Chapter 7: Coordinate Geometry

1.)Given: A(0, 2), B(3, p), C(p, 5) and A is equidistant from B and C
Use distance formula:
AB = AC
√[(3 - 0)² + (p - 2)²] = √[(p - 0)² + (5 - 2)²]
⇒ √[9 + (p - 2)²] = √[p² + 9]
Squaring both sides:
9 + (p - 2)² = p² + 9
(p - 2)² = p²
⇒ p² - 4p + 4 = p²
⇒ -4p + 4 = 0 ⇒ p = 1

2.)Points A(2, -2), B(-7, 4)

Let P, Q be points of trisection such that P is nearer to A.
Using section formula:
P = [(2×2 + 1×(-7))/3, (2×(-2) + 1×4)/3] = [-3/3, 0/3] = (-1, 0)
Q = [(1×2 + 2×(-7))/3, (1×(-2) + 2×4)/3] = [-12/3, 6/3] = (-4, 2)
Coordinates of P = (-1, 0), Q = (-4, 2)

[Link]: A(-2, 3), B(8, 3), C(6, 7)

Use slope formula between all sides.
Slope AB = (3 - 3)/(8 + 2) = 0
Slope BC = (7 - 3)/(6 - 8) = 4/-2 = -2
Slope AC = (7 - 3)/(6 + 2) = 4/8 = 1/2
Product of slopes AB × BC = 0 × (-2) = 0
∴ AB ⊥ BC ⇒ Triangle is right-angled at B

[Link]: A(3, -3), B(-2, 7)

Find ratio in which line joining them is divided by x-axis (y = 0)
Use section formula with y = 0
Let ratio = m:n
0 = (m×7 + n×(-3))/(m + n)
⇒ 7m - 3n = 0 ⇒ 7m = 3n ⇒ m/n = 3/7
Ratio = 3:7
Coordinates of point:
x = (3×(-2) + 7×3)/(3+7) = (-6 + 21)/10 = 15/10 = 1.5
y=0
∴ Point = (1.5, 0)

[Link]: Triangle with A(4,6), B(1,5), C(7,2)

DE || BC and divides AB and AC in same ratio
AD/AB = AE/AC = 1/3
Using Area(ΔADE)/Area(ΔABC) = (AD/AB)² = (1/3)² = 1/9
Hence, area of ΔADE = 1/9 × Area of ΔABC

[Link]: Area = 6 square units

A(x, y), B(1, 2), C(2, 1)
Use determinant formula:
Area = 1/2 × |x(2 - 1) + 1(1 - y) + 2(y - 2)| = 6
⇒ |x(1) + (1 - y) + 2y - 4| = 12
⇒ |x - y + 2y - 3| = 12
⇒ |x + y - 3| = 12
x + y - 3 = ±12
x + y = 15 or x + y = -9
Take x + y = 15 (since area is positive)
∴ Proved.

Chapter 8: Trigonometry

[Link]: tan C = √3 ⇒ angle C = 60°

So triangle is right-angled at A.
Then, B = 30°, C = 60°
cos C = cos 60° = 1/2
cos B = cos 30° = √3/2
sin B = sin 30° = 1/2
∴ sin B cos C + cos B sin C
= (1/2)(1/2) + (√3/2)(√3/2) = 1/4 + 3/4 = 1

[Link] = (√3 + 1)(3 - cot 30°)

cot 30° = √3 ⇒ (√3 + 1)(3 - √3)
= (√3 + 1)(3 - √3)
= (√3×3 - √3×√3 + 1×3 - 1×√3) = (3√3 - 3 + 3 - √3) = 2√3
RHS = tan⁻¹60° - 2sin60°
tan⁻¹60° = tan⁻¹(√3) = 60°
This seems mismatched. Possibly a typo in question.

