Class 9 Revision Notes (Detailed Version)

Important Questions Related to Exams

Define the term constitution.
Ans. Constitution is a set of well- defined laws to govern a country. It tells us about:
The organisation and structure of the three organs of the government.
Form of the government the country has.
Powers and limitations of the government.
Fundamental rights and fundamental duties of the citizen.

What is the need of a constitution?

Ans. Need of a Constitution:

It defines the government’s authority and outlines the rights of the citizens.
Serves as a limit to the power of the government.
Protects the individual rights and liberties of the citizen.
Establishes a system of laws and legal procedures that apply equally to all citizens.

Which British Plan proposed the formation of a constituent

assembly for India?

Ans. Cabinet Mission plan.

Why did the cabinet mission come to India and what did it
recommend?

Ans. Cabinet mission plan came to India with the objective of setting up self- government in India. It
recommended to constitute a constituent assembly to frame the Constitution of free India.

Who framed the Constitution of India? When was the elections to

elect the members of constituent assembly of India held?

Ans. Constituent Assembly of India. Elections were held in July 1946.

When was ‘the body that framed the Constitution of India,

constituted?

Ans. [Link].1946
Who was the temporary & the permanent Chairman/ President of
the constituent assembly of India?

Ans. Temporary- Dr. S. N. Sinha. Permanent- Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

How can you say that the constituent assembly of India was
secular in nature?

Ans. As it represented all sections and religions of the Indian society.

When was the drafting committee constituted?

Ans. [Link].1947

Under whose chairmanship was the constitution drafted?

Ans. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

When was the constitution adopted by the constituent assembly?

Ans. [Link].1949

When did the constitution of India come into force?

Ans. [Link].1950

Why was 26th January chosen as the day for enforcement of the
constitution of India?

Ans. It was chosen as the day for enforcement of the Constitution of India to honour the pledge of
Purna Swaraj taken at the Lahore Congress session in December 1929, under the Presidentship of
Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. In this session it was decided to celebrate 26th January from the year 1930
onwards as ‘Purna Swaraj Divas’.

Mention the number of articles, parts and schedules in the

constitution, when it came into force?

Ans. Initially, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.

At present, the Indian Constitution contains how many articles,

parts and schedules?
Ans. The Indian Constitution currently has 448 Articles divided into 25 Parts and 12 Schedules.
Name some women members of constituent assembly.
Ans. Vijay Laxmi Pandit, Durgabai Deshmukh, Sarojini Naidu, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, etc.

Explain the nature of the state the framers of the constitution

sought to establish in India?

Ans. They sought to establish India as a Sovereign, Secular, Socialist, Democratic, Republic nation.
State why the constitution makers intended to establish a secular state in India.
Ans. It is because India is a country of diverse religions and secularism brings communal harmony
amongst them.

What is the main feature of the Republican form of government?

Ans.
The constitutional head of the nation is an elected candidate.
The constitutional head has no hereditary powers.

Why is the constituent assembly of India referred as ‘Mini India’?

Ans. The Constitution of India represented almost each and every section, religion and region of the
country. This is why, we refer to the constituent assembly of India as Mini India.
To justify my point, here are some of the representatives representing different sections, regions
and religions of the country:
Sikh – Hukum Singh & Ujjwal Singh
Muslims – Mohammed Sadullah & Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
Parsis – H. P. Modi
Indian Christians – John Mathai & Joseph D’Souza
Anglo Indians – Frank Anthony
Depressed Classes – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Women – Vijaya Laxmi Pandit, Sarojini Naidu

When was Jawahar Lal Nehru’s Objective Resolution moved and

passed, respectively?

Objective Resolution was introduced on 13. Dec.1946

Objective Resolution was passed on 22. Jan.1947

When was the first meeting of constituent assembly held?

Ans. [Link].1946

When was the second meeting of constituent assembly held?

Ans. [Link].1946

What is the importance of the opening words of the Preamble ‘We,

the people of India’?

Ans. These words show that the authority of the government of India is derived from the citizens.
The source of government’s authority is its people.

What were the words added to the Constitution of India by the

42nd amendment act of 1976?

Ans. Secular & Socialist

What was the total time taken by the constituent assembly to

frame the constitution of India?

Ans. 2 years 11 months & 18 days.

