REPORT LAB 3
DETERMINING THE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A FLYWHEEL AND THE
FRICTION FORCE OF ROTARY BEARINGS
Class: …CC07. / Group: 5…Team:…L2T……. Lecturer’s comment
Full name:
1) Nguyễn Phan Tấn Lộc 2052156
2) Nguyễn Đức Trọng 2153925
3) Phạm Lý Xuân Trường 2152331
I. Aims/Purposes:
Determining the friction force fms of the rotational bearings.
Determining the inertial of the flywheel (including its rotational axis).
II. Method, Equipment and Procedure:
● Method: Calculate inertia indirectly through the movement of weights
● Equipment:
- Experimental equipment MC - 965 (wheel with rotational shaft, lug with bearing, weights,
strings, base box)
- Ruler 0 ÷1000 mm, accuracy 1mm
- Versatile chronometer MC - 963, accuracy 0.001s
- Sensor transceiver infrared photoelectric
- Startup control box
- Vernier Caliper (0.02mm)
● Procedure:
▪ Measuring the interval time of motion and the heights h1, h2
-Choose the position,its height which the machine MC-963 start measuring.
-Use the ruler to measure the lowest point B of the weight.
- Rotate the wheel then let the string hanging the weight m scrolling until the
weight m is at the highest point A. Then h1=A-B
- Continue rotating the wheel to let the weight fall to a point C. Then h2=C-B
▪ Do it again 3-5 times but the highest point A when only need 1 time
▪ Read and write the following datas in the Table 1
-
III. Equations:
Friction force:
ℎ1−ℎ2
𝑓𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚𝑔 ℎ1+ℎ2
Moment of inertia:
2 ℎ2
𝐼=
𝑚.𝑑 ⎡𝑔. 𝑡2 ⎤
4 ⎢
⎣ (
ℎ1 ℎ1+ℎ2 ) − 1⎥⎦
Prove
Mechanical energy law
2 2
𝑚𝑣 𝐼ω
▪ mgℎ1 = 2
+ 2
+ fms ℎ1 (1)
▪ mgh1 - mgh2 = fms. (h1 + h2) (2)
ℎ1−ℎ2
▪ 𝑓𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚𝑔 ℎ1+ℎ2
2ℎ1
▪ The velocity of the weight at the lowest point we have v = 𝑡
(3)
4ℎ1
v = ω𝑟 and d=2r ω= 𝑡𝑑
(4)
All of these we can have
2 ℎ2
𝐼=
𝑚.𝑑 ⎡𝑔. 𝑡2 ⎤
4 ⎢
⎣ (
ℎ1 ℎ1+ℎ2 ) − 1⎥⎦
IV. Experimental Data:
- Mass of counterbalance: m = 239.4 0.1 ( g )
- Accuracy of Caliper: 0.02
- Accuracy of timer: 0.001
- Accuracy of a millimeter of stick: 1
- Initial height: h1 = 658 1
- Accuracy of technical balance : 0.1(g)
d Δd t Δt h2 Δh2
Data
1 8.02 0.016 7.325 0.0024 429 0.8
2 8.04 0.004 7.331 0.0044 427 2.8
3 8.06 0.024 7.327 0.0004 430 0.2
4 8.04 0.004 7.324 0.0034 434 4.2
5 8.02 0.016 7.330 0.0026 429 0.8
Mean 8.036 0.0128 7.3274 0.0025 429.8 1.76
Calculations:
IV.1 Calculate the average value and average errors of of diameter d, timer t and height h2:
- Calculate values of diameter d:
𝑑1+𝑑2+𝑑3+𝑑4+𝑑5 8.02+8.04+8.06+8.04+8.02
𝑑= 5
= 5
= 8. 036(𝑚𝑚)
∆𝑑1 = |||𝑑 − 𝑑1||| = |8. 036 − 8. 02| = 0. 016(𝑚𝑚)
∆𝑑1+∆𝑑2+∆𝑑3+∆𝑑4+∆𝑑5 0.016+0.004+0.024+0.004+0.016
∆𝑑 = 5
= 5
= 0. 0128(𝑚𝑚)
- Calculate values of timer t:
𝑡1+𝑡2+𝑡3+𝑡4+𝑡5 7.325+7.331+7.327+7.324+7.330
𝑡= 5
= 5
= 7. 3274(𝑠)
∆𝑡1 = |||𝑡 − 𝑡1||| = |7. 3274 − 7. 325| = 0. 0024(𝑠)
∆𝑡1+∆𝑡2+∆𝑡3+∆𝑡4+∆𝑡5 0.0024+0.0044+0.0004+0.0034+0.0026
∆𝑡 = 5
= 5
= 0. 0025(𝑠)