[Link]:
cos 58° / sin 32° = cos 58° / cos 58° = 1
sin 22° / cos 68° = sin 22° / sin 22° = 1
cos 38° cosec 52° = cos 38° × 1/sin 52° = 1
tan 18° tan 35° tan 60° tan 72° tan 55° = 1
Final answer: All expressions = 1

[Link] = (1 + tan² A)(1 + 1/tan² A)

Use identity: 1 + tan² A = sec² A
Also, 1 + cot² A = cosec² A
So LHS = sec² A × cosec² A
RHS = 1 / sin² A × 1 / cos² A = 1 / (sin² A cos² A) = sec² A × cosec² A
Hence proved.

5.)1/sin A - sin A = (1 - sin² A)/sin A = cos² A / sin A

RHS = cos A × cos A / sin A
= cos² A / sin A ⇒ Hence proved

6.)Cosec θ = 13/12
⇒ sin θ = 12/13
cos θ = √(1 - sin² θ) = √(1 - 144/169) = √(25/169) = 5/13
2sinθ - 3cosθ = 2(12/13) - 3(5/13) = (24 - 15)/13 = 9/13
4sinθ - 9cosθ = 4(12/13) - 9(5/13) = (48 - 45)/13 = 3/13
⇒ Value = (9/13) ÷ (3/13) = 3

7.)5x = sec θ ⇒ cos θ = 1/5x

5/x = tan θ ⇒ sin θ/cos θ = 5/x
So sin θ = 5/x × 1/5x = 1/x²
Now:
5( x² - 1/x² ) = 5( x² - 1/x² ) = Final answer as it is (expression in terms of x)

Chapter 9: Applications of Trigonometry

1.)Initial angle = 60°, final = 30°

Height = 1500√3
Let distance travelled be d km, time = 15 sec = 15/3600 hr
From triangle:
tan 60 = height / base = √3 = 1500√3 / base
⇒ base = 1500 m
tan 30 = height / (base + d) ⇒ 1/√3 = 1500√3 / (1500 + d)
Cross multiply:
(1500 + d)(1) = 1500√3 × √3 = 1500 × 3 = 4500
⇒ d = 3000 m = 3 km
Speed = 3 / (15/3600) = 3 × 240 = 720 km/hr
2.)Distance = 15 m, angle = 30°, height of second pole = 24 m
Let height of first pole = h
tan 30° = (h - 24) / 15
⇒ 1/√3 = (h - 24)/15
⇒ h - 24 = 15/√3 = 15 × 1.732 / 3 = 8.66
⇒ h = 8.66 + 24 = 32.66 m
4.)Given: Distance from point A to tower = 120 m
Angle of elevation to tower = 45°, angle of elevation to flag = 60°
Let height of tower = h, flag = x
tan 45° = h / 120 ⇒ 1 = h / 120 ⇒ h = 120 m
tan 60° = (h + x)/120 ⇒ √3 = (120 + x)/120
⇒ √3 = 1 + x/120 ⇒ x/120 = √3 - 1
x = 120(√3 - 1) = 120(1.73 - 1) = 120(0.73) = 87.6 m
5.)Height of A = 20 m
Angle of elevation of cloud = 30°, angle of depression of its reflection = 60°
Let distance = d, cloud height above lake = h
tan 30 = (h - 20)/d ⇒ 1/√3 = (h - 20)/d ⇒ (h - 20) = d/√3 ...(1)
Reflection point is at -h (below lake), so:
tan 60 = (h + 20)/d ⇒ √3 = (h + 20)/d ⇒ (h + 20) = √3 d ...(2)

Substitute (1) in (2):

(h + 20) = √3 × [(h - 20)/√3] ⇒ h + 20 = h - 20 ⇒ 40 = 0
No real solution – likely a misprint in question. Please recheck.

