Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

OBJECTIVES
2.1 represents point, line,
LINES, PLANES, AND
ANGLES
and plane using
concrete and pictorial
models
2.2 identify and illustrate LESSON 2
postulates on lines and
planes
2.3 define and identify
properties of the subset
of a line and different
kind of angles and angle
pairs

Architecture Photography Corner-Pictures

In 2014, Sheffield-based photographer and graphic designer Dave Mullen Jr

started Geometry Club, a collaborative Instagram project in which people submit
images of buildings forming carefully composed triangle shapes. Mullen is now
creating an app to simplify the meticulous formatting process, and says the
project is “a test of building an audience based on curating the same thing”. The
account has attracted more than 25,000 followers and welcomes contributions by
professional and amateur photographers. “I quite like the fact that sometimes you
look at the photos and it’s not obvious that it’s architecture straight away,” says
Mullen. The architectural design successfully creates impressions such as
strength and hierarchy with the lines and angles used on the photo.
How does the relationship between lines and angles gives an impact on
things and on how we perceive them?

POSTULATES ON LINES AND PLANES

Terms such as point, line, and plane have been discussed on the first lesson and
those are considered as undefined terms of geometry. On the first part of this
lesson, we will be discussing some postulates and theorems regarding lines and
planes.

Postulate 1.1

Through two distinct points,

there is exactly one line. It can 𝐴 𝐵
also be stated as “Two points
determine a line.” Figure 2.1

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 Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

Postulate 1.1 is illustrated on figure 2.1, in which points 𝐴 and 𝐵 determine exactly one line,
⃡ of course, Postulate 1.1 also implies that there is a unique line segment determined by
namely 𝐴𝐵
two distinct points used as endpoints.

Postulate 1.2: Ruler Postulate

The measure of any line segment is a unique positive number.

We wish to call the attention to the term unique and to the general notion of uniqueness. The
Ruler Postulate implies the following:
a. There exists a number measure for each line segment.
b. Only one measure is permissible.
Characteristics a and b are both necessary for uniqueness. Other phrases that may replace the term
unique include: one and only one, exactly one, one and no more than one.

Postulate 1.3: Segment-Addition Postulate

̅̅̅̅ and 𝑋 is between 𝐴 and 𝐵, then 𝐴𝑋 + 𝑋𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵.

If 𝑋 is a point of 𝐴𝐵

Segment-Addition Postulate is illustrated on figure

2.2 below suggesting that adding 𝐴𝑋 (length of
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑋) and 𝑋𝐵 (length of ̅̅̅̅𝑋𝐵) will determine 𝐴𝐵 𝐴 𝑋 𝐵
̅̅̅̅), and that point 𝑋 is a point in
(length of 𝐴𝐵 Figure 2.2
̅̅̅̅.
between 𝐴 and 𝐵 of 𝐴𝐵

Postulate 1.4
𝐶
If two lines intersect, they intersect at a point.
𝐴 𝑀 𝐵
The intersection of two geometric figures is the set of
𝐷
points that the two figures have in common. ⃡𝐴𝐵 and ⃡𝐶𝐷
intersect at point 𝑀. (See figure 2.3)
Figure 2.3

Postulate 1.5

Through three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane.

The tripod illustrates Postulate 1.5 in that the tree points at the base
enable the unit to sit level.

Postulate 1.6

If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

Space is the set of all possible points. It is three-dimensional, having

qualities of length, width, and depth. When two planes intersect in Tripod
space, their intersection is a line. an opened greeting card suggests
this relationship, as does Figure 2.4(a).

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 Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

Figure 2.4

(a) (b) (c)

The intersection of two planes is infinite because it is a line. (See Figure 2.4(a)). If two planes do
not intersect, then they are parallel. The parallel vertical planes in Figure 2.4(b) may remind you
of the opposite walls of your room. The parallel horizontal planes in Figure 2.4(c) suggest the
relationship between the ceiling ang the floor.

Postulate 1.7

Given two distinct points in a plane, the line containing these points also lies in the plane.

