Somaville university

Anatomy and physiology

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Group presentation
1. Abshir maxamed buuwe
2. A/raxman muxudiin cadaawe
3. Hibaak Haaji A/qaadir
4. Yuusuf Mohamud Hussein
5. Ali cumar barrow
6. Deeqo Ibraahim Xasan
7. Faadumo mustaf abdiraxman
8. Abuukar Abdisalan Mohamed
9. Adan Mohamed bashiir
10. Fu’aad cumar maxamud
11. Maxamed hadafow Husein
12. Iftin Hassan Abdulle
13. Maaido cusmaan xasan
14. Maxamed yaasiin nuur
15. C/rariin axmed cabdi
16. Ali Hassan Ahmed
17. Asmo Abdi Dahir
18. Fadumo mohamed nour
19. Nimco Abdulle Anood

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Reproductive system is one of the most important systems in the human body
• They help in the producing the next generation by the process of the reproduction and the
transfer of the genetic material to the offspring.

Prepared by: Abshir mohamed buuwe and Ali Hassan Ahmed

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

• Male reproductive system contains external genital organs ie scrotum, penis and inner
genital system namely testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, Ejaculatory duct,
Cowper's gland and penis.
SCROTUM:
• These are the sac like structure
• They extend from the root of the penis and hangs up

• They are composed of the loose connective tissue and a superficial fascia that support the
testis
• The sacs are 2 and contains 2 testes
• Temperature of 3 degree must be maintained in the testis in order for survival of the sperms

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TESTIS:
• 2 in number , 5cm(long) and 2.5cm(d) and 10-15 gm in weight
• Left testis is 1cm lower than the right
• The testis is covered by 3 layers called as tunica
• Tunica vaginalis the outer most serosal layer
• Tunica albuginea that forms the middle layer made of fibrous membrane, they contain the
lobules and each lobule contain the seminiferous tubules i.e., 200-300 in whole lobules.

• Tunica vasculosa: inner layer which is highely vascularised.

MICROSCOPY:
• Sperms are produced by the spermatogenic cells these cells lines the seminiferous tubule
along with supporting cell called Sertoli cells
• Immature spermatogenic cell are called as the spermatogonia
• They lie closer to the basement membrane(germinal layer) and towards the lumen more
mature cells are present.

Prepared by: Abshir mohamed buuwe and Ali Hassan Ahmed

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There are Spermatogonia, Primary Spermatocyte, Secondary Spermatocyte, Spermatids

and the Sperms

• As the spermatozoon reaches the maturity in the lumen they are released into the lumen of
the seminiferous tubules

SPERM(SPERMATOZOA):
• It contains 4 different regions
• Head is oval and contains the nucleus
• Neck is short and weak
• Body is tubular and contains the ring of fibril
containing the mitochondria that are enclosed
within a sheath
• Tail is made of the fibril
• End part is made of the spiral fibrils and they act
as a flagellum that shows the
ciliary characteristic
• The head contains a organic compound named
hyaluronidase that help in the penetration of the
sperm into the ovum.

• 1 lakh of the sperm/ cc of the semen

• Each ejaculation contains few cc of the semen
• Trillions of the sperms are present in each
ejaculation
• If the count gets less than 20million fertilization does not occur.

VAS DEFERENS:
• Seminal vesicles togetherly forms rete-testis
• Rete-testis then unite to form the vas efferentia (efferent ductule)
• The vas efferentia then move on to the epididymis region then later moves superiorly to
form the vas deferens

• The vas deferens extends upto the prostatic part of the urethra where they branch to form
ejaculatory duct

• That further forms a gland called as seminal vesicles

• The tube receives the secretion from the seminal vesicles, Cowper's gland/bulbourethral
gland, prostate gland.

