Introduction_to_Python.ipynb - Colab [Link]

 Declaring Variables

variable types supported:

1. int : integers
2. �oat : �oating point numbers
3. bool : Boolean types (True and False)
4. str : Textual data

var1 = 2 #integer
var2 = 3.7 #floating point number
var3 = True #boolean
var4 = "Python" #string

print("Value of var1= ",var1)

print("Value of var2= ",var2)
print("Value of var3= ",var3)
print("Value of var4= ",var4)

Value of var1= 2
Value of var2= 3.7
Value of var3= True
Value of var4= Python

type(var1)

int

type(var2)

float

type(var3)

bool

type(var4)

str

num=input("Enter a number")
#num=int(input("Enter a number: "))

Enter a number5

type(num)

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type(num)

str

 Conditional Statements

# Checking a condition if the variable value is more than 1

if var1 > 1:
print( "Bigger than 1" )

Bigger than 1

x = 10
y = 12
# if x is greater than y
if x > y:
print ("x > y")
# if x is lesser than y
elif x < y:
print ("x < y")
else:
print ("x = y")

# Initialize
x = 20
# Assign True if x is more than 10 or assign False using ternary operator
isGreater = True if x > 10 else False

isGreater

True

 Arithmetic Operations

# Store a number
x = 1
y = 2
n = 3
p = 9
q = 4

# Add two stored numbers

addition = x + y
print("x + y =", addition)

# Multiply two numbers

multiplication = x * y
print("x * y =", multiplication)

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print("x * y =", multiplication)

# Get nth power of y

power = y ** n
print("y ** n =", power)

# Convert an integer to float

float_x = float(x)
print("float(x) =", float_x)

# Get integer division of integers p and q

int_division = p / q
print("p / q =", int_division)

# Get fractional division of integers p and q

frac_division = float(p) / q
print("float(p) / q =", frac_division)

m=p//q #quotient
print(m)

m2=p%q #remainder
print(m2)

x + y = 3
x * y = 2
y ** n = 8
float(x) = 1.0
p / q = 2.25
float(p) / q = 2.25
2
1

 Generating Sequence Numbers

# Initializing the sequence of numbers starting from 1 and ending (not including) with
numbers = range( 1, 6 )
type(numbers)

range

 Control Flow Statements

# Iterate through the collection

for i in numbers:
print (i)

1
2
3
4

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4
5

for j in range(1,10,2):
print(j)

1
3
5
7
9

# Initialize the value of 1

i = 1
# check the value of i to check if the loop will be continued or not
while i < 5:
print(i)
# Increment the value of i.
i = i+1
# print after the value of i
print('Done')

while i < 5:
print(i)
i=i+1
print("Done")

1
2
3
4
Done

 Numerical Manipulations

#Get integers from 0 to n-1:range(n)

print(list(range(5)))

#Get integers from p to q-1: range(p,q,step)

print(list(range(0,11,2)))

#Generate a set of integers using the range() command

#print(list(range(m,n,k)))
#generates integers from m to n-1 in intervals of k

print(list(range(2,10,2))) #generates what?

print(list(range(10,2,-2))) # ?
print(list(range(-10,-1,2)))
print(list(range(2*3)))

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print range

 Functions

def addElements( a, b ):
return a + b

result = addElements( 2.3, 4.5 )

result

6.8

result = addElements( "python", "demonstration" )

result

'pythondemonstration'

def addElements( a, b = 4 ):
return a + b

addElements(2)

addElements( 2, 5 )

Collections:

 Lists

It can contain words as well as numbers. A list is mutable, which means that it can be altered
by adding or removing elements to and from the list.

## Create an empty list

emptyList = []

batsmen = ['Rohit', 'Dhawan', 'Kohli', 'Rahane', 'Rayudu', 'Dhoni']

batsmen[0]

'Rohit'

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#slicing
batsmen[0:2]

['Rohit', 'Dhawan']

##accessing last element

batsmen[-1]

'Dhoni'

#how many elements in the list

len(batsmen)

bowlers = ['Bumrah', 'Shami', 'Bhuvi', 'Kuldeep', 'Chahal']

all_players=batsmen + bowlers

all_players

['Rohit',
'Dhawan',
'Kohli',
'Rahane',
'Rayudu',
'Dhoni',
'Bumrah',
'Shami',
'Bhuvi',
'Kuldeep',
'Chahal']

'Bumrah' in bowlers

True

'Kohli' in bowlers

False

#finding the index of an item in the list

all_players.index('Dhoni')

all_players.reverse()

all_players

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all_players

['Chahal',
'Kuldeep',
'Bhuvi',
'Shami',
'Bumrah',
'Dhoni',
'Rayudu',
'Rahane',
'Kohli',
'Dhawan',
'Rohit']

 List Comprehension

#Creating a new list from an existing list

L1=[1,2,3,4,5]
L2=[i**2 for i in L1] #loop within a list to generate a new list of square of numbers