- Calculate values of height h2:
(ℎ2)1+(ℎ2)2+(ℎ2)3+(ℎ2)4+(ℎ2)5 429+427+430+434+429
ℎ2 = 5
= 5
= 429. 8(𝑚𝑚)
| |
( )1 = ||ℎ2 − (ℎ2)1|| = |429. 8 − 429| = 0. 8(𝑚𝑚)
∆ ℎ2
( )1 ( )2 ( )3 ( )4 ( )5
∆ ℎ2 +∆ ℎ2 +∆ ℎ2 +∆ ℎ2 +∆ ℎ2
0.8+2.8+0.2+4.2+0.8
∆ℎ2 = 5
= 5
= 1. 76(𝑚𝑚)
Calculating the total absolute errors of the measurement of mass m, diameter d, timer t and
height h
∆𝑑 = ∆𝑑𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑑 = 0. 02 + 0. 0128 = 0. 0328 (𝑚𝑚)
∆𝑡 = ∆𝑡𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑡 = 0. 0010 + 0. 0025 = 0. 0035(𝑠)
( )𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆ℎ2 = 1. 0 + 1. 76 = 2. 76(𝑚𝑚)
∆ℎ2 = ∆ ℎ2
IV.2Calculating the inertial moment of the solid cylinder I and friction force Fms
π = 3. 14 and ∆π = 0. 005
2
𝑔 = 9. 81 𝑚/𝑠 ( ) and ∆𝑔 = 0. 005(𝑚/𝑠2)
a) Calculate friction force:
ℎ1−ℎ2 −3 658−429.8
𝐹𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚. 𝑔. = 239. 4×10 ×9. 81× 658+429.8
= 0. 493(𝑁)
ℎ1+ℎ2
Calculate the error:
∆𝐹𝑚𝑠 ∆𝑚 ∆𝑔 | 1 1 | | −1 1 |
= + 𝑔
+| − |. ∆ℎ1 + | − |. ∆ℎ2
𝐹𝑚𝑠 𝑚 | ℎ1−ℎ2 ℎ1+ℎ2 | | ℎ1−ℎ2 ℎ1+ℎ2 |
−3
0.1×10 0.005 | 1 1 | −3 | −1 1 |
= + +| − |×1×10 + | − |× 2
239.4×10
−3 9.81 | (658−429.8)×10−3 (658+429.8)×10
−3
| | (658−429.8)×10−3 (658+429.8) |
≈0. 019
−3
⇒∆𝐹𝑚𝑠 = 𝐹𝑚𝑠×0. 019 = 0. 493×0. 019 = 9. 367×10 (𝑁)
b) Calculate inertia:
2 ℎ2
𝐼=
𝑚.𝑑 ⎡𝑔. 𝑡2 ⎤
4 ⎢
⎣ (
ℎ1 ℎ1+ℎ2 ) − 1⎥⎦
−3 −3 2
( ) × ⎡9. 81×7. 32742 × − 1⎤⎥ = 1. 219 × 10
−3 2
=
239.4×10 × 8.036×10
4 ⎢
⎣
429.8
658×(658 + 429.8)×10
−3
⎦
𝑘𝑔. 𝑚( )
Calculate the error:
∆𝐼 ∆𝑚 2∆𝑑 ∆𝑔 2∆𝑡 | −1 1 | |1 1 |
= + + 𝑔
+ +| − |×∆ℎ1 + | − |×∆ℎ2
𝐼 𝑚 𝑑 𝑡 | ℎ1 ℎ1 +ℎ2 | | ℎ2 ℎ1+ℎ2 |
−3
0.1×10 2×0.0328 0.005 2×0.0035 | −1 1 | −3 | 1
= + + + +| − |×1 × 10 + | −
239.4×10
−3 8.036 9.81 7.3274 | 658×10−3 (658+429.8)×10
−3
| | 429.8×10−3 (65
≈0. 016
−3 −3
⇒∆𝐼 = 𝐼×0. 0164 = 1. 219×10 ×0. 016 = 0. 02×10 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚2)
V. Conclusions:
( )
𝐹𝑚𝑠 = 𝐹𝑚𝑠±∆𝐹𝑚𝑠 = 0. 493±0. 019(𝑁)
−3 2
𝐼 = (𝐼±∆𝐼) = (1. 219±0. 02) ×10 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 )
VI. Questions
1. Speak and write the basic equations of the rotational motion of a solid body around a
fixed axis. Outlined the meaning of the moment of inertia and its unit of measure.
Moment of inertia
The moment of inertia of an object, symbolized by I, is a measure of the object's
resistance to changes to its rotation. The moment of inertia is measured in kilogram
metre² (kg m2). It depends on the object's mass: increasing the mass of an object increases
the moment of inertia. It also depends on the distribution of the mass: distributing the
mass further from the center of rotation increases the moment of inertial by a greater
degree. For a single particle of mass m a distance r from the axis of the rotation, the
moment of inertia is given by
→
→ 𝑀
β = 𝐼
2. Descripte the laboratory equipments and methods of determining the moment of
inertia of the wheel and the friction force in the bearings.