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SEMINAL VESICLES:
• They are secretory in nature
• Their secretion contains the fructose that acts as a energy source of the movement of sperms
• They also contain prostaglandins, some clotting protein other than that found in blood
• The major protein is spermogellin that coagulates the semen during ejaculation
• Prostaglandins that are secreted causes the contraction of uterus.

PROSTATE:
• Donut shaped gland
• Secretory in nature
• Gives the nutritive secretion to the semen
• The semen is gluey due to the secretion of the prostate gland.

BULBOURETHRAL/ COWPER’S GLAND:

• They are pea-sized gland
• The duct of them opens I the spongy urethra region
• Their secretion is alkaline and maintains the alkalinity of the semen for the acidic ph of the
female genital tract.

PENIS:
• It is a copulatory organ
• The structure is composed of the erectile muscles
• The penis has a opening called as the external urethral orifice
• It acts as a common path for both the semen and urine

SEMEN:

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• Viscous and white in colour, 2-5ml/ejaculation, pH 7.4

• Derived from the testis in proper and from epididymis,
Cowper's gland, prostate gland

• Contains fructose, spermogellin, prostaglandin and

proteolytic enzyme

• It also contains enzyme HYALOURINIDASE that help

in the penetration of the sperm into the ovum by
rupturing the ovum during conception.
Prostaglandin help in the contraction of the uterus

• Fructose help in the movement of sperms in the female genital tract.

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TESTOSTERONE:
Androgen hormones
Secreted from adrenal cortex and from the testis
More are produced from testis
Helps in the growth of sex organs
Development of the secondary sexual characters
Bony structures get strong and heavy because of the
anabolic function
RBC and blood volume increases in male than
female due to the anabolic activity of testosterone
•

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SPERMATOGENESIS:
• Physiological process of the production of male sex gamete or sperms
• Spermatogenesis starts with the age of puberty
• Takes place in the seminiferous tubule at duration of 74 days
• The spermatogenesis starts at the germinal layer of the epithelium of the seminiferous
tubule

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The spermatogonia cells has 23 pairs of the chromosomes/ diploid chromosomes (46) i.e.,
22pairs of the autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

• The cells undergo the mitosis to form the primary spermatocyte(2N) that later undergoes
the meiosis to form the secondary spermatocyte they have haploid number of chromosomes
• They undergo the maturation to form the spermatids and later sperms.

• SPERMATOGENESIS happens in the presence of the germinal epithelium that covers the
basement membrane

• The germinal epithelium cells that contain 2n chromosome undergo the mitotic division to
form daughter cells with 2n number of the chromosomes. The daughter cells so formed is
called as the SPERMATOGONIUM.

• The daughter cells formed will undergo mitotic division to form 2 types of cells: TYPE A
(2) & TYPE B (2)

• Type A cells acts as the stem cells that later form more spermatogonium
• Type B cells enter into the phase called as Growth phase
• In the growth phase the TYPE B cells undergo the changes ie the size of the cell will
increase

• Though the chromosomes remain same i.e., 2n, the formed cells that are bigger in size is
called as PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE

• Primary spermatocyte that enters into the maturation phase.

• The maturation phase involves the Miotic division (MI-1) where the chromosomes will be
half i.e., haploid. The cells thus formed will have n-chromosome and is termed as the
SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE.

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• Secondary spermatocyte will now undergo the MI-2 division where again 2 cell forms 4
cells i.e., having same numb of chromosomes ie n and is termed as the equational division
The formed cells are now termed as SPERMATIDS. These cells are non-motile circular
cells.

• These cells undergo SPERMIOGENESIS to form SPERMS.

• The following changes are brought up by the spermatid to form sperms.
1. Condensation of the nucleus and DNA and basic protein will be present.
2. DNA becomes Oval, pointed and flat
3. Golgi apparatus that are larger in size will form ACROSOME and the smaller will undergo
lysis. Acrosome will get deposited with sperm lysins i.e., Hyaluronidase enzyme.
4. The mitochondria will be in the form of spring like made of fibril called as NEBENKERN.
5. CYTOPLASM will be present only near to the tail.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

• Female reproductive system comprises of Primary sex organ such as the ovary and the
accessory sex organs like fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, cervix and breast.

