A SEMINAR REPORT ON

“Blockchain in Supply Chain

Management”

SUBMITTED TO THE SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY,

PUNE IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
THE DEGREE
Of

BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
BY
Mhaske Suraj Machhindra 307B047

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF
Prof. S. H. Thengil

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

PUNE VADGAON (BK), PUNE 411041
2025-2026
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar entitled

“Blockchain in Supply Chain

Management”

Submitted by

Mhaske Suraj Machhindra 307B047

Is a bonafide work carried out by him/her under the supervision of Prof. S. H. Thengil
and it is approved for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for TE Information
Technology Engineering 2019 course of Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune in the
academic year 2025-26.
This Seminar report has not been earlier submitted to any other Institute or University
for the award of any degree or diploma.

Prof. S. H. Thengil Dr. S. R. Ganorkar

Internal Guide Head of Department

Department of Information Technology Information Technology

Prof. N. H. Deshpande Dr. S. D. Lokhande

Seminar Co-Ordinator Principal
Department of Information Technology Sinhgad College of Engineering

Date:
Place: Pune
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep gratitude to my seminar guide, Prof. S. H. Thengil, for his
valuable guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this seminar work. I am also
thankful to Dr. S. R. Ganorkar, Head of Department, for providing necessary facilities and
academic support. My sincere thanks to Prof. N. H. Deshpande, Seminar Coordinator, and Dr.
S. D. Lokhande, Principal, Sinhgad College of Engineering, for their constant encouragement.

I am grateful to all faculty members and technical staff of the department for their cooperation.
I also appreciate my friends and classmates for their suggestions and moral support. Finally, I
thank my family for their love, patience, and blessings which always motivate me to do my
best.

Student’s Name & Signature

Mhaske Suraj Machhindra

I
 ABSTRACT

In today's interconnected global economy, supply chains are increasingly vulnerable to a

variety of risks, including natural disasters, geopolitical tensions, cyber threats, and market
fluctuations. Effective Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) is essential for organizations
to identify, assess, and mitigate these risks, ensuring operational continuity and competitive
advantage. This paper explores the critical components of SCRM, including risk assessment
frameworks, mitigation strategies, and the role of technology in enhancing resilience.
Resilience in supply chains refers to the ability to adapt and recover from disruptions while
maintaining service levels and operational efficiency.

Strategies for building resilience encompass diversification of suppliers, strategic inventory

management, and the implementation of agile processes. Additionally, the integration of
advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and Internet of Things (IoT)
can significantly enhance visibility and responsiveness in supply [Link] paper concludes
by underscoring the importance of a proactive approach to SCRM, advocating for continuous
monitoring and adaptive strategies tailored to the unique challenges faced by organizations. As
global supply chains evolve, fostering resilience will be paramount for sustaining growth and
navigating uncertainties in the marketplace

II
 CONTENTS
Acknowledgment I
Abstract II
Index III
List of Tables IV
List of Figures V

Chapter Poin Sub Content Name Page No.

no. t Poin
t
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction to Seminar 1
1.1.1 Motivation 1
1.1.2 Aim and Objective(s) of the work 2
1.1.3 Introduction to Seminar Topic 2
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3
2.1 Literature Survey 3
2.1.1 Review of Related Work 3
2.1.2 Comparative Analysis 4
2.2 Research Gap 5
3 METHODOLOGY 6
3.1 Research Methodology 6
3.2 Blockchain technology in supply chains 7
3.3 Blockchain Architecture for supply chain 8
3.4 Frameworks and platforms 8
3.5 Example Use Case Flow 9
3.6 Data Collection Weused 9
3.7 Descriptive Analysis 10
3.8 Data Preprocessing 11
3.9 System Architecture 12
4 TECHNOLOGY 13
4.1 Interpretation of Findings 13
4.2 Critical Evalution 14
4.3 Real World applicatoin 15
4.4 Future Work 16
5 CONCLUSION 17
6 REFERENCES 19

III
 List of Tables

Sr. No. Table Number Table Name Page No.

1 2.1.2 Comparative Analysis 4
2 3.2 Blockchain Technology in Supply Chains 7

IV
 List of Figures

Sr. No. Figure Number Figure Name Page No.

1 3.1 Research Methodology 6
2 3.4 Framework and Platforms 8
3 3.9 System Arthitecture 12
4 4.3 Real World Application 15

V
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Seminar

The rapid growth of globalization and technological advancements has

transformed traditional supply chain operations into complex and interconnected
networks. Modern supply chains face several challenges such as lack of transparency,
counterfeiting, inefficient record-keeping, and high operational costs. To address
these issues, emerging technologies such as blockchain are being increasingly
explored and adopted.