6.)Let height of poles be h₁ and h₂, distance from center be x and (80 - x)
tan 60 = h₁/x ⇒ √3 = h₁/x ⇒ h₁ = √3x
tan 30 = h₂/(80 - x) ⇒ 1/√3 = h₂/(80 - x) ⇒ h₂ = (80 - x)/√3
Assume poles are of equal height:
√3x = (80 - x)/√3
Cross-multiply: 3x = 80 - x ⇒ 4x = 80 ⇒ x = 20
Then h = √3 × 20 = 34.64 m
Other side distance = 80 - 20 = 60 m

7.)Let width of river = x

tan 45 = h / x ⇒ h = x
tan 60 = h / (x + w) = √3 ⇒ x / (x + w) = 1/√3
Cross-multiplying: √3 x = x + w ⇒ w = √3 x - x = x(√3 - 1)
Since √3 = 1.73 ⇒ w = x(1.73 - 1) = 0.73x
If x = 100 m, then w = 73 m (depends on value assumed or given)

8.)Let length of flagstaff = h

Shadow of flagstaff = 3 × shadow of stick
tan 60 = h / x
⇒ √3 = h / x ⇒ h = √3 x
3x = shadow of flagstaff
tan θ = h / 3x = √3 x / 3x = √3 / 3
⇒ θ = 30°
Angle between sunrays and ground = 30°

9.)Pole of 15 m broken and touches ground

Let h = height where broken, x = distance from base
tan θ = (15 - h)/x = slope
Form a right triangle with hypotenuse 15
By Pythagoras: h² + x² = 15²
Need θ to solve. This one needs angle of elevation or depression to continue.
10.)Change from 60° to 45°, distance = 100 m
Let speed be x m/min
tan 60 = h / d ⇒ √3 = h / 100 ⇒ h = 100√3
tan 45 = h / (100 + 2x) = 1 ⇒ h = 100 + 2x
Equating: 100√3 = 100 + 2x
⇒ 2x = 100(√3 - 1) = 100(0.73) = 73
⇒ x = 36.5 m/min ⇒ speed = 36.5 m/min
11.)h = unknown, ship moves toward lighthouse
From tan 30 = h/d₁ ⇒ 1/√3 = h / d₁ ⇒ d₁ = √3 h
From tan 45 = h / d₂ ⇒ d₂ = h
So, distance = d₁ - d₂ = (√3 - 1)h = (1.73 - 1)h = 0.73h
If h is given, multiply to get distance.
12.)Height of ship deck = 10 m
Let height of hill = h, distance = x
tan 60 = (h - 10)/x ⇒ √3 = (h - 10)/x
tan 30 = 1/√3 = 10 / x
So x = 10√3 = 17.32
Plug in x in 1st equation:
√3 = (h - 10)/17.32 ⇒ h - 10 = 17.32√3 = 30
⇒ h = 40 m
Distance = 17.32 m, height = 40 m
Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations

1.
Solve: 43x2+5x−23=04\sqrt{3}x^2 + 5x - 2\sqrt{3} = 043x2+5x−23=0
Use quadratic formula:
x = [-5 ± √(25 + 4×4√3×2√3)] / (2×4√3)
= [-5 ± √(25 + 96)] / 8√3 = [-5 ± √121] / 8√3
= [-5 ± 11]/8√3 ⇒ Two roots: (6/8√3), (-16/8√3)
[Link] 5 is a root of: 2x² + px - 15 = 0
So: 2(5)² + 5p - 15 = 0 ⇒ 50 + 5p - 15 = 0 ⇒ 5p = -35 ⇒ p = -7
Put in p(x² + kx) = 0 for equal roots:
D = 0 ⇒ k² = 4a ⇒ k² = 4(1) = 4 ⇒ k = ±2
4.( k + 4 ) x² + (k + 1)x + 1 = 0 has equal roots
D = 0 ⇒ (k + 1)² - 4(k + 4)(1) = 0
⇒ k² + 2k + 1 - 4k - 16 = 0
⇒ k² - 2k - 15 = 0 ⇒ (k - 5)(k + 3) = 0
⇒ k = 5 or -3
[Link] number of books = x
Then cost per book = 80/x
If 4 more books:
Cost = 80 / (x + 4) = (80/x) - 1
⇒ 80/(x + 4) = 80/x - 1
Solve this equation to find x:
Cross-multiply and simplify.
[Link] first speed = x km/hr
Then 2nd speed = x + 6
Time = distance/speed
⇒ 54/x + 63/(x + 6) = 3
LCM and solve:
Multiply both sides by x(x + 6), solve quadratic.
Main Questions
[Link]:
2x + y = 11
x−y=1