L2

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

#Detailed explanation
L1=[1,2,3,4,5]
L2=[]

for i in L1:
[Link](i**2)

L2

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

from math import *

theta=[0,pi/2,pi,3*pi/2,2*pi] #lists
L3=[sin(x) for x in theta] #generates list of sin values for each entry in the theta l

L3

[0.0, 1.0, 1.2246467991473532e-16, -1.0, -2.4492935982947064e-16]

#Logical structures inside lists

L4=[n**2 for n in L1 if n<=10] #generates squares of numbers in L1 upto the speci
print(L4)

#L4=[]
#for i in L1:
# if i<=10:
# [Link](i**2)

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# [Link](i**2)
#L4

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

#Creating a list of pairs of numbers from two lists

L5=[1,2,3]
L6=[4,5,6]
L7=[(i,j) for i in L5 for j in L6] #generates the list of pairs [(1,4),(1,5),.....]

L7

#L7=[]
#for i in L5:
# for j in L6:
# [Link]((i,j))

#L7

[(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)]

#Sum of integers without for loop

n = int(input("Enter the value of n: n= "))
x=range(1,n+1)
print(sum(x))

#alternate
#print(sum(range(1,n+1)))

Enter the value of n: n= 10

55

 Tuples

A tuple is an immutable list, i.e., it cannot be changed...elements cannot be inserted or

deleted from a tuple.

odiDebut = ( 'Kohli', 2008 )

odiDebut

('Kohli', 2008)

odiDebut[0]

'Kohli'

tup1[1] = 2009

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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call
last)
/tmp/[Link] in <cell line: 0>()
----> 1 tup1[1] = 2009

NameError: name 'tup1' is not defined

players = tuple( all_players )

players

('Chahal',
'Kuldeep',
'Bhuvi',
'Shami',
'Bumrah',
'Dhoni',
'Rayudu',
'Rahane',
'Kohli',
'Dhawan',
'Rohit')

 Set

A set is an unordered (indexing has no meaning) collection of unique elements (without

duplicates) de�ned with curly brackets {}.

setOfNumbers = {6,1,1,2,4,5}

setOfNumbers

{1, 2, 4, 5, 6}

wc2011 = {"Dhoni", "Sehwag", "Tendulkar", "Gambhir", "Kohli", "Raina", "Yuvraj"

wc2015 = {"Dhoni", "Dhawan", "Rohit", "Rahane", "Kohli", "Raina", "Rayudu", "Jadeja"

[Link]( wc2015 )

{'Dhawan',
'Dhoni',
'Gambhir',
'Jadeja',
'Kohli',
'Rahane',

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'Rahane',
'Raina',
'Rayudu',
'Rohit',
'Sehwag',
'Tendulkar',
'Yusuf',
'Yuvraj'}

[Link]( wc2015 )

{'Dhoni', 'Kohli', 'Raina'}

[Link]( wc2011 )

{'Dhawan', 'Jadeja', 'Rahane', 'Rayudu', 'Rohit'}

 Dictionary

An unordered collection of items. Each item has a key, value pair. It is unordered, changeable
and indexed.

wcWinners = { 1975:"West Indies",1979:"West Indies",1983:"India",1987:"Australia"

wcWinners[1983]

'India'

[Link]()

dict_values(['West Indies', 'West Indies', 'India', 'Australia',

'Pakistan', 'Srilanka', 'Australia', 'Australia', 'Australia', 'India',
'Australia', 'England'])

set([Link]())

{'Australia', 'England', 'India', 'Pakistan', 'Srilanka', 'West Indies'}

wcWinners[2023]='Australia'

wcWinners

{1975: 'West Indies',

1979: 'West Indies',
1983: 'India',
1987: 'Australia',
1991: 'Pakistan',
1996: 'Srilanka',

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1996: 'Srilanka',
1999: 'Australia',
2003: 'Australia',
2007: 'Australia',
2011: 'India',
2015: 'Australia',
2019: 'England',
2023: 'Australia'}

 Strings

string0 = 'python'
string1 = "machine learning"

string2 = """This is a
multiline string"""

# Converting to upper case

X=[Link]()
print(X)

PYTHON

# Similarly [Link]() can be used to convert to lower case.

[Link]()

'python'

tokens = [Link](' ')

tokens

['machine', 'learning']

#n-th item in list: string0[n-1]

print(string0[0])

#n-th item from the end

print(string1[-1])

p
g

#m-th to n-th items in list:string0[m-1:n]

print(string0[0:3])

#m-th to n-th items from the end: string01[-m:-(n+1):-1]

pyt

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str1='firefox is the name of the mozilla browser'

#Task: verify if the word mozilla is in the above string using 'find' command
result1=[Link]('mozilla')
print(result1)

result2=[Link]('tiger')
print(result2)