Blockchain, first introduced through the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, is a

distributed and decentralized ledger technology. Unlike conventional centralized
databases, blockchain enables secure, tamper-proof, and transparent data sharing
across multiple stakeholders. Each transaction is recorded in a block,
cryptographically linked to previous blocks, and validated through consensus
mechanisms. This ensures data integrity and builds trust among participants without
requiring a centralized authority.

In the context of supply chain management, blockchain can significantly

enhance visibility, improve trust, and reduce inefficiencies. By providing real-time,
immutable records of product movement, blockchain enables companies to trace the
origin, authenticity, and status of goods at every stage of the supply chain. This
seminar explores the role of blockchain technology in supply chain management,
analyzing its potential benefits, limitations, and future opportunities.

1.1.1 Motivation

The motivation behind selecting Blockchain in Supply Chain Management as

a seminar topic lies in the pressing challenges faced by industries worldwide.
Traditional supply chains are often plagued with issues such as counterfeit products,
delayed shipments, lack of coordination between stakeholders, and fraud in financial
transactions. For instance, the food and pharmaceutical industries suffer from
counterfeit goods, which not only cause economic losses but also threaten consumer
health and safety.

Blockchain offers a powerful solution to these challenges by enabling

transparent and immutable records of every transaction and movement within the
supply chain. Companies such as IBM, Walmart, and Maersk have already started
implementing blockchain to track goods, reduce delays, and eliminate fraud. Studying
blockchain in supply chain management is thus highly relevant for Information
Technology engineers, as it represents a modern intersection of digital innovation,
business, and real-world problem solving.

1
1.1.2 Aim and Objective(s) of the Work
The aim of this seminar is to explore how blockchain technology can be
effectively integrated into supply chain management systems to enhance efficiency,
transparency, and trust among stakeholders.

The specific objectives of the seminar are:

1. To study the fundamentals of blockchain technology and its key features relevant to
supply chains.
2. To analyze existing challenges in supply chain management and how blockchain can
address them.
3. To review current blockchain-based supply chain solutions and case studies from
leading industries.
4. To evaluate the benefits, limitations, and implementation challenges of blockchain in
supply chains.
5. To identify potential research directions and future applications of blockchain for
secure, efficient, and sustainable supply chain networks.

1.1.3 Introduction to Seminar Topic

Blockchain in supply chain management refers to the integration of distributed
ledger technology into various supply chain processes such as procurement,
manufacturing, logistics, warehousing, and distribution. Each step in the supply chain
can be recorded as a transaction in the blockchain, creating a transparent and
verifiable history of goods.

For example, in the food supply chain, blockchain can track agricultural
produce from the farm to the consumer, ensuring authenticity and safety. In
pharmaceuticals, blockchain can help prevent counterfeit drugs by verifying their
origin and movement across the supply chain. Similarly, in logistics, blockchain can
streamline operations by automating payments and contracts through smart contracts,
reducing paperwork and delays.

The seminar topic highlights not only the technological aspects of blockchain
but also its strategic implications in creating more resilient, transparent, and
sustainable supply chains. By understanding this integration, Information Technology
engineers can contribute to solving some of the most pressing problems in global
commerce and industry.

2
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY OF
Blockchain in Supply Chain Management

2.1 Literature Survey

A literature survey provides an overview of previous studies, research papers,
and industrial implementations that form the foundation of the chosen seminar topic.
In the case of blockchain in supply chain management, several researchers,
technology companies, and organizations have contributed to understanding how
distributed ledger technology can address inefficiencies, enhance transparency, and
improve security in supply chains.

2.1.1 Review of Related Work

1. Crosby et al. (2022) discussed blockchain as a technology beyond cryptocurrency,

highlighting its potential in business applications including supply chains. They
emphasized that blockchain ensures immutability, decentralized control, and
auditability, which are essential for trust-building among stakeholders.
2. Toyoda et al. (2023) proposed a blockchain-based Product Ownership Management
System (POMS) to tackle counterfeiting in post-supply chains. Their work
demonstrated how blockchain can authenticate products and track ownership history
effectively.
3. Saberi et al. (2023) examined the relationship between blockchain and sustainable
supply chain management. Their study concluded that blockchain enhances
traceability and accountability, which are crucial for achieving environmental and
social sustainability goals.
4. IBM and Maersk’s TradeLens project is a real-world industrial application where
blockchain is used to digitize the global shipping supply chain. The platform reduces
paperwork, improves efficiency, and provides transparency to all involved parties
such as exporters, importers, customs, and freight forwarders.
5. Walmart’s blockchain food traceability system, developed in collaboration with
IBM, allows tracking of agricultural products from farm to shelf within seconds. This
system reduces the risk of contaminated food reaching consumers and improves recall
efficiency in case of food safety issues.

