WEEK 1 Length Mass Time

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS SI Meter Kilogram Time

System
Physics – Study of interactions of matter MKS Meter Kilogram Second
and energy in all their diverse forms. System
Exactness ad certainty in describing CGS Centimeter Gram Second
interactions System
British foot Pound Second
Base Quantities: System
Mass (kg)
Length (m)
1 Joule = 10,000,000 erg
Time (s)
Erg - unit of work or energy
Derived Quantities:
Length (meter)
Energy (J)
Power (W) Old unit:
Work (J) 1 meter → distance between 2 lines
Momentum (kg*m/s) engraved on platinum-iridium
Force (kg*m/s2)
Velocity (m/s) SI unit:
Acceleration (m/s2) 1 meter → wavelength of orange light
emitted from an isotope of krypton86
Special Quantities:
1 meter → distance travelled by light
Exposure (Gya) (Airkerma)
Absorbed dose (Gy) 1,650,763.73 nm = krypton86
Effective dose; dose equivalent (Sv) 1/299,763,468 sec. = distance travelled by
Radioactivity (Bq) (Curie) light

Special Unit: Mass (kilogram)

Exposure (c/kg)
Old unit:
Absorbed dose (J/kg)
1 kilogram → 1000cm3 of water in platinum-
iridium cylinder.
Effective dose; dose equivalent
(J/kg) (J/kg/min)
SI unit:
1 kilogram → 1000cm3 of water at 4°C
Radioactivity (DPS) (S-1) (CPS)
Kilogram → unit of mass
*Disintegration per second
Newton or pound → unit British, unit of
*Counts per second
weight.

1 lb = 4.5 N
 Time (second) Average velocity (ṽ)
Example: A dragster running a race starts
Old unit:
from rest and finishes with a 80 m/s
1 second → rotation of the earth on its axis-
velocity. What is the average velocity of the
the mean solar day
dragster? ṽ = Vo + Vf / 2
ṽ = 0 m/s + 80 m/s / 2
SI unit:
ṽ = 40 m/s
1 second → vibration of atoms of cesium
atomic clock
Acceleration (a)
The rate of change of velocity with time.
Mechanics - Is a segment of physics that
• It is how quickly or slowly the velocity is
deals with object at rest (statics) and
changing
objects in motion (dynamics)
• m/s2
a = Vf – V0 / t
Velocity (v) / Speed
Is a measure of how fast something is
Example: What is the acceleration of the
moving or, more precisely the rate of
dragster? Given: Vf = 80m/s; t = 10.2s
change of its position with time

a = 80 m/s - 0 m/s / 10.2s

V= d/t
a = 7.8 m/s2
v= velocity (m/s)
d= distance (m)
Newton's Law of Motion
t = time (s)
1686; English scientist Isaac Newton
presented the 3 principles that even today
d
are recognized as fundamental laws of
v t
motion
Example: What is the velocity of a ball that
travels 60 m in 4 sec.? Newton's First Law: Inertia
A body will remain at rest or continue to
Average velocity (ṽ) move with constant velocity in straight line
ṽ = V0 + Vf / 2 unless acted on by an external force
ṽ = average velocity (push/friction)
V0 = initial velocity
Vf = final velocity
 Newton's Second Law: Force Example: find the force on a 55kg mass
• The force (f) on acting on an object is accelerated at 14m/s2
equal to the mass (m) object multiplied by
the acceleration (a) produced. F = 55kg x 14 m/s2
• Force can be thought of as a push or pull F = 770 N
on an object.
• F = ma Weight (N) or (Pounds)
is a force on a body caused by the
Dynes – cgs unit of force downward pull of gravity on it.
1N = 103 dynes
1N = 1000 dynes • Wt = mg
• Wt = weight
SI CGS • m = mass
Energy J erg • g = gravity
Force N Dynes
Gravity of earth = 9.8 m/s2
Newton's Third Law: Action/ Reaction Gravity of moon = 1.6 m/s2
• For every action, there is an equal and 1 lb = 4.5 N
opposite reaction
• "Action" was Newton's word for "force". wt
According to this law, if you push on a heavy m g
block, the block will push back on you with
the same force that you apply. Momentum (p)
Is the product of mass and velocity
Force (F)
• Newton (N) P = mv
• Kg*m/s2 P =momentum
• F=ma M = mass
• F= force V = velocity
• m= mass
• a= acceleration p
m v
f
m a

Work (w)
Force (F) • Joule
• The work done on an object is the force P = fd/t
applied times the distance over which it is P = (ma)(d)/t
applied.
• Work is the product of force and distance w
• W = Fd p t
f w
• W = Fd m a f d
• w = (ma) x d
• w = work Energy
• F = force • Is the ability to do work
• d = distance • Energy may be transform from one to
w f another but it cannot be created nor
f d m a destroyed.
• Joule.
Example: Find the work done in lifting an • The unit of energy and work is the same,
infant patient weighting 90N (20 lbs) to a the joule.
height of 1.5m.
Example: ultrasound transducer
Power (P) electrical energy > mechanical energy >
• Joule/sec (Watt) → SI unit sound energy > echo > vice versa
• Is the rate of doing work
Example: kinetic energy
mAs – quantity of radiation mechanical energy > friction > electrical
kvp – penetrability energy

1W = 1J/s 2 forms of Mechanical Energy

1A = 1C/s • Kinetic energy
1V = 1J/C • Potential energy

1C = 6.63*10-24ev-s Kinetic energy

1J = 2.53-18ev Energy at motion
KE = 1 / 2mv2

Power (P)
P = w/t
 Potential energy • Is a mechanical transfer of hot molecules
Stored energy of position/ configuration in a gas or liquid from one place to another.
• A steam radiator or forced-air furnace
• PE= mgh warms a room by convection.
• Heat is convected from the housing of an
• PE = potential energy x-ray tube to air.
• m = mass
• g = gravity Radiation/ Thermal radiation
• h = height • Is the transfer of heat by emission of
infrared radiation.
Example: A radiographer holds a 6kg x-ray • An x-ray tube cools primarily by radiation.
tube 1.5m above the ground. What is its
potential energy?

PE = 6kg * 9.8 m/s2 x 1.5m

PE = 88kg * m2/s2
Heat
• Is the kinetic energy of the random
motion of molecules.
• The unit of heat, the "calorie", is defined
as the heat necessary to raise the
temperature of 1g of water through 1°C.
• The heat is transfer by conduction,
convection, and radiation

Conduction
• Is the transfer of heat through a material
of by touching
• Molecular motion from a high-
temperature object that touches a lower-
temperature object equalizes the
temperature of both.
• Hot water + cold water = lukewarm
• Heat is conducted from an x-ray tube
anode through the rotor to insulating oil

Convection