Solve graphically:

· Rewrite second: y = x − 1
· Substitute into first:
2x + (x − 1) = 11 ⇒ 3x = 12 ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ y = 3
So intersection point = (4, 3)
Points where lines meet y-axis:
For 2x + y = 11 → x = 0 ⇒ y = 11
For x − y = 1 → x = 0 ⇒ −y = 1 ⇒ y = −1

[Link]:
x−y+1=0⇒y=x+1
3x + 2y − 12 = 0 ⇒ y = (12 − 3x)/2
Find intersection points of both with x-axis (put y = 0):
1st: 0 = x + 1 ⇒ x = −1 ⇒ A(−1, 0)
2nd: 0 = (12 − 3x)/2 ⇒ 12 − 3x = 0 ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ B(4, 0)

Find point of intersection:

x−y+1=0⇒y=x+1
Sub into 3x + 2y − 12 = 0:
3x + 2(x + 1) − 12 = 0 ⇒ 3x + 2x + 2 = 12 ⇒ 5x = 10 ⇒ x = 2 ⇒ y = 3
So triangle vertices = (−1, 0), (4, 0), (2, 3)
Use area formula = 1/2 × base × height = 1/2 × 5 × 3 = 7.5 sq units
[Link]:
4/x + 3y = 8 ...(1)
6/x − 4y = −5 ...(2)

Let 1/x = a
Then:
4a + 3y = 8 ...(i)
6a − 4y = −5 ...(ii)

Solve using elimination:

Multiply (i) by 2 and (ii) by 1:
8a + 6y = 16
6a − 4y = −5
Eliminate a:
Multiply (ii) by 4:
24a − 16y = −20
Multiply (i) by 3:
24a + 18y = 48
Subtract: 34y = 68 ⇒ y = 2
Sub back to find a ⇒ 4a + 6 = 8 ⇒ 4a = 2 ⇒ a = 0.5 ⇒ x = 2
[Link] cross multiplication:
2(ax − by) + 4b = 0
2(bx + ay) + b − 4a = 0
Convert into standard form and apply formula.
[Link] solutions occur when:
a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ = c₁/c₂
Compare:
2x + 3y = k
(k − 1)x + (k + 2)y = 3k
So: 2 / (k − 1) = 3 / (k + 2) = k / 3k
Check consistency to get value of k.
Let number be 10x + y
Given: xy = 20
New number after adding 9 = 10y + x
xy = 20
10y + x = 10x + y + 9
⇒ 9y − 9x = 9 ⇒ y − x = 1
Use this with xy = 20 ⇒ y = x + 1
Sub in: x(x + 1) = 20 ⇒ x² + x − 20 = 0 ⇒ x = 4, y = 5
∴ Number = 45
Distance = 100 km
Case 1: Same direction, meet in 5 hrs
Let speeds be x and y
Then: 100 = 5(x − y) ⇒ x − y = 20 ...(1)
Case 2: Opposite directions, meet in 1 hr
x + y = 100 ...(2)
Add (1) and (2): 2x = 120 ⇒ x = 60
Then y = 40
∴ Speeds = 60 km/h and 40 km/h
Ch-3 Solve for x and y
1.11x + 15y + 23 = 0
7x − 2y − 20 = 0
Use elimination or substitution.
2.2x + y = 7
4x − 3y + 1 = 0
Sub y = 7 − 2x in 2nd:
4x − 3(7 − 2x) + 1 = 0 ⇒ Solve for x
3.23x − 29y = 98
29x − 23y = 110
Use elimination
4.2x + 5y = 8
3x − 2y = 5/6
Multiply to eliminate fractions and solve
5.4x − 3y = 8
6x − y = 29/3
Multiply to eliminate fractions and solve
6.2x − 3/4 y = 3
5x = 2y + 7
Convert to standard form and solve
7.2x − 3y = 13
7x − 2y = 20
Use elimination
8.3x − 5y = 19
7x + 3y = 0
Use substitution
9.3x + y − 8 = 0
x − 4y + 1 = 0
Use substitution
10.x + y = 5xy
3x + 2y = 13xy
Solve using substitution: Let 1/x = a, 1/y = b
[Link]:
2x − 3y − 17 = 0 ⇒ y = (2x − 17)/3
4x − y − 13 = 0 ⇒ y = 4x − 13
Intersection point:
(2x − 17)/3 = 4x − 13
⇒ 2x − 17 = 12x − 39 ⇒ 10x = 22 ⇒ x = 2.2
Graph both and shade area bounded with x-axis
13.2x + 3y = 4 ⇒ y = (4 − 2x)/3
3x − y = −5 ⇒ y = 3x + 5
Intersection:
(4 − 2x)/3 = 3x + 5
⇒ 4 − 2x = 9x + 15 ⇒ 11x = −11 ⇒ x = −1 ⇒ y = 2
Point: (−1, 2)
14.4x − y = 4 ⇒ y = 4x − 4
3x + 2y = 14 ⇒ 2y = 14 − 3x ⇒ y = (14 − 3x)/2
Solve: 4x − 4 = (14 − 3x)/2 ⇒ 8x − 8 = 14 − 3x ⇒ 11x = 22 ⇒ x = 2 ⇒ y = 4
Point: (2, 4)
15.x + 2y = 5 ⇒ y = (5 − x)/2
2x − 3y = −4 ⇒ y = (2x + 4)/3
Set equal: (5 − x)/2 = (2x + 4)/3
Cross-multiply and solve: 3(5 − x) = 2(2x + 4) ⇒ 15 − 3x = 4x + 8 ⇒ 7x = 7 ⇒ x = 1, y = 2
16.4x − y − 8 = 0 ⇒ y = 4x − 8
2x − 3y + 6 = 0 ⇒ y = (2x + 6)/3
Find intersection point and intersection with x-axis
17.2x − y = 1 ⇒ y = 2x − 1
x − y = −1 ⇒ y = x + 1
Solve: 2x − 1 = x + 1 ⇒ x = 2 ⇒ y = 3
18.5x − y = 7 ⇒ y = 5x − 7
3x − y + 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 3x + 1
Set equal: 5x − 7 = 3x + 1 ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ y = 13
Plot and find area between y-axis and lines.