Define the following.
Ans. Sovereign: India is a sovereign nation as it is completely free from any kind of foreign control
in terms of its foreign policies. The government of India decides the foreign policies of India.
Secular: India has no official state religion. India respects each and every religion existing on its soil
and no one is discriminated in terms of rights and privileges on the basis of their religion.
Socialist: The wealth of the nation is to be utilised in a proper proportion for the welfare of each and
every section of the Indian society.
Democratic: It denotes that we have chosen democracy as our way of life and we will govern
ourselves through Democratic institutions. India believes in ‘By the people, Of the People and For
the People’.
Republic: This term denotes that the Constitutional Head of India (President) is an elected
candidate and has no hereditary powers.
What is a Preamble? Explain the significance of the Preamble.
Ans. The Constitution of India is preceded by a preamble, which is an introduction to the
constitution. It sets out the main objectives which the constitution is intended to achieve and
promote. It can also be referred as the philosophy of the constitution.
Significance (need) of Preamble:
The use of the words ‘We, the people of India’, shows that the authority of the government of India
is derived from its people.
Preamble serves as a key to understand the spirit of the constitution.
It outlines the basic structure of the state and indicates the Sovereign, Secular, Socialist, Republic
& Democratic basis of the constitution.
It serves as a guiding principle to the courts which perform the most difficult task of interpreting the
constitution.

What was the composition of the constituent assembly before

and after separation of the Muslim league members?

Ans. Initially, the Indian Constituent Assembly consisted of 389 members, comprising 292 members
elected from British Indian provinces, 93 nominated members from princely states, and 4 from the
chief commissioner's provinces.
After the Muslim League's withdrawal following India's partition, the Indian Constituent Assembly
was reduced from 389 to 299 members. This new composition included 229 members elected from
the Indian provinces and 70 members nominated from the princely states.
Define Justice, Liberty, Fraternity, Equality and Integrity.
Ans.
Justice: Justice is an ideal encompassing social, economic, and political justice for all citizens,
aiming to eliminate discrimination and create a society where everyone receives fair treatment,
equal opportunities, and a rightful compensation for what they deserve.
Liberty: Liberty is an ideal meaning the absence of oppressive restraints on individual activities,
allowing for personal development and the freedom to express thought, belief, and faith.
Equality: Equality is an ideal that guarantees every citizen equal rights, status, and opportunities,
irrespective of their religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or economic status.
Integrity: Integrity is an ideal added to the Preamble in 1976, signifying the commitment to the
nation's wholeness and oneness by ending separatist tendencies and ensuring everyone feels that
every part of the country is their home.
Fraternity: Fraternity is an ideal of common brotherhood and unity among all citizens, ensuring the
dignity of the individual and the integrity of the Nation.

How many hymns/ verses are there in Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur
Veda & Atharva Veda, respectively?

Rig Veda- 1028 hymns

Sama veda – 1549 verses
Yajur veda – 2086 hymns & 1875 verses approx..
Atharva veda – 730 hymns

Who discovered Harappa and Mohenjo Daro & when?