Imagine a plane and two points of that plane, say points 𝐴 and 𝐵. Now think of the line containing
the two points and the relationship of ⃡𝐴𝐵 to the plane. The conclusion that can be deduced from
this is given above on Postulate 1.7.
Figure 2.5
Theorem 1.1

The midpoint of a line segment is unique. 𝐴 𝑀 𝐵

̅̅̅̅ in Figure 2.5, then no other point can separate 𝐴𝐵

If 𝑀 is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ into two congruent
paths. The proof of this theorem is based on the Ruler Postulate. 𝑀is the point that is located
1
(𝐴𝐵) units from 𝐴 (and from 𝐵).
2

ANGLES AND ANGLE MEASURES

This section introduces you to the language of angles. Definition of angles as well as its measures
will be tackled further.

Angle 𝐶

An angle is the union of two rays that share a common endpoint.

1
𝐵 𝐴
The preceding definition is illustrated in Figure 2.6, in which 𝐵𝐴 and
𝐵𝐶 have the common endpoint 𝐵. Figure 2.6

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 Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

As shown, this angle is represented by ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 or ∠𝐶𝐵𝐴. The rays 𝐵𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶 (𝐵𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶 ) are
known as the sides of the angle. 𝐵, the common endpoint of these rays, is known as the vertex of
the angle. When three letters are used to name an angle, the vertex is always named in the middle.
Recall that a single letter or numeral may be used to name the angle. The angle in Figure 2.6 may
be described as ∠𝐵 or as ∠1. In set notation, we see that ∠𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐶 .

Postulate 1.8

The measure of an angle is a unique positive number.

One way to categorize an angle is through its measure. We can measure an angle using a protractor
in terms of degrees. We have different kinds of angles in terms of its measure shown on the table
below.
Table 2.1
Kinds of Angles in Terms of Measure
Name of Angles Definition Figures
𝐶

It is an angle whose measure is less

Acute Angle
than 90°.

𝐵 𝐴

𝐷
It is an angle whose measure is
Right Angle
exactly 90°.

𝐸 𝐹

𝐷
It is an angle whose measure is more
Obtuse Angle
than 90° and less than 180°.

𝐸 𝐹

Straight Angle It is an angle that measures 180°.

𝐺 𝐻 𝐼

𝐽
It is an angle that measures more than 𝐾
Obtuse Angle
180° and less than 360°.

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 Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

Many angle relationships involve exactly two angles – never more than two angles and never less
than two angles.
In Figure 2.7, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 contains the noncollinear points 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶.
𝐹 𝐴 Unless otherwise stated, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an acute angle. The three points 𝐴,
𝐷
𝐸 𝐵, and 𝐶 also determine a plane. The plane containing ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 is
separated into three subsets by the angle:
Points such as 𝐷 are said to be in the interior of ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.
𝐵 𝐶 Points such as 𝐸 are said to be on ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Figure 2.7 Points such as 𝐹 are said to be in the exterior of ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.

Postulate 1.9

If a point 𝐷 lies in the interior of ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶, then 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.

Example 1: Using Figure 2.7, find 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.

a. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 27° and 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 42°
b. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 𝑥° and 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 = (2𝑥 − 3)°
Solution:
a. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶
𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 27° + 42°
𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 69°
b. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶
𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥° + (2𝑥 − 3)°
𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = (3𝑥 − 3)°
Many angle relationships involve exactly two angles - never more than two angles and never less
than two angles. Refer to the table below on the relationships between pairs of angles.
Table 2.2
Angle Relationships (Angle Pairs)
Name of
Definition Figures
Angles
These are angles with
equal measures. 𝐶 𝐹
Congruent 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 60°
Angles 𝑚∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 = 60°
𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 60° 60°
∠𝑨𝑩𝑪 ≅ ∠𝑫𝑬𝑭 𝐵 𝐴 𝐸 𝐷
Two angles are
adjacent if they have 𝐽
common vertex and a 𝐼
Adjacent common side between 3
Angles them.
4
∠𝑱𝑯𝑰 and ∠𝑰𝑯𝑮 are
𝐻 𝐺
adjacent angles.