27
-1

 Functional Programming

Example 1: Map

intList = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

# Create an empty list.

squareList = []
# Loop through the intList, square every item and append to result list squareList.
for x in intList:
[Link](pow( x, 2 ))

print(squareList)

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

def square_me(x):
return x * x

for i in range(1,5):
y=square_me(i)
print(y)

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1
4
9
16

squareList = map(square_me, intList)

type(squareList)

map

list(squareList)

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

squareList = map(lambda x: x*x, intList)

list(squareList)

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

Example 2: Filter

evenInts = filter( lambda x : x % 2 == 0, intList )

list(evenInts)

[2, 4, 6, 8]

 Modules and Packages

import math

#square root of a number

[Link](144)

from random import sample

sample( range(0, 11), 3)

[1, 8, 6]

import random
randomList = [Link]( range(0, 100), 20)
randomList

[51, 70, 67, 89, 24, 68, 63, 88, 42, 1, 31, 19, 40, 59, 76, 90, 93, 56,
96, 18]

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96, 18]

from statistics import mean, median

def demo_mean_med( listNum ):

return mean(listNum), median(listNum)

mean, median = demo_mean_med( randomList )

print( "Mean: ", mean, " Median: ", median)

Mean: 57.05 Median: 61.0

 Error and exceptions handling

Errors: the mistakes or faults that cause program to behave unexpectedly

• Syntax error
• Semantic or logical error
• Errors due to exceptional cases

#Syntax error (symptomatic)

#due to violation of language syntax.....immediate termination
name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age < 0 #invalid syntax
print("You have entered a negative age")

#Semantic or logical errors (symptomatic or asymptomatic)

'''due to an improper use of program statements
some / all part of the code will execute with an erroneous output.'''

r = input("Enter the radius of a circle: ")

c = 2 * 3.1415 * r
print("Circumference of the circle: ", c)

num1 = input('Enter first number:')

num2 = input('Enter second number:')
sum = num1 + num2
print('The sum of', num1, 'and', num2, 'is', sum)

#Exceptions: when program is syntactically correct but code resulted in an error due t

num1 = int(input('Enter first number:'))

num2 = int(input('Enter second number:'))
q = num1 / num2
print(num1, '/', num2, '=', q)

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print(num1, '/', num2, '=', q)

#ZeroDivisonError: divison by zero

#occurrence of an Exception - an unexpected event occurred in between execution of the

#trying to access beyond list limits

lst=[1,2,3,4]
print(lst[4])

#trying to convert an inappropriate type

a=int(lst)

#referencing a non-existing variable

print(x)

#mixing data types without type casting

quotient='10'//2

 Other exceptions

NameError: variable not found

AttributeError: attribute reference fails

TypeError: operand doesn’t have correct type

ValueError: operand type okay, but value is illegal

IOError: IO system reports malfunction (e.g. �le not found)

• Exceptions can be handled using a statement.

• The critical operation that can raise an exception is placed inside the clause.
• The code that handles the exceptions is written in the *except *clause.
• We can thus choose what operations to perform once we have the exception.

try:
#statements from which exceptions can rise
except:
#codes to handle the exception

try:
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("a/b = ", a/b)
except:
print("There is some error in the input.")

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print "There is some error in the input."

print("Done")

#Better solution

try:
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("a/b = ", a/b)
except Exception as e:
print("There is some error in the input.")
print(e)
print("Done")

#Exception : keyword generalized for all exceptions.

#Catching specific exceptions

try:
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("a/b = ", a/b)
except ValueError:
print("Could not convert to a number.")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Can't divide by zero")
except:
print("Something went wrong.")
print("Done")

try:
# do something
except ValueError:
# handle ValueError exception
except (TypeError, ZeroDivisionError):
# handle multiple exceptions
# TypeError and ZeroDivisionError
except:
# handle all other exceptions

#Only one will be executed in case an exception occurs

#Throwing an exception explicitly

try:
num = int(input("Enter an even number: "))
if num % 2 != 0:
raise ValueError("That is not a positive number!")
except ValueError as ve:
print(ve)
print('Done')

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# program to print the reciprocal of even numbers

try:
num = int(input("Enter an even number: "))
if num % 2 != 0:
raise Exception()
except:
print("Not an even number!")
else:
reciprocal = 1/num
print(reciprocal)

try:
# statements from which exceptions can rise
except:
# exception handling
else:
# this will execute only if there is no exception raised
finally:
# this will always execute after try and / or catch

def recip(num):
try:
if num % 2 != 0:
raise Exception()
except:
print("Not an even number!")
return
else:
reciprocal = 1/num
print(reciprocal)
finally:
print("finally cleaning")
print("All went smoothly")

Surround section of code potentially dangerous with :.

If the code in works - code in skipped

If the code in fails - execution jumps to block.

If the code in runs smoothly - execution jumps to block.

block always executed after completion of block, block or block.

block - to keep a block of code with the risk of having exceptional cases.

block - to handle the errors / exceptional cases.

block - to clean up.

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