Ans. Harappa by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921

Mohenjo Daro by R. D. Banerjee in 1922

Why is the Indus valley civilization also called as Harappan

civilization?
Ans. As Harappa was the first site to be discovered amongst the various sites of Indus valley
civilization.
Write a short note on the ‘Assembly Hall’.
Ans.
There were multiple large entrances, emphasizing accessibility and suggesting that the hall was
designed to host hundreds of people.
It was a pillared hall with long corridors and low benches.
Kiln- baked bricks were used to construct these pillars.
Used for public assemblies, administrative meetings, or religious ceremonies.
Short note on Bearded Man.
Ans.
A Bearded Man can refer to the ancient Steatite Priest-King statue from Mohenjo-daro.
Man with half-closed eyes, a patterned shawl, and a well-defined beard.
Draped in a shawl over his left shoulder, decorated with trefoil (clover-like) patterns.
Half-closed eyes, suggesting deep meditation or a yogic pose.
Short note on Dancing Girl.
Ans.
Famous bronze sculpture from the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Notable for its naturalistic pose, large eyes.
Curly hair tied in a bun, and numerous bangles on one arm and a necklace with pendants.
10.5 cm tall, the figure has a confident, slender build with unusually long limbs, a tilted head, and a
clenched right fist on her hip, showcasing a flexible, almost modern artistic style.
Features of Drainage System.
Ans.
Drains covered with bricks ran under every street.
House drains were connected to the main drains underground.
Water flowed from houses into the street drains, which had manholes at regular intervals.
The manholes were subjected to regular inspection and cleaning.
Features of town planning of Harappa.
Ans.
Each city was divided into two parts – ‘citadel’ & the ‘lower town’.
Important buildings like the Great Bath, the Granary and Assembly Hall were located on the citadel.
The lower town had residential buildings where the people lived and worked.
The streets ran straight and intersected each other at right angles.
The main streets followed a grid pattern running from North to South or from East to West.
Features of Harappan Script:
Ans.
Harappan script is pictographic in nature.
The script is found inscribed on a number of seals.
There is no bilingual inscription and the script does not show any significant changes over time.
The script has not yet been deciphered.
Features of Harappan trade.
Ans.
The people of Indus Valley had commercial contacts with southern and eastern India, Kashmir and
with other countries of Asia.
They used weights and measures in their business transactions.
They imported various metals, precious stones and other articles.
Harappan seals were found in Bahrain and Mesopotamian cities, which concludes their extensive
overseas trade.
Lapis Lazuli was imported from Central Asia, Gold from Karnataka and possibly copper and tin from
Mesopotamia.
Write a short note on Harappan seals and their importance.
Ans. Seals give us valuable information about the Harappan civilization. More than 2000 seals of
different types have been discovered from the various sites. These are usually square or oblong
and made of terracotta, steatite or ivory. Some of the most famous Harappan seals are the Unicorn
seal, the Shiv Pashupati seal and the Bull Seal.
Importance of seals:
From the figures on the various seals, we come to know about the physical features, dress,
ornaments and animals they used during that time.
They throw light on the religious faith and beliefs of the people.
They give us an idea about their commercial activities.
They reveal the remarkable skill of artists and the script prevalent in those days.
Reasons for the decline of Indus Valley Civilisation.
Ans.
Regular flood
Arrival and attack of the Aryans
Earthquakes and epidemics
Destruction of forests
Change in the course of river Indus
Write a short note on Lothal dockyard.
Ans.
The Lothal Dockyard, located in present-day Gujarat, is the world's oldest known artificial dock and
a masterpiece of maritime engineering from the Indus Valley Civilization.
A dockyard surrounded by a massive brick wall was discovered at Lothal in Gujarat.
The dockyard suggests that they practised navigation on the coast of the Arabian Sea.
This massive, brick-lined basin, approximately 220 meters long and 37 meters wide.
Short note on Great Bath.
Ans.
The Great Bath was discovered at Mohenjodaro, which resembles a large swimming pool.
It is 12 metres long, 7 metres wide & 2.5 metres deep.
There are galleries and rooms all around the swimming pool.
It has a flight of steps at either end.
It was fed by a well nearby and arrangement had been made to discharge the Dirty water by a huge
drain.
The walls of the pool were made water tight by using specially made bricks and gypsum mortar.
Difference between the Early and the Later Vedic age on the basis of their economy.
Ans.
Difference between the Early and the Later Vedic age on the basis of their society.
Ans.