● Equipment:
1. Physical device set BKM-050.
2. Caliper 0-150mm, exact 0.02mm.
3. Difference chronometer MC-964 (the smallest division 0.001s and 0.01s).
4. Infrared photoelectric port.
5. The sinal wire has two 5-pin plugs.
● About the physical device set BKM-050:
Device used to determine the friction force of the bearing and the moment of inertia I
of the wheel. Its structure includes:
▪ Bracket G made of stainless steel pipe, 1.20m high, mounted vertically on the
steel base plate Đ with a leveling screw.
▪ Mass wheel M with spindle resting in two bearings O1O2.
▪ The string of length l is not stretched, the upper end is tied to the wheel's axis of
rotation, the lower end is tied to the weight, which can be wound in a tight layer
on this spindle.
▪ Straight ruler millimeter T.
▪ The QĐ optical port can be moved along the T scale.
▪ Start control box Đ (with 4 buttons F-3-2-1) and photoelectric port QĐ are
connected to the difference chronometer MC-964, used to automatically measure
the movement time of the weight m.
● About difference chronometer MC-964:
The front panel has the following details:
▪ A scale knob is used to select the time scale: 9,999s or 99.99s.
▪ A time window used to display the time measurement includes four LED
indicators (7 bars) and a decimal point that automatically moves when we select
the scale.
▪ A RESET button is used to bring the numbers displayed on the time window to
0.000 .
▪ The back has an ON-OFF switch for switching power supply to the clock and
three five-pin sockets A, B, C: drive A is connected to photovoltaic port E, both
supplying power to port E and receiving signals from E sent. drive B is connected
to photoelectric port F, and has the same function as above. Drive C has a DC
source of 14V, which is used to supply DC current to the N electromagnet. The N
electromagnet can also be powered from the A or B sockets. Switching control of
the N electromagnet and starting the MC-964 chronograph is realized by means of
a dual switch box D. When plugging this timer into a ~220V outlet and pressing
its ON-OFF switch, the digital indicator LEDs on the time window will light up
and the clock is ready to work.
▪ The photoelectric gate consists of a diode D1 emitting infrared rays, and a diode
D2 receiving infrared rays from D1. The current supplied to D1 is taken from the
digital time meter MC-964. When the bottom of the weight m enters the QD
photoelectric gate and blocks the infrared beam from D1 to D2, D2 will emit a
signal transmitted by the wire to the MC-964 digital time meter and control the
clock to work. motion. This mechanism allows switching the counter of the
MC-964 time meter with almost no inertia.
Measurement methods:
i. Assemble and adjust the device: plug the wire connecting box H with socket A of
the meter, the photovoltaic port connects to drive B of the machine. We plug in
the power, switch the MODE to position A ⭤ B and switch the scale to 9,999
mode. Check the lowest position B, recalibrate the instrument if necessary, and
test the meter by raising and lowering the weight at B.
ii. Turn the wheel to bring the object to height h1, brake and calculate the value h1 =
ZA − ZB. Press RESET on the timer, press button 1 to start counting and 2 to close
the circuit for the photovoltaic port. Record the value on the clock and observe the
height h2 = ZC − ZB reached by the object after changing the direction of motion.
iii. Use a caliper to measure 5 times the diameter d, weigh the weight m with a
laboratory balance.
● Moment of inertia is a quantity that characterizes the degree of inertia of an object in
rotation about a definite axis. The unit of measurement is kgm2.
3. When conducting measurements, why must scroll the string hanging the weight m above
the rotational axis of the wheel into a layer? Is it alright if scrolled this string into several
overlap rounds?
● Failure to wrap the turns of wire close together will cause the diameter of the loop to
increase, creating an error in d (in case the turns are far apart, the direction of tension still
changes during the test, so that the energy is partially converted into oscillations of the
body m). On the other hand, the wheel's moment of inertia depends on the shaft diameter,
and as a result, the release of the rope will lead to inaccurate measurements. Therefore,
we cannot wrap many overlapping loops, but must wrap the wire together.
4. Clarify the structural principles of the ruler and the vernier straight. Present the using
of the ruler to measure the length or diameter of the objects
Structural principles of the ruler and the vernier straight
Vernier
✔ Set screw
✔ Inside measuring surface
✔ Inside measuring jaw
✔ Main scale
✔ Slider
✔ Depth standard surface
✔ Depth bar
✔ Main scale graduation
✔ Outside measuring jaw
✔ Outside measuring surface
Ruler
✔ Straight rulers are made from plastic or metal.
✔ Accuracy 1mm
The using of the ruler to measure the length or diameter of the objects.
● The length
o Select the ruler which has the maximum length equal or greater
than the object we want to meansure
o Put one edge of the object at the point 0
o Put the object along the ruler until it reach the final point x
o Write down the number, with the accuracy of 1mm for centimeter
ruler
[Link] this experiment, which errors are crucial. Explain why?
● Random error is mainly because:
Pressing the number 1 button on the control box, the time between the clock starting
to count and the object being released can be significant compared to the meter's
smallest division of 0.001s. This is an error caused by equipment and operations.
Measurement of h1; h2 values with the naked eye is less accurate.
Press the F button to stop the object at the maximum height h2 that can be distorted
by the experimenter.