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 Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

Point 𝐻 is the
common vertex and
𝐻𝐼 is the common
side.
Two angles are
complementary if the
sum of their measures
is 90°. Each angle in 𝑁 𝑇
the pair is known as 𝑀 𝑅
Complementary the complement of the 𝑄
Angles 55° 55°
other angle.
35° 35°
∠𝑵𝑳𝑴 and ∠𝑴𝑳𝑲 𝐿 𝐾 𝑆 𝑃
are complementary 𝑂
angles. So is, ∠𝑻𝑺𝑹
and ∠𝑸𝑷𝑶.

Two angles are

supplementary if the
sum of their measures
𝑊
is 180°. Each angle in
the pair is known as 𝑋
Supplementary 135°
Angles the supplement of the
other angle. 45°
𝑈 𝑉 𝑌 𝑍
∠𝑼𝑽𝑾 and ∠𝑿𝒀𝒁
are supplementary
angles.

Two angles form a

linear pair if they are
adjacent such that
their measures add up
to 180°. Also, angles 𝐶
Linear Pair in a linear pair are two 135°
adjacent angles such 45°
that a pair of rays are
𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
opposite.
∠𝑨𝑩𝑪 and ∠𝑪𝑩𝑫
form a linear pair.

Vertical angles are the

pairs of nonadjacent
angles in opposite
𝐸
positions which are
formed when two 𝐺
Vertical Angles straight lines
intersect. 𝐻 𝐹
∠𝑬𝑭𝑮 and ∠𝑯𝑭𝑰 are 𝐼
vertical angles. So is,
∠𝑯𝑭𝑬 and ∠𝑰𝑭𝑮.

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 Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

Angle bisector
𝐴
The bisector of an angle is the ray that separates the given angle
into two congruent angles. 𝐷

In Figure 2.8 𝐷 is in the interior of ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 so that ∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶,

𝐵𝐷 is said to bisect ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶. Equivalently, 𝐵𝐷 is the angle bisector of 𝐵 𝐶
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶. Figure 2.8

Theorem 1.2

There is one and only one bisector for a given angle.

We can justify the above theorem through reasoning from the definition of the angle bisector, the
Angle-Addition Postulate, and the Protractor Postulate.

Theorem 1.3

If two lines intersect, then the vertical angles formed are congruent.

Proof for Theorem 1.3 is shown on Table 2.3 using Figure 2.9 on the right:

𝐴 Figure 2.9
Given: ⃡ intersects 𝐵𝐷
𝐴𝐶 ⃡ at 𝑂 3
Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠4 2 𝐵
𝐷 𝑂 4
1
𝐶
Table 2.3
Proof of Theorem 1.3
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. ⃡𝐴𝐶 intersects ⃡𝐵𝐷 at 𝑂 1. Given
2. ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 and ∠𝐷𝑂𝐵 are straight angles,
2. The measure of a straight angle is 180°.
with 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 180 and m∠𝐷𝑂𝐵 =
(Definition of a straight angle)
180
3. 𝑚∠𝐷𝑂𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 3. Substitution
4. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠4 = 𝑚∠𝐷𝑂𝐵 and 𝑚∠1 +
4. Angle-Addition Postulate
𝑚∠2 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑂𝐶
5. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠4 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 5. Substitution
6. 𝑚∠4 = 𝑚∠2 6. Addition Property of Equality
7. If two angles have equal measures, then the
7. ∠4 ≅ ∠2 angles are congruent.
(Definition of a congruent angles)
8. Symmetric Property of Congruence of
8. ∠2 ≅ ∠4 Angles

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 Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

Theorem 1.4

If two angles are complementary to the same angle (or to congruent angles), then these
angles are congruent.

Proof for Theorem 1.4 is shown on Figure 2.10

Table 2.4 using Figure 2.10 on the 𝐶 𝐹 𝐼
right:

Given: ∠1 is complementary to ∠3 2 3 𝐺
∠2 is complementary to ∠3 𝐵
𝐴 𝐸 𝐷 𝐻
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠2
Table 2.4
Proof of Theorem 1.4
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. ∠1 is complementary to ∠3
1. Given
∠2 is complementary to ∠3
2. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠3 = 90
2. Definition of complementary angles
𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠3 = 90
3. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠3 = 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠3 3. Transitive Property of Equality
4. 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠2 4. Addition Property of Equality
5. If two angles have equal measures, then the
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 angles are congruent.