Difference between the Early and the Later Vedic age on the basis of their religious faith.
Ans.
Explain the Varna Ashrama during the Early & Later Vedic Age.
Ans. In the Vedic Age, the Society was divided into four different sections & their roles were as
follows:
The Four Varnas and Their Roles
Brahmins: Responsible for religious rituals, education, and holding the highest status.
Kshatriyas: Tasked with governance, administration, and protecting society.
Vaishyas: Managed trade, agriculture, and other economic activities.
Shudras: Provided manual labor and essential services to support the other varnas.
Key features of Varna system in the Early (Rig) Vedic Age:
The Varna System was not rigid, and individuals could change their varna.
Varna of a person was primarily based on one's work and duties, rather than being hereditary.
The varna system served as a functional division of society, with responsibilities suited to individual
abilities.
Inter- caste marriages & inter- caste dining was also allowed.
Key features of Varna system in the Later Vedic Age:
The Varna system became more structured and rigid.
Later Vedic period saw a shift towards a more birth-based (hereditary) social structure.
It gave authority and importance to the top three classes i.e., Brahmana, Kshatriya & Vaishya while,
the Shudras were treated as untouchables and were only meant for the menial jobs of the society.
Inter- caste marriages and inter- caste dining were strictly forbaded.
Explain the four ashrams of life during the Vedic Period.
Ans. Brahmacharya Ashrama: In the first stage of Brahmacharya Ashrama. a man stays in his
teacher’s home and receives education. It was completed commonly at the age of about 25 years.
Grihastha Ashrama: In the second stage, he gets married, begets children and earns his living to
support the family. It is from 26 years to 50 years of age.
Vanprastha Ashrama: The third stage is of partial retirement, where one withdraws from material
life and transfers all his responsibilities to his successors gradually. It is from 51 years to 75 years
of age.
Sanyasa Ashrama: Sanyasa Ashrama is the final stage of complete renunciation from worldly
attachments and material possessions, typically beginning in old age (around 75 years), dedicated
to spiritual pursuits and the attainment of moksha.
Explain the Gurukul System of Education during the Later Vedic Age.
Ans.
The Gurukul system involved students living with their Guru in a residential setting called a Gurukul
or Ashram.
Education focused on holistic development, combining oral instruction of Vedic scriptures,
philosophy, and ethics with practical skills and daily chores.
This immersive environment fostered a deep Guru-shishya (teacher-disciple) relationship,
emphasizing respect, discipline, and the development of both intellectual and moral character.
After completing their education at the Gurukul, shishyas would offer a "gurudakshina" to their guru
as a token of respect and gratitude. This offering was not always monetary; it could also be a task
or service the guru requested.
Mention the causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism in the 6th century BCE.
Ans.
The Vedic religion had become very complicated and failed to satisfy the needs of the common
masses.
Animal sacrifice had become very common & the common people did not like such a religion
anymore.
The performance of Yajnas was regarded as sacred duty of every householder but, all these rituals
became too expensive for a common man to afford it.
The Vedic religion used Sanskrit language for the various religious rituals, which the common
people could not understand.
Caste discrimination began to grow, which created a gulf between the various sections of the
society. The higher caste people discriminated the lower caste people.
Mention the literary sources of Jainism and Buddhism, respectively.
Ans. Literary source of information about Jainism were Angas and Purvas. While the literary source
of information about Buddhism were Tripitakas and Jataka tales.
Mention the Three Jewels (Triratnas) of Jainism.
Ans. Triratnas of Jainism are:
The Right Faith
The Right Knowledge and
The Right Conduct
Define the Karma theory.
Ans. According to Jainism, the accumulation of karmic matter is the cause of the cycle of birth and
death, and the goal is to shed this karma through right conduct, austerities, and detachment to
achieve liberation (moksha) and perfect bliss.
According to Buddhism, refers to intentional actions (mental, verbal, or physical) that create
consequences, influencing an individual's present and future experiences and their rebirth in the
cycle of life and death.
Mention the Four Great Sights.
Ans.
An old man
A sick man groaning with pain
A dead body being carried out by weeping relatives
An Aestic
Define The Great Renunciation or Mahaparityaga.
Ans. After seeing the four great sights, Sidharth realised that true nature of the world. He left his
home and kingdom at the age of 29 and went in search of truth. This event is known as the Great
Renunciation or Mahaparityaga.