UTERUS:

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• It has the bulged surface called as FUNDUS

• The neck is called as CERVIX
• The uterus has 3 opening, 2 for the fallopian
tube 1 opens up that the cervical canal
finally into the vagina

• The body of the uterus contains 3 layers

• Innermost layer is a mucosal membrane
called as the ENDOMETRIUM

Middle layer is thick made up of the smooth

muscle called as the MYOMETRIUM
• The outer layer is a serosal coat called as the PERIMETRIUM.

ENDOMETRIUM:
• It is the innermost layer
• It undergoes certain changes during the stage of the menstrual cycle
• It helps in the implantation of the fertilised egg.

CERVIX:
• It is less muscular
• It helps in the entry of the sperm into the vagina
• It helps in the escape of the menstrual wastes away from uterus
• Help as a passage for the passing of foetus
• Prevent the entry of the infectious microorganism into the uterus.

FALLOPIAN TUBE:
• Tubed structure
• 10cm in length
• At one end they are connected to uterus on another end it contains funnel shaped portion
called infundibulum
• Infundibulum opens as a finger shaped structure called FIMBRILLAE

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• It acts as a passage for the movement of the fertilized ovum from the ovary to the uterus
for implantation

• It helps in the formation of zygote ie the fusion of the sperm with the ovum takes place
mainly in the ampulla

Ovary:
• Most important part of female reproductive
system

• They produce the egg(ovum) in female

• Lie in the pelvic cavity on either side
• They are held at a position with the suspensory
ligament.

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GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE
• They contain Secondary oocyte at the centre
• Sec. oocyte is surrounded by Zona pellucida and Corona radiata
• Sec. oocyte is attached to the membranous granulosa cells by CUMULUS OOPHORUS
GRANULOSA CELLS.

• Surrounding the Sec. oocyte there is a cavity called ANTRUM filled with a fluid called as
FOLLICULAR FLUID

• Surrounding antrum, they contain membrane granulosa cells that are supported by Basal
lamina cells.

• BASAL LAMINA CELLS are covered by 2 coats called as Theca externa from outside and
Theca interna from inside.

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OVUM(EGG):
• Size is 0.1mm and is round in nature
• Contains its own plasma membrane called as VITELLINE MEMBRANE (Secreted by the
cell hence called Primary membrane)

• The outer region of the cytoplasm is called as EXOPLASM (egg cortex) these are less
dense.

• The inner region is called OOPLASM that contains most of the cellular organelles mainly
nucleus and the mitochondria and less YOLK content hence called as Acleithral . Nucleus
is eccentric and is known as Germinal vesicle
• No egg shell is present hence it is called as Cleidoic
• They possess polarity and the side where nucleus present is termed as ANIMAL POLE
where sperm entries and the opp. pole to animal pole is called as VEGETATIVE POLE

• Surrounding vitelline membrane there is noncellular membrane secreted by the follicular

cells. They are called Jelly membrane or ZONA PELLUCIDA.

• The layer surrounding zona pellucida is formed by the follicular cells itself that are radiating
in nature they are called as CORONA RADIATA.

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PRODUCTION AND DISCHARGE OF OVA:

• The process is called as the oogenesis
• Oogonia are formed after 10 week of the foetal life and they undergo mitosis and by the 5 th
month both the ovaries contain 6-7million germ cells
• The oogonium that undergo the mitosis to form the primary oocyte (46) that will be stayed
upto the puberty where it undergoes the 1st meiotic division to form the secondary oocyte
(23) and 1st polar body

• During the meiosis the primary oocyte get surrounded by the basal lamina to form
PRIMORDIAL follicle (23)
• The basal lamina contain spindle shaped cell get converted to cuboidal cells called as the
primary follicle and these cuboidal cells multiply to form the GRANULOSA CELLS