3
2.1.2 Comparative Analysis

The table below summarizes some of the existing approaches and their contributions:

Author/Project Focus Area Key Contribution Limitations

Crosby et al. Blockchain Established blockchain beyond Did not provide
(2022) fundamentals cryptocurrency practical SCM examples
Developed blockchain-based
Toyoda et al. Anti- Limited to post-supply
Product Ownership Management
(2023) counterfeiting chain
System (POMS)
Saberi et al. Linked blockchain with sustainable Lacked large-scale case
Sustainability
(2023) SCM practices studies
Adoption challenges
IBM–Maersk Logistics & Improved transparency and
due to competing
TradeLens shipping efficiency in global trade
platforms
Enabled quick tracking of food Scalability and cost
Walmart–IBM Food traceability
supply chain issues
Tab.2.1.2 Comparative Analysis
2.2 Research Gap

The studiesmentioned above focused on the analysis and possibly the

development of various aspects of risk management and disruption in the supply
chain. However, the two most common types of reviews—systematic literature
reviews (SLR) and bibliometric literature reviews (BLR)—naturally have their
advantages and disadvantages. Systematic literature reviews usually work with
several dozen studies that they analyze in depth. Their results are generally narrowly
oriented (Shamseer et al., 2015;Pageet al.,2021).
Development of the SLR is based on a manual review of the content of
selected articles with a given focus. In SLR, researchers usually focus on capturing
latent patterns or common or different features, which usually lead to a better
systematization of the given topic. The purpose of bibliometrically based studies is to
capture the broader scope of the researched area and possibly capture and explain
trends (Cobo et al., 2011). Researchers implementing BLR usually work with a large
number of papers, while their goal is not to examine the internal content of these
papers.
The matically, however, these papers are connected by the fact that a chain of
specific keywords was used to identify them. BLR results most often show the
broader landscape of the researched topic by indicating the development of the
number of papers over time, the most frequented journals, authors, countries, or an

4
overview of research impact measured through the number of citations.
Currently, however, the trend of supplementing bibliometric studies with
additional information of a more profound nature is starting to prevail. Compared to
standard bibliometric information—such as analyzing keywords, co-occurrence of
authors/keywords etc.—space is opened for using progressive machine learning tools
to identify latent patterns in textual data (Han, 2020; Mariani & Baggio, 2021).
According to some studies, machine text analysis is an effective way

5
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Methodology

The seminar is based on a study of academic literature, industry reports, and case
studies related to blockchain in supply chain management. The methodology includes:

1. Literature Review – Analyzing peer-reviewed research papers, IEEE articles, and

industrial case studies.
2. Comparative Study – Evaluating existing blockchain platforms like Hyperledger
Fabric, Ethereum, and TradeLens.
3. Use Case Analysis – Studying blockchain adoption in industries such as food,
pharmaceuticals, and logistics.
4. Critical Evaluation – Identifying strengths, limitations, and areas of improvement in
blockchain supply chain models.

Fig 3.1. Research Methodogy

6
3.2 Blockchain Technology in Supply Chains

Blockchain is a distributed ledger that records transactions across multiple

nodes. Its core features are decentralization, immutability, transparency, and
consensus-based validation. In supply chain management, blockchain enhances end-
to-end traceability of goods and prevents manipulation of records.

Key Features in Supply Chain:

 Immutability: Ensures data cannot be altered once recorded.
 Transparency: All participants can view real-time data.
 Decentralization: Eliminates single-point control and reduces fraud.
 Security: Data is cryptographically secured.
 Smart Contracts: Automate payments and processes when predefined conditions
are met.

Blockchain Technology in Supply Chains – Comparison Table

Aspect Traditional Supply Chains Blockchain-enabled Supply Chains
Limited visibility across
Transparency Full transparency with distributed ledger
stakeholders
Real-time product tracking via IoT +
Traceability Manual, slow, prone to errors
blockchain
Data Integrity Records can be altered or lost Immutable, tamper-proof records
Paperwork-heavy, delays in Automated processes using smart
Efficiency
verification contracts
Fraud & High risk (fake goods, manipulated Strong protection through cryptographic
Counterfeiting data) validation
High operational & reconciliation Reduced intermediaries, but high initial
Cost
costs setup
Relies on intermediaries & manual
Trust Built-in trust among all participants
audits
Scalability Easier to expand but less secure Secure but faces scalability challenges
Manual shipping docs, ERP-based Walmart–IBM Food Trust, Maersk
Examples
tracking TradeLens

Tab. 3.2 Blockchain Technology in Supply Chains

7
3.3 Blockchain Architecture for Supply Chain

The general architecture for blockchain-enabled supply chain systems

includes:

1. Data Layer: Stores all records in a distributed ledger using cryptographic hashing.
2. Network Layer: Ensures peer-to-peer communication among supply chain
stakeholders.
3. Consensus Layer: Validates transactions using consensus algorithms such as Proof of
Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), or Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT).
4. Smart Contract Layer: Automates agreements between buyers, suppliers, and
logistics providers.
5. Application Layer: Provides interfaces for tracking goods, verifying authenticity,
and managing payments.