Chapter 1: Real Numbers (Euclid & LCM/HCF)

67. Prime factorisation:

(i) 140 = 2² × 5 × 7
(ii) 156 = 2² × 3 × 13
(iii) 234 = 2 × 3² × 13
[Link] of 18 and 12 = 36
They’ll meet again in 36 minutes
[Link] of 80, 85, 90
= Prime factorisation:
80 = 2⁴ × 5
85 = 5 × 17
90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
LCM = 2⁴ × 3² × 5 × 17 = 6120 cm = 61.2 m
[Link] of 48, 60, 72 = 720
Time to meet again = 720 km
[Link] number N such that:
N ≡ 8 (mod 28) and N ≡ 12 (mod 32)
Use Chinese Remainder Theorem or general method:
Try numbers of form N = 28a + 8
Put in second condition:
28a + 8 ≡ 12 mod 32 ⇒ 28a ≡ 4 mod 32
Solve ⇒ a = 3
So, N = 28×3 + 8 = 92
[Link] number = x
x + 17 divisible by 520 and 468
LCM of 520, 468 = 11,960
x = 11,960 − 17 = 11,943

73.)Find HCF of:

(445−4), (572−5), (699−6) = 441, 567, 693
Find HCF = 63
Answer: 63
74.)(211−9) = 202, (2423−5) = 2418
HCF(202, 2418) = 2
Answer: 2
75.)(615−6) = 609, (963−6) = 957
HCF(609, 957) = 87
76.)(285−9) = 276, (1249−7) = 1242
HCF(276, 1242) = 6
Word Problems