• Basal lamina gets surrounded with theca

• The oocyte now gets surrounded by the zona pellucida that provides nutrition and maternal
proteins to it

• The primary follicles now filled with the fluid that comes from granulosa cells
• The follicle now formed are called as GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE OR SECONDARY
FOLLICLES (23)
• The secondary oocyte further undergoes meiosis to form a matured ovum and a 2 nd polar
body.
• After the release of the ovum ie during ovulation the fluid in antrum escapes and follicles
gets rupture and formation of a clot called as CORPUS HAEMORRHAGICUM
• The clot is now replaced with lipid rich luteal cells and are called as CORPUS LUTEUM
that secretes oestrogen and progesterone
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• Sometimes the corpus luteum turns itself to the corpus albicans.

OESTROGEN:
• They are the steroidal hormone with the cholesterol as the precursor
• They are produced by the theca interna cells of the Graafian follicle, granulosa cells of the
Graafian follicle, placenta, adrenal cortex and the testis in smaller amount

• During puberty they are secreted more amount in the body

• They promote the growth of the internal genitalia they promote the growth of the ovary,
uterus and vagina

• They promote the growth of the external genitalia ie increase in the size of the clitoris, labia
minora and labia majora

• They cause the appearance of the secondary sexual characters

• Plays important role in the pregnancy and child birth
• They influence the secretion of the gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary gland
• Increase the acid secretion in the vagina and prevents the entry of the microorganism

PROGESTERONE:
• It is a steroidal hormone
• Released from corpus luteum and placenta in a major quantity
• Testes and adrenal cortex in lesser amount
• They prepare the endometrium for the implantation of the ovum
• They help in the growth of the lobules and alveoli of the breast
• They increase the basal body temperature

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• They inhibit the ovulation by inhibiting the release of the GnRH from hypothalamus.

RELAXIN:
• Produced from the corpus luteum and concentration increases in blood and tissue during
pregnancy. Produced by uterus and placenta.
• Softens and dilates the cervix and they inhibit uterine contraction
• They relax the pelvic joints.

INHIBIN:
• Inhibin are polypeptides secreted by the Sertoli cells in the testis and by the granulosa cells
in the ovary, which inhibit the release of FSH but not LH from the pituitary.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE:
• Starts with the age of 12-14yrs, this age is called puberty
• The onset of the menstruation is called the menarche, at this stage the uterus ovaries, breast
and vagina will enlarge and the secondary sexual characters will arose.

• The blood flow to the tissue increases and fat deposition will occur
• At the age of 45-55yrs the menstrual cycle ceases and the ovary stops ovulation and the
sexual parts shrinks is called as the Menopause

• The GnRH released from hypothalamus will regulate the secretion of the FSH and LH from
APG
• FSH will help in the formation of the ovum and also stimulate the ovarian cells to secrete
the Oestrogen
• The LH will act on the ruptured follicles and thus will stimulate these cells to secrete the
Progesterone, Relaxin and Inhibin

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• Menstruation starts with the day 1 of the cycle and happens upto 5 days
• The ovulation happens at 14th day of every cycle
• The days ie prior the ovulation day is called as Preovulatory phase
• The days after the ovulation is called as the Post ovulatory phase
• PREOVULATORY PHASE is also called as FOLLICULAR PHASE where the follicles
mature into a Oocyte and the phase involves the menstrual phase and proliferative phase

• POSTOVULATORY phase is called as LUTEAL PHASE i.e., Secretory phase.

PREOVULATORY PHASE:
PROLIFERATIVE PHASE:
• Hypothalamus is a control centre for release of hormone
• Hypothalamus releases GnRH that acts on the Secretory cells of the APG to release FSH
and LH.

• LH acts on the Receptors of the Theca cells to release a hormone ie androgen called
ANDROSTENEDIONE.