Theorem 1.5

If two angles are supplementary to the same angle (or to congruent angles), then these
angles are congruent.

Proof for Theorem 1.5 is shown on Table 2.5 using Figure 2.11 on the right:
Given: Figure 2.11
∠1 is complementary to ∠2 𝐿 𝑅
∠3 is complementary to ∠2 𝑀
1 3
𝐽 𝑂 𝑃
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2
𝐾 𝑁 𝑄

Table 2.5
Proof of Theorem 1.5
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. ∠1 is supplementary to ∠2
1. Given
∠3 is supplementary to ∠2
2. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 = 180
2. Definition of supplementary angles
𝑚∠3 + 𝑚∠2 = 180
3. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 = 𝑚∠3 + 𝑚∠2 3. Transitive Property of Equality
4. 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠3 4. Addition Property of Equality
5. If two angles have equal measures, then the
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 angles are congruent.

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 Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

Theorem 1.6

If the exterior sides of two adjacent acute angles form perpendicular rays, then these angles
are complementary.

Proof for Theorem 1.6 is shown on Table 2.6 using Figure 2.12 on the right: Figure 2.12
Given: 𝐵𝐴 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶
𝑁 𝑀
Prove: ∠1 is complementary to ∠2
1
Table 2.6 2
Proof of Theorem 1.6 𝐿 𝐾
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. 𝐵𝐴 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 1. Given
2. If two rays are perpendicular, then they
2. ∠𝑁𝐿𝐾 is a right angle
meet to form a right angle.
3. 𝑚∠𝑁𝐿𝐾 = 90 3. Definition of a right angle.
4. 𝑚∠𝑁𝐿𝐾 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 4. Angle-Addition Postulate
5. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 = 90 5. Substitution
6. If the sum of the measures of two angles is
6. ∠1 is complementary to ∠2 90°, then the angles are complementary.

Here are additional theorems that are quite useful when cited as reasons in later proof:
Table 2.8
Additional Theorems
Theorems Definition Figures

Any two right angles are

congruent. 𝐴 𝐷

Theorem 1.7 ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 are both

right angles.
∠𝑨𝑩𝑪 ≅ ∠𝑫𝑬𝑭 𝐵 𝐶 𝐸 𝐹

If the exterior sides of two

adjacent angles form a straight
line, then these angles are 𝑊
supplementary.
Theorem 1.8 1
∠𝑋𝑌𝑊 and ∠𝑊𝑌𝑍 are 2
adjacent angles that form
𝑋 𝑌 𝑍
straight line.
𝒎∠𝑿𝒀𝑾 + 𝒎∠𝑾𝒀𝒁 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎

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 Lesson 2: Lines, Planes and Angles

If two angles are congruent,

then their bisectors separate .

these angles into four 𝐴 𝐸

congruent angles.
𝐷 𝐻
Theorem 1.9 ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝐸𝐹𝐺 are 1
3
congruent angles. 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐹𝐻 2 4
are angle bisectors of each, 𝐵 𝐶 𝐹 𝐺
respectively.
∠𝟏 ≅ ∠𝟐 ≅ ∠𝟑 ≅ ∠𝟒

Alexander, et. al. (2015). Elementary Geometry for College Students Sixth Edition. USA:
Cengage Learning.
Lopez, et. al. (2018). New Mathematics for Grade 8. JetV Publishing House.
Architecture Photography Corner-Pictures. [Image] (2021). [Link]

Tripod. [Image] (2021). [Link]

Module Creator/Curator : Ms. Myra Irene J. Catilo, LPT

Template & Layout Designer : Ms. Jessa C. Luansing, LPT
Ms. Maryrose Lizette A. Reyes, LPT
Ms. Sherline A. Villanueva, LPT

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