Undergraduate Course in Mathematics
Linear Algebra
Topic: System solve using Inverse Matrix
Conducted By
Partho Sutra Dhor
Faculty, Mathematics and Natural Sciences
BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Identity Matrix
A 𝑛 × 𝑛 identity matrix is square matrix with 1 on the main diagonal
and 0 elsewhere. Identity Matrix is often denoted by 𝐼.
Example: 2 × 2 Identity Matrix Example: 3 × 3 Identity Matrix
1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1
Note: For any Square Matrix 𝐴, 𝐴⋅𝐼 =𝐼⋅𝐴=𝐴
Linear Algebra
Inverse of a Matrix
The square matrix 𝐴−1 is called the inverse of a square matrix 𝐴 if
𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼
Linear Algebra
Elementary Row Operations
1. Swapping any two rows. (𝑅𝑖′ 𝑅𝑗′ )
2. Multiplying a row by a non-zero constant. (𝑅𝑖′ = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑅𝑖′ )
3. Adding a some multiple of a row to another row. (𝑅𝑖′ = 𝑅𝑖′ ± 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑅𝑗′ )
Note: For operation-3, you are not allowed to multiply the row that you are changing
Linear Algebra
Permutation Matrix
A permutation matrix is a square matrix that has been obtained by
performing a row or column swap on an identity matrix.
Linear Algebra
Elementary Matrix
An elementary matrix is a square matrix that has been obtained by
performing an elementary row or column operation on an identity
matrix.
Linear Algebra
❑ What is Elementary Matrix and Permutation Matrix?
❑ Write down any 𝟑 random Elementary Matrix.
Linear Algebra
The Job of Elementary Matrix
Linear Algebra
Finding 𝑨−𝟏 using Row Operations
Linear Algebra
Calculate the inverse of the matrix
1 4
𝐴=
3 0
Using Gauss-Jordan elimination method (i.e. using reduced row echelon form)
Linear Algebra
1 41 0
3 00 1
1 4 1 0
0 −12 −3 1
3 0 0 1
0 −12 −3 1
1 0 0 1/3
0 1 1/4 −1/12
Linear Algebra
Calculate the inverse of the matrix
3 0 2
𝐴= 2 0 −2
0 1 1
using Gauss-Jordan elimination method (i.e. using reduced row echelon form)
Linear Algebra
3 0 2 1 0 0
2 0 −2 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1/5 1/5 0
3 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 −1/5 3/10 1
0 0 −10 −2 3 0 0 0 1 1/5 −3/10 0
0 1 1 0 0 1
3 0 2 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 −10 −2 3 0
15 0 0 3 3 0
0 10 0 −2 3 10
0 0 −10 −2 3 0
Linear Algebra
Consider
1 3 −2
𝐴= 2 4 7
3 7 5
Justify the statement “𝐴 is not invertible” using row operations
Linear Algebra
1 3 −2 1 0 0
2 4 7 0 1 0
3 7 5 0 0 1
1 3 −2 1 0 0
0 −2 11 −2 1 0
0 −2 11 −3 0 1
1 3 −2 1 0 0
0 −2 11 −2 1 0
0 0 0 −1 −1 1
Linear Algebra
System Solving using 𝑨−𝟏
Linear Algebra
a) Calculate the inverse of the matrix using Gauss-Jordan elimination method
2 2 3
𝐴 = 1 −3 1
1 2 0
b) Hence solve the system
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 =5
Linear Algebra
2 2 31 0 0
1 −3 10 1 0
1 2 00 0 1
104 0 0 −16 48 88
2 2 3 1 0 0 0 −104 0 −8 24 −8
0 −8 −1 −1 2 0 0 0 −13 −5 2 8
0 2 −3 −1 0 2
2 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 −2/13 6/13 11/13
0 −8 −1 −1 2 0 0 1 0 1/13 −3/13 1/13
0 0 −13 −5 2 8 0 0 1 5/13 −2/13 −8/13
26 26 0 −2 6 24
0 −104 0 −8 24 −8
0 0 −13 −5 2 8
Linear Algebra
2 6 11
−
13 13 13
1 3 1
∴ 𝐴−1 = −
13 13 13
5 2 8
− −
13 13 13
b) Hence solve the system
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 =5
Linear Algebra
2 6 11
−
𝑥 13 13 13
1 3 1 1
∴ 𝑦 = − ⋅ 2
𝑧 13 13 13 5
5 2 8
− −
13 13 13
Linear Algebra
Linear Algebra