• FSH acts on the receptor of the Granulosa cells to release AROMATASE.

• AROMATASE converts ANDROSTENENDIONE into 17-ß ESTRADIOL they are form
of ESTROGEN

• At the end of the 10-14 days of the GRANULOSA cells develop more LH receptor there
by more and more 17-ß ESTRADIOL produced.
• They acts on APG and negative feedback mechanism develops that inhibit the release of
the LH and FSH
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• FSH production in APG is inhibited.

• FSH inhibition causes number of follicles to undergo ATRICIA and die only a dominant
follicle with higher FSH will survive.

• Dominant follicle develops and inner thecal layer produces estrogen that acts on APG TO
produce LH and FSH by positive feedback this happens b4 1-2 days of OVULATION.

• The follicles rupture after full maturation of ovum and the leaves into the peritoneal cavity
and this process is called ovulation

• The ovum is now captured by fimbriae and moves into the fallopian tube and finally reaches
the uterus and this happens by the peristaltic movement

• Higher Estrogen and this will reach endometrium through the blood and thickens the
columnar cells of the endometrium increasing glands and Spiral artery blood vessel.

SECRETORY PHASE:
• Ovarian follicles collapse as the ovulation occurs
• At the end of the OVULATION GRAFFIAN follicles form CORPUS LUTEUM
• Corpus luteum containing LEUTINISED THECA CELLS
produce ANDROSTERENDIONE that forms 17-ß ESTRADIOL.
• GRANULOSA cells to lower LH after ovulation occurs that causes Lesser production of
17-ß ESTRADIOL(ESTROGEN) but produces more PROGESTERONE(Pregnenolone).
• Progesterone acts as negative feedback on APG causing lesser FSH and LH.
• FSH level in the blood decreases as the level of the oestrogen and progesterone level
increases

• Luteinised Granulosa cells also secretes INHIBIN that inhibits APG to stop producing FSH.
• Hence ESTROGEN level decreases and progesterone level increases.
• The progesterone acts on the endometrium and helps in the implantation of fertilised ovum
• Increase in the thickness of the endometrium and increasing the glands and the spiral
arteries

• The glands now secrete the sticky substance and hence called as the secretory phase
• In this phase the Endometrium thickens, moistens and softens and will be rich in blood
supply

MENSTRUAL PHASE:
• Once the Corpus albicans is formed that produces no hormones
• This causes the decrease in the progesterone and the walls of the endometrium will now
disintegrates and the blood capillaries will now rupture
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• The lining of the endometrial cells, broken capillaries and extra secretion constitute the
Menstrual fluid
• Once the level of progesterone decreases the level of FSH increases due to the stimulation
of APG by the GnRH, and the next cycle starts.

Physiology of PREGNANCY:
• Fertilization is the union of the male and female gametes occurring in the ampulla of the
fallopian tube.
• it is the initial step of prenatal development.
• Fertilization involves the penetration of the sperm into the ovum and followed by the fusion
of their genetic material.

• Fertilization starts with the man and women sexual intercourse and man inserts his penis
into the vagina and upon orgasm the man ejaculates the semen containing the trillion sperms
into the vagina.
• Through the flagellation the sperms get propelled into the female reproductive tract.
• Some sperms reach the plasma membrane of the ovum but only one sperm penetrates.
• The sperm then penetrates through the corona radiata and the zona pellucida that covers the
ovum from the greater number of sperms.

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IMPLANTATION:
• It is a stage in which the embryo adheres itself to the wall of the uterus to receive the oxygen
and nutrition from the mother. The embryo in this prenatal stage is called as BLASTULA.

