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Biomolecules Overview for Class 12

The document provides a concise overview of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and enzymes. It outlines their structures, functions, and key characteristics, such as the types of carbohydrates and the roles of proteins in biological processes. Additionally, it highlights the importance of enzymes as biological catalysts and the factors influencing their activity.

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7 views1 page

Biomolecules Overview for Class 12

The document provides a concise overview of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and enzymes. It outlines their structures, functions, and key characteristics, such as the types of carbohydrates and the roles of proteins in biological processes. Additionally, it highlights the importance of enzymes as biological catalysts and the factors influencing their activity.

Uploaded by

mishrareeta010
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Biomolecules - Short Revision Notes (Class 12)

1. Carbohydrates:
- Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones (Cn(H2O)n).
- Monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose.
- Disaccharides: Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose), Maltose (Glucose + Glucose), Lactose (Glucose +
Galactose).
- Polysaccharides: Starch (plant storage), Glycogen (animal storage), Cellulose (plant cell wall).
2. Proteins:
- Made of amino acids (20 types).
- Bond: Peptide bond (-CO-NH-).
- Structures: Primary (sequence), Secondary (α-helix, β-sheet), Tertiary (3D folding), Quaternary
(2+ chains).
- Functions: Enzymes, Hormones, Structural (Keratin, Collagen).
3. Nucleic Acids:
- Nucleotides = Nitrogen base + Sugar + Phosphate.
- DNA: Double helix (A=T, G≡C).
- RNA: Single stranded (A, U, G, C).
- Function: Genetic information (DNA), Protein synthesis (RNA).
4. Lipids:
- Non-polymeric, insoluble in water.
- Types: Simple (fats, oils), Compound (phospholipids), Derived (steroids, cholesterol).
- Function: Energy storage, Membrane structure, Hormones.
5. Enzymes:
- Biological catalysts, mostly proteins.
- Active site: Specific binding region.
- Factors affecting activity: Temperature, pH, Substrate concentration.
- Inhibition: Competitive & Non-competitive.

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