A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A.
Kulacki
Foundations of the Second Law The Second Law
Clausius Statement Kelvin-Planck Statement Kelvin-
Equivalence Proof
Self-consistency test SelfA First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki Mod 24 page-2 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Built upon observations of practical cycles. Has never been refuted experimentally. Can be proven only indirectly.
The two statements arise from different kinds of observations.
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki Mod 24 page-3 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
waL dnoceS waL dnoceS eht fo stnemetatS eht fo stnemetatS kcnallP--niivlleK kcna P n v eK dna suiisuallC eht dna su sua C eht fo ecnellaviiuqE ehT fo ecne av uqE ehT
Mod 24 page-1 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
waL dn2 eht fo snoitadnuoF
weivrevO
waL dn2 eht fo snoiitadnuoF waL dn2 eht fo sno tadnuoF
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
Applies equally to work neutral, work producing, and work consuming devices. Has far reaching consequences in engineering and in the natural world.
Mod 24 page-4 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Heat will generally flow from a hot region to a cold region, i.e., in the direction of decreasing temperature.
Q ~ Thot - Tcold Recall the development of the Zeroth Law.
Mod 24 page-6 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
waL dnoceS waL dnoceS eht fo tnemetats eht fo tnemetats suiisuallC su sua C
Mod 24 page-5 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
snoiitadnuof sno tadnuof -- tnemetatS suiisuallC tnemetatS su sua C
snoitadnuof -- tnemetatS suiisuallC tnemetatS su sua C
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
If we put a cyclic heat pump between two thermal reservoirs, then we can get heat to flow toward the higher temperature. Work is consumed in this type of cycle.
Mod 24 page-7 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Schematic of heat pump/refrigeration cycle to raise heat to the high temperature reservoir.
High Temperature reservoir
First Law:
Q1
Wcycle Input
Q = W
ycle
cycle
Q1,cycle = Q2,cycle + Wcycle
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
tnemetats suiisuallC tnemetats su sua C
It is impossible for any system to operate in such a way that the sole result would be an energy transfer by heat from a cooler to a hotter body.
Mod 24 page-9 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
Q2
Low Temperature Reservoir
Mod 24 page-8 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
cycle
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
= 100% Perpetual motion machine of the second kind. kind.
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki Mod 24 page-12 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
waL dnoceS waL dnoceS eht fo tnemetats eht fo tnemetats kcnallP--niivlleK kcna P n v eK
Mod 24 page-10 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
snoiitadnuof sno tadnuof -- tnemetats kcnallP--niivlleK tnemetats kcna P n v eK
cycle
Cyclic heat engine
Q =
But W [Link] types of systems
Thermal Reservoir
are never practically possible.
Q2
Q1
Wcycle
Pulley
System
Mass
Mod 24 page-11 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
T1
Q1
Wcycle
waL dnoceS eht fo tnemetats waL dnoceS eht fo tnemetats kcnallP--niivlleK eht fo secneuqesnoC kcna P n v eK eht fo secneuqesnoC
The internal self consistency of the two statements of the Second Law
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
waL dnoceS eht waL dnoceS eht fo stnemetats owt fo stnemetats owt eht fo ecnellaviiuqE eht fo ecne av uqE
waL dnoceS waL dnoceS eht fo tnemetats kcnallP--niivlleK eht fo tnemetats kcna P n v eK
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
It is impossible for any system to operate in a thermodynamic cycle and deliver a net amount of work to its surroundings while receiving energy by heat transfer from a single thermal reservoir.
Mod 24 page-13 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
To get a cycle to operate with but one heat reservoir, we would need another heat engine that would reject heat to the surroundings to another reservoir. This would mean that overall,
Qcycle < 0
Thus, from the First Law, we also have
Wcycle < 0
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki Mod 24 page-14 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Mod 24 page-15 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
TC TC
Heat flow from a low to a higher temperature: A violation of the Clausius Statement
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
Q
&
Cyclic heat engine, E, is added to produce work.
Mod 24 page-17 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Cyclic heat engine, E, violates the Kelvin-Planck Kelvinform of the Second Law. TH
(Q +W )
E
cycle
Q
&
Wcycle
TC
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
Q
&
The net effect is The net effect is the extraction the extraction of heat from the of heat from the reservoir at reservoir at TH and the TH and the performance of an performance of an equal amount of equal amount of work, Wcycle.. work, Wcycle
Mod 24 page-18 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
&
noitcidartnoc yb foorP noitcidartnoc yb foorP
The two statements of the Second Law are internally consistent, or equivalent. equivalent. Assume a violation of one form and prove the violation of the other.
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki Mod 24 page-16 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
TH
TH
&
&
&
&
Q
&
Wcycle
TH
First Law:
Q = W
ycle
Q
&
cycle
Q1,cycle = Q2,cycle + Wcycle
Wcycle = Q
Assume that a cyclic engine exists that with-draws heat Assume that a cyclic engine exists that with-draws heat from a single reservoir and does and equivalent amount from a single reservoir and does and equivalent amount of work and thus violates the Kelvin-Planck form of the of work and thus violates the Kelvin-Planck form of the Second Law. Second Law.
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki Mod 24 page-19 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Cyclic heat engine, E, plus the refrigerator violates the Cyclic heat engine, E, plus the refrigerator violates the Clausius form of the Second Law. The net effective is Clausius form of the Second Law. The net effective is the transfer of heat QC-H from a low to high temperature the transfer of heat QC-H from a low to high temperature without net work being done. without net work being done.
TH
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
TC
Mod 24 page-20 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
......waL waL dnoceS eht fo mrof rehtonA dnoceS eht fo mrof rehtonA
A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is impossible.
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
Mod 24 page-21 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
&
Wcycle
&
QC H
&
&
Q = Wcycle
& &
QC H + Wcycle
&
&
stpecnoc dna smret yeK stpecnoc dna smret yeK
noiitseuQ noiissucsiiD no tseuQ no ssucs D
42 doM fo dnE 42 doM fo dnE
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki Mod 24 page-22 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
The Second Law - Clausius Statement The Second Law - KelvinKelvinPlanck Statement Perpetual motion machine of the second kind
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki Mod 24 page-23 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
(24-1) Consider a rubber ball that is (24dropped from an initial height Y1. It rebounds to a height somewhat less that that of the initial height. Using your knowledge of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, discuss: (a) the energy balance for the ball, (b) the Second Law consequences of restoring the ball to its original height, and (c) whether the rebound of the ball is internally or externally irreversible. State your assumptions in your discussion.
A First Course in Thermodynamics 2006 F. A. Kulacki
Y1 Y2
Rebound
Mod 24 page-24 Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law