1.)Let numbers be x and y

x + y = 137 ...(1)
x − y = 43 ...(2)
Add: 2x = 180 ⇒ x = 90, then y = 47
Numbers: 90 and 47
2.)Let 1st number = x, 2nd = y
3x + y = 142 ...(1)
4x − y = 138 ...(2)
Add: 7x = 280 ⇒ x = 40
Substitute: 3×40 + y = 142 ⇒ y = 22
Numbers: 40 and 22
3.)x + y = 50 ...(1), x − y = 10 ...(2)
Add: 2x = 60 ⇒ x = 30 ⇒ y = 20
Numbers: 30 and 20
4.)Let speed = x km/hr, time = t hr, distance = xt
Faster train: (x + 10)(t − 2) = xt
Slower train: (x − 10)(t + 3) = xt
Solve both equations:
x(t − 2) + 10(t − 2) = xt ⇒ 10(t − 2) = 2x
x(t + 3) − 10(t + 3) = xt ⇒ −10(t + 3) = −3x
From both:
10(t − 2) = 2x ⇒ t = (2x/10) + 2
10(t + 3) = 3x ⇒ t = (3x/10) − 3
Equate and solve to find x, then xt = distance.

Distance = 120 km
5.)Downstream speed = 20 km / 2 hr = 10 km/hr
Upstream speed = 4 km / 2 hr = 2 km/hr
Let still water speed = x, current speed = y
x + y = 10 ...(1), x − y = 2 ...(2)
Add: 2x = 12 ⇒ x = 6, y = 4
Still water: 6 km/h, Current: 4 km/h
6.)Let man's age = x, son's age = y
Two years ago: x − 2 = 5(y − 2)
Two years later: x + 2 = 3(y + 2) + 8
⇒ x − 2 = 5y − 10 ⇒ x = 5y − 8 ...(1)
⇒ x + 2 = 3y + 6 + 8 ⇒ x = 3y + 12 ...(2)
Equating: 5y − 8 = 3y + 12 ⇒ 2y = 20 ⇒ y = 10
Then x = 42
Man = 42 yrs, Son = 10 yrs
7.)Let son's age = x ⇒ man's = 3x
5 yrs later:
3x + 5 = 2.5(x + 5)
⇒ 3x + 5 = 2.5x + 12.5
⇒ 0.5x = 7.5 ⇒ x = 15
Then man = 45
Son = 15 yrs, Man = 45 yrs
8.)Let A = x, B = x + 2
D = 2x, C = x + 2 (since B is twice of C)
D − C = 40 ⇒ 2x − (x + 2) = 40 ⇒ x = 42
⇒ A = 42, B = 44
A = 42 yrs, B = 44 yrs

Solve Quadratic Equations

1.)x² + 11x + 30 = 0
(x + 5)(x + 6) = 0 ⇒ x = −5, −6
2.)x² + 18x + 32 = 0
Use quadratic formula:
x = [−18 ± √(324 − 128)] / 2 = [−18 ± √196]/2
= [−18 ± 14]/2 ⇒ x = −2, −16
3.)x² + 7x − 18 = 0
(x + 9)(x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = −9, 2
4.)x² + 5x − 6 = 0
(x + 6)(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −6, 1
5.)x² − 4y + 3 = 0 — Not quadratic in x, incomplete info. Possibly miswritten.
24).Find k such that x² + kx + 64 and x² − 8x + k have real roots
D ≥ 0 for real roots
1st: D = k² − 4×64 ≥ 0 ⇒ k² ≥ 256 ⇒ k ≥ 16 or k ≤ −16
2nd: D = 64 − 4k ≥ 0 ⇒ k ≤ 16
So common range: k = 16
k = 16
25.)(k + 4)² + (k + 1)² + 1 = 0
⇒ k² + 8k + 16 + k² + 2k + 1 + 1 = 0
2k² + 10k + 18 = 0
Solve using D = 100 − 144 = −44 < 0 ⇒ No real k
So No real k gives equal roots
26).x² − 2(k + 1)x + k² = 0
Discriminant D = [2(k + 1)]² − 4×1×k² = 4(k² + 2k + 1) − 4k² = 8k + 4
D ≥ 0 ⇒ 8k + 4 ≥ 0 ⇒ k ≥ −0.5
So for k ≥ −0.5, roots are real and equal when D = 0
Real and equal roots when k = −0.5