• Implantation happens after 1-2 days of the arrival of the blastocyst in the uterus.
• Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterus ie implantation happens they become the embryo.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PREGNANCY:

• During pregnancy various changes occurs
• Uterus, placenta, ovary, breast enlarge
• Vagina enlarges and the pelvic ligaments relaxes
• Blood volume increases and plasma iron decreases

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• Digestive system ie morning sickness and constipation develops due to the high level of
human chorionic gonadotropin in the body

• The BP decreases
• The rate of respiration increases and vital capacity increases
• Enlargement of the endocrine gland ie adrenal cortex, thyroid gland and parathyroid gland.
• Sugar seen in the urine
• Oestrogen, progesterone and gonadotrophic hormone are found excreted in the urine
• Carbohydrates, Proteins and lipid metabolism are affected ie Glycosuria, lipidaemia and
water retention are seen.

PARTURITION:
• Parturition or child birth is the process of the contraction of the uterus at regular intervals
that help in the delivery of the baby

• The signals called as the foetus ejection reflex are sent by the fully developed foetus
through the placenta to the brain

• These signals induce the muscular contraction

• The time period the fertilization and the childbirth are called as the gestation period.
• The parturition involves 3 stages:
1. Shortening and opening of the cervix: lasts for 12-19 hours. Begins with the crampy
abdominal pain and back pain lasting for 30mins happens once in 10-15mins. The pain
becomes stronger at the time intervals.
2. Contraction and baby birth: lasts for 12mins - 2hrs at this stage contraction and pushing of
the baby is seen.
3. The delivery phase: lasts for 5-30mins here the placenta is removed and umbilical cord is
clamped.

Structure of Mammary gland:

The structure of the mammary gland can be classified into three sections – skin, stroma and
parenchyma.
Skin
The skin comprises the areola and the nipple.
Areola

• It is the pinkish-brown, dark pigmented area around the nipple

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• These are rich in altered sebaceous glands which produce oily secretion preventing
cracking of the areola and the nipple
• This region does not have hair and fat

Nipple

• This is a conical eminence found in the 4th intercostal space

• Around 15-20 lactiferous ducts penetrate the nipple
• It comprises longitudinal and circular smooth muscle fibres. They are richly supplied with
nerves
• Smooth muscles assist in erecting nipples on being stimulated. The nipples are devoid of
any fat, sweat glands and hair on them

Stroma
It forms the supportive framework of the breast surrounding the parenchyma.

• Fatty stroma – Despite the fact that the areola and nipple lack fat, the main bulk of the
mammary gland is filled with differing quantities of fat
• Fibrous stroma – It produces the septa referred to as the suspensory ligaments of Cooper
responsible for separating lobes and suspending the mammary glands from the pectoral
fascia. Along with the cutaneous edema, the shortening of the ligaments produces a
general appearance resembling an orange peel, so referred to as the Peau d’ orange
appearance.

VAGINA:
The vulva is 5 organs making up the external genitalia of the female:
1. Mons pubis: triangular-shaped pad of fatty tissue over the pubis bone, covered with pubic
hair
2. Labia majora: 2 large folds of adipose tissue on the sides of the vaginal opening
3. Labia minora: 2 smaller folds of adipose tissue on the inside of the labia majora
4. Vestibule: area between labia with openings for the vagina, urethra, and two excretory ducts
for Bartholin’s glands (provide lubricant)
5. Clitoris: sensitive fold of tissue partially covered by hood.

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Contraception:
Measures in males:
1. Conventional method: use of condoms
2. Coitus interruptus: withdrawal of penis before ejaculation
3. Vasectomy: vasa deferens are ligated and tied
4. Drugs: Gossypol (cotton oil), testosterone (dec. sperm count).

Measures in female:
1. Conventional method: use of diaphragm, use of female condoms, spermicidal jellies, rhythm
method to have sex in the safe periods
2. Tubectomy: fallopian tubes are ligated and tied
3. Intrauterine devices: Copper T, loops, hormone releasing IUD.
4. Contraceptive pill: given for 21 days from 5th day of the cycle to 25th day of cycle, post
coital pill within 72 hours of intercourse (i-pill).

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