the
information signal varies the amplitude of
the carrier sine wave.
3. The instantaneous value of the carrier
amplitude changes in accordance with
the amplitude and frequency variations
of the modulating signal.
4. An imaginary line called the envelope
connects the positive and negative peaks of
the carrier waveform.
AM Concepts
A carrier is a high frequency signal. It is usually a sine wave that
can be modified by the intelligence signal through modulation.
Distortion occurs when the amplitude of the modulating signal is
greater than the amplitude of the carrier.
A modulator is a circuit used to produce the mathematical
multiplication of the carrier and modulating signals.
The amplitude of high-carrier signal is varied according to
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating message
signal m(t).
Carrier Signal: cos(2 fct ) or cos(ct )
Modulating Message Signal: m(t ) : cos(2 f mt ) or cos(mt )
The AM Signal: sAM (t ) = [ Ac + m(t )]cos(2 f ct )
Conventional Amplitude Modulation
A conventional AM signal consists of a large carrier component, in addition to the DSB-AM-modulated signal.
The transmitted signal is expressed mathematically as