Under which tree, through meditation, Gautam Buddha and

Mahavir gained divine enlightenment, respectively?

Ans. Gautam Buddha gained enlightenment under the Peepal Tree also called as the Bodhi Tree.
Mahavir gained enlightenment under the Sal tree.
Explain ‘Dharma Chakra Pravartana’ Or ‘Turning of the Sacred Wheel of Law’.
Ans. After gaining divine enlightenment, Gautam Buddha gave his first sermon at the ‘Sarnath Deer
Park, Varanasi’, to his five disciples. This event is called as ‘Dharma Chakra Pravartana’ Or
‘Turning of the Sacred Wheel of Law’.
Mention the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism.
Ans. The four noble truths are:
The world is full of pain and sorrows.
Reason behind the sorrows is our desire.
If we can control our desires, we can end our sorrows.
To control our desire, we need to follow the ‘Eight Fold Path’.

What is meant by ‘nirvana’?

Ans. The chief aim of man’s life was to lead a noble life and to attain Nirvana or Ultimate Salvation.
Every person can attain salvation by following the righteous path. In this state, the soul becomes
free from the eternal cycle of life and death.

Into which two sects was the Janism and the Buddhism divided,
respectively?

Ans. Jainism was divided into Digambaras and Shwetambaras.

Buddhism was divided into Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle) and Mahayana (Greater Vehicle).
Mention the principles of Dhamma.
Ans.
Respect of elders
Proper treatment to youngsters
Ahimsa
Tolerance
Truthfulness
Charity
Pure life
Mention the features of Sanchi Stupa.
Ans. Sanchi Stupa is located at Sanchi near Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh. It was originally built in the
3rd century BC, by Ashoka, to enshrine the relics of Buddha. Later it was enlarged during the
Sunga Period.
Architectural features of Sanchi Stupa are:
It is a dome- like structure made of stone or bricks.
Original stupa was enclosed by a wooden railing, which was later replaced by the massive Stone
railing.
Four gateways were also added on all 4 sides of the stupa.
Buddha was represented in symbolic form like that of a wheel or a lotus or a thrown under a peepal
tree.
Write a short note on ‘Ashokan Edicts’.
Ans.
Ashokan Edicts are a series of inscriptions created by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.
These edicts were spread across the Indian subcontinent to communicate Ashoka’s policies of
"Dhamma".
Engraved on rocks, pillars, and cave walls, these edicts served as a public proclamation of his
desire for a benevolent and moral rule, promoting civic duty and compassion for all beings.
Deciphered in the 19th century, the edicts are considered some of the earliest examples of written
documentation of the Mauryan Era.
They offer crucial insights into early Buddhism, Mauryan administration, and Ashoka's
transformation following the Kalinga War.
Write a short note on the Kalinga War.
Ans.
The Kalinga War was a brutal conflict fought around 265 BCE between the Mauryan Empire under
Emperor Ashoka and the independent state of Kalinga.
The war, which took place in what is now the Indian state of Odisha, resulted in a catastrophic loss
of life.
Witnessing the devastation and loss of lives, Ashoka became horrified by the violence and
destruction.
This transformative experience led Ashoka to renounce war and instead embrace the principles of
Buddhism and non-violence.
Mention the reasons for the decline of the Mauryan Empire.
Ans.
Weak successors of Ashoka this could not manage the vast empire.
The later Mauryan rulers failed to collect taxes from the people and therefore they could not bear
the cost of maintaining a large army.
The Chiefs of Kalinga and the southern provinces revolted.
The Greek kings began to invade the Mauryan Empire.
Brihadrath was the last Mauryan ruler, who was killed by a Mauryan general Pushyamitra Sunga,
possibly in about 187 BCE.
The Indian Constitution is Quasi- Federal in nature (Federal system with unitary bias). Justify your
answer with examples.
Ans. The Indian Constitution consists of certain federal as well as certain unitary features. Thus, it is
called as Quasi- Federal in nature.
Federal Features:
Dual Polity
A written constitution
Bicameralism
Independent Judiciary
Unitary (or Non- Federal) Features:
Single Citizenship
Single Constitution
Flexibility of Constitution
Single Integrated Judiciary
Define ‘Parliamentary System of Government’.
Ans. The two main features of Parliamentary or Cabinet form of government are:
The head of the state (President) functions as a nominal head of the executive. He or she acts on
the advice of Council of Ministers.
The real executive is the Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head. The Prime
minister and other ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their acts.
Define ‘directive principles of state policy’.
Ans. The Directive Principles of State Policy are intended to create a social order in which justice of
every kind shall prevail. The state should ensure that:
The citizens have adequate means of livelihood.
The economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth in certain hands.
These principles are mentioned in Part- IV of the constitution & are ‘not enforceable by law’ and ‘not
justiciable in nature’.
Define welfare state.
Ans. A welfare state is a government system that actively promotes the social and economic
well-being of its citizens by providing essential services like healthcare, education, and housing,
and by offering support for those in need.
Explain the independent judiciary.
Ans. An independent judiciary means that the courts are free from the control and interference of
the other branches of government i.e., the executive and the legislature. Judges can make
decisions without fear, favour, or pressure from the government or political parties, and they act
according to the law and the Constitution.
Explain Single Citizenship.
Ans.
Single citizenship in India means that every person is only a citizen of India, not of any particular
state or region within India.
It focuses on one identity and no dual rights.
It promotes national unity, ensures equality.
It encourages citizens to freely move and reside in any part of India.
Write a short note on fundamental rights of the citizens of India.
Ans. The Indian Constitution provides a number of fundamental rights for its people including the
right to equality, freedom, protection from exploitation, freedom of religion and access to legal
remedies. These are mentioned in Part- III of the Constitution & are ‘enforceable by the law’ and
‘justiciable in nature’.

What are Fundamental Rights? Why are they incorporated in our

constitution?

Ans. Fundamental rights are some basic freedoms which are essential for an individual’s all- round
development. They have been granted to the citizens of India and are enforceable by law as well as
justiciable in nature.
They have been incorporated in our constitution to give self- confidence to citizens by providing
them equality of status and opportunity and protecting them from any & every kind of exploitation.

What are the basic features of the Fundamental Rights?

Ans.
They are justiciable in nature.
They are universal in nature.
They are not absolute.
Name the fundamental right which has been deleted from the list of fundamental rights.
Ans. Right to Property was deleted in the year 1978 by the 44th amendment act.

