Title: Determination of rigidity modulus of the material of a wire by dynamic method.
Theory / Working formula:
If a solid cylinder be suspended by a long wire from a torsion head,
forming a torsional pendulum and if the pendulum be set into torsional
oscillations, the time-period of such oscillation is given by
√I
T =2 π τ …...(1),
where I is the moment of inertia of the cylinder about the suspension
wire as axis and τ is the shearing couple per unit angle of twist. Now, if
the axis of the cylinder coincides with axis of rotation, then
1 2
I = M R …...(2)
2
where M-mass of the cylinder and R=radius of the same. Again, for the
suspension wire,
π ηr 4
τ= ……..(3)
2l
where l =length, r=radius of the suspension wire and η = modulus of rigidity of the material of the
suspension wire. From equations (1), (2) and (3),
8πl 1
η= 4 2 x MR2 …...(4)
r T 2
Equation (4) is the required working formula.
II. Measurement of the diameter of the wire (d) using screw gauge:
(numerical values are for demonstration only)
(a) Determination of least count of the screw gauge
Screw pitch of the screw gauge (n) = 0.1 cm
Number of circular division (N) = 100
Least count (L.C.) = n/N = (0.1/100) cm = 0.001 cm
(b) Table for measurement of the diameter of the wire (d)
Sl Linear scale Circular Total reading Mean Instrumental Corrected
No reading (LSR) scale reading (TR) (cm) diameter error (if any) Mean diameter
(cm) (CSR) TR=LSR+CSR*L.C. (d’) (cm) (cm) (d=d’±e) (cm)
(a) 0.1 6 0.106
1
(b) 0.1 8 0.108
(a) 0.1 7 0.107
2
(b) 0.1 5 0.105
(a) 0.1 4 0.104
3
(b) 0.1 6 0.106
0.106 0 0.106
(a) 0.1 6 0.106
4
(b) 0.1 8 0.108
(a) 0.1 7 0.107
5
(b) 0.1 5 0.105
Radius of the wire r = d/2= 0.053 cm
II. Measurement of the length of the wire (l)
(i) ………..cm, (ii) ………..cm, (iii) ………….cm. Mean length (l) = ………….cm
III. Measurement of time period (T)
Sl. Total time for Mean time (t) for Time period
No. 20 complete 20 complete (T=t/20) (s)
oscillations (s) oscillations (s)
1 13.46
2 14.23 13.72 0.686
3 13.47
IV. Measurement of mass of the cylinder (M)
Mass of the cylinder (M) = 500 g
V. Measurement of the diameter (D) of the cylinder using vernier calipers:
(numerical values are for demonstration only)
(a) Determination of vernier constant of the vernier calipers
One smallest division of the main scale = 0.1 cm
10 Vernier scale divisions = 9 Main scale divisions
1 Vernier scale division = 9/10 Main scale division
Vernier constant (V.C.) of the vernier calipers = 1 smallest division of the main scale – 1 smallest division of the
vernier scale
Vernier constant (V.C.) of the vernier calipers = (1-9/10)×0.1 cm=0.01 cm
(b) Table for measurement of height of the cylinder
Main scale Vernier scale Total reading Mean Instrumental Corrected Mean
Sl
reading reading (TR) (cm) diameter error (e) if diameter (D =
No
(MSR) (cm) (VSR) TR=MSR+VSR*V.C. (D’) (cm) any (cm) D’±e) (cm)
(a) 4.9 8 4.98
1
(b) 4.9 7 4.97
(a) 4.9 9 4.99
2
(b) 4.9 8 4.98
(a) 4.9 7 4.97
3
(b) 4.9 8 4.98
4.976 0 4.976
(a) 4.9 8 4.98
4
(b) 4.9 7 4.97
(a) 4.9 6 4.96
5
(b) 4.9 8 4.98
Radius of the cylinder R = D/2= 2.488 cm
Calculation:
8πl 1 2
η = η= 4 2 x MR = 3.59 × 1011 dyne cm-2 = 3.59 × 1010 Nm-2
r T 2