3.4 Frameworks and Platforms

Several blockchain frameworks are widely adopted in supply chain applications:

 Hyperledger Fabric – Permissioned blockchain suitable for enterprises; supports

modular architecture.
 Ethereum – Public blockchain platform enabling smart contracts for decentralized
applications.
 IBM Food Trust – Specialized blockchain platform for food supply chains ensuring
traceability and safety.
 TradeLens – A blockchain platform developed by IBM and Maersk for global
shipping logistics.

Fig.3.4 Framawork and Platfoms

8
3.5 Example Use Case Flow

Flow Steps

1. Farmer / Producer
o Harvests vegetables/fruits.
o IoT sensors + QR code record product origin, date, and batch ID.
o Data written on Blockchain Ledger.
2. Processor / Manufacturer
o Processes raw goods (e.g., packaging, storage).
o Smart contract verifies compliance (e.g., temperature logs).
o Updates automatically stored on blockchain.
3. Distributor / Logistics
o Goods shipped with IoT-enabled vehicles (GPS, RFID, temperature sensors).
o Real-time location & condition data uploaded to blockchain.
o Any tampering is flagged immediately.
4. Retailer / Supermarket
o Receives verified shipment.
o Blockchain provides proof of authenticity & quality.
o Consumers can scan QR code to view full history.
5. Consumer
o Buys product with full trust (origin, transport conditions, expiry).
o Ensures safety, sustainability, and transparency.

3.6 Data collection Weused

The Scopus database to find relevant sources connected to the topic of interest.
One of the most prestigious scientific databases, the Scopus database, houses a vast
amount of scholarly resources. (Gasparyan & Kitas, 2021; Schotten et al., 2017;
Meneses et al., 2015). The next step was defining the search query. As part of it, we
tried to capture articles that relate to risk in the supply chain and are also related to the
so-called resilience.

We have also defined the term through similar words with these words. We
finally defined the search query as: ( "risk" OR "disrupt*" OR "uncertain*") AND
"supply chain" AND ( "resilien*" OR "risk reduction"). The search criterion was set to
TITLE-ABS-KEY, i.e., we selected those articles where the mentioned query appeared
either in the title of the article or in the abstract or in the keywords of the article.

3.7 Descriptive analysis

Through out our research, we monitored two metrics—research interest and
research impact. We defined research interest as the number of papers that were
produced during the given period. We defined research impact as the number of
citations to papers from the above set. Descriptive analysis included several
procedures that mainly related to the research ques tion RQ1, such as: structuring the
number of published articles from the given area.

9
 The processing the top 10 journals related to of the monitored topic. A 4-year
moving mean was selected because it strikes a balance between capturing long-term
trends and preserving some short-term fluctuations. It is slightly less sensitive to
short- and medium-term trends than the 3-year mean and more sensitive than the 5-
year mean, while still providing some level of smoothness.

In addition, in research questions RQ2andRQ3,we also used frequency tables

to represent the most frequently used words in individual topics. In order to visualize
the results, in addition to standard bar graphs, we also used an intertopic distance map
represented by 2D space using the main components. In order to be able to examine
the relationship between identified topics and individual subject areas, we created
circular layout charts, known by the abbreviation Circos (Krzywinski et al., 2009).

Finally, we monitored changes in the inclusion of articles after 2020 related to

the emergence of the pandemic, i.e. j. transition from general topics to pandemic
topics. We monitored the above using the Sankey diagram.

3.8 Data preprocessing

The entire topic modeling process was implemented in the R programming

language. For this purpose, we used the text mining library (library name: tm) and
SnowballC library. For modeling topics from abstracts of scientific articles using the
latent dirichlet allocation method, the first and necessary step was the creation of a
corpus of abstracts.
Machinepre -processing of the text is carried out for two reasons: to increase
the speed of processing and for more accurate processing. Even if the words are
almost the same, a different prefix or suffix can cause the Forth isreason,wefirstly
performed so-called basic text cleaning. Basic text cleaning included several
procedures.
We performed the following procedures. As a first step, we retyped all letters
to lowercase. The reason for performing the lowercase was the consistency of the text
corpus. Since the computer evaluates letters according to a character table (e.g.
ASCII), each letter has its own code.

10
 An uppercase letter of the same character has a different code than a lowercase
letter of the same character. It means that even if it is the same letter for a human, for
computer processing the lowercase and uppercase letters are two different characters
(different codes). Therefore, to avoid the inconsistency of the results, we performed
lowercase.

If we did not perform the lowercase procedure