How does a citizen stand to benefit by the right to constitutional

remedies?

Ans. The fundamental rights serve no purpose unless they can be safeguarded and enforced by a
constitutional method. In order to make our rights effective, article 32 of the constitution confers
upon citizen, ‘the right to constitutional remedies’, which gives the citizen the right to move the court
in case of abridgement of any fundamental right and thus secure the citizens.

What is the exception under right to equality while abolishing the

titles?

Ans. The government has abolished all titles, except those in the Armed Forces and the academic
world, as they would bring about differences among people.
Mention five fundamental freedoms which are included in the right to freedom.
Ans.
Freedom of speech and expression.
Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms.
Freedom to form associations and unions.
Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.
Freedom to practise any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
Mention one limitation in the exercise of the ‘right to freedom’.
Ans. Right to Freedom cannot be misused to incite violence or to hamper the safety and integrity of
the state.
Mention the right which is exercised in each of the following cases:
Ans.
A group of citizens holding a meeting: Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms
A citizen goes to worship to a place of his choice: Right to freedom of religion
Protection of interest of minorities: Cultural and educational rights
No citizen can be refused access to shops, public places, wells, tanks and other places: Right to
freedom
A 14- year boy is prohibited to work in factory or mine: Right against exploitation
A citizen moves to a court for the enforcement of any of his fundamental right: Right to
constitutional remedies
Name the writs that should be issued:
Ans.
In case of an illegal arrest: Writ of Habeas Corpus
In case of commanding a person or a body to do what is his/ her duty: Writ of Mandamus
In case of stopping the proceedings in a lower court: Writ of Prohibition
In case of enquiring into the legality of a public servant holding a public office: Writ of Quo Warranto
Issue to lower court to transfer a case to higher courts: Writ of Certiorari

When was the fundamental duties added to the Constitution of

India & why?

Ans. In the year 1976, through the 42nd Amendment Act.

They were introduced to make the people realise that rights and duties go together. We cannot
enjoy our rights without fulfilling our duties.

Why the fundamental rights are actually referred as “Fundamental

Rights”?

Ans.
They are enforceable in the courts of law
They cannot be abolished
Mention any two exceptions to the ‘right to equality of opportunity’.
Ans.
Special provisions for women, children and for the upliftment of the scheduled caste and scheduled
tribes and other backward classes.
Reservation of seats for SCs, STs and backward classes in educational institutions and free
concessions for them.
Mention any three rights given to those, who are not the citizens of India, by the Indian Constitution.
Ans.
Right to life and property
Right to freedom of religion
Right against exploitation
Mention the present position of the ‘right to property’ after the 44th Amendment Act.
Ans. Right to property has converted from a fundamental right into a legal right.
Mention the significance of fundamental duties.
Ans.
Duties promote a sense of discipline and commitment among the citizens towards the nation.
Duties act as a warning against any kind of anti- social activity.

Under what circumstances can the president suspend the

fundamental rights?

Ans. While the proclamation of emergency is in operation or when the very existence of the state is
endangered or the president feels that the state is not able to protect itself, he or she can suspend
the fundamental rights.

Why are the Fundamentals Right referred as ‘Universal in

Nature’?

Ans. It is because they are based on the philosophical concept of natural rights, which are inherent
and inalienable to all human beings, and they are applied to all people regardless of caste, creed,
gender, religion, or social status.

Why are the Fundamentals Right referred as ‘Justiciable in

Nature’?

Ans. Fundamental Rights are called justiciable because they are legally enforceable by the courts
of law. This means that if a person's Fundamental Rights are violated by the state or, in some
cases, by other individuals, they can approach the courts to seek redressal.

Why are the Fundamentals Right referred as ‘Not Absolute’?

Ans. It is because they are subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by the state in the interest of
public welfare, public order, morality, and national security. These restrictions are not arbitrary but
must be reasonable and necessary, as determined by the judiciary.

In which part of the constitution are the Fundamental Rights and

Fundamental Duties mentioned?

Ans. Fundamental Rights are mentioned in Part III of the Indian Constitution (Articles 12-35), while
Fundamental Duties are listed in Part IV-A of the Constitution (Article 51A).
In total, how many fundamental duties are mentioned in the Indian Constitution? List any four
fundamental duties that that Indian citizens ought to follow.
Ans. Eleven fundamental duties are mentioned in the Indian Constitution.
Abide by the constitution and respect its ideals, country’s national flag & national anthem.
Defend the country and render national service when called upon.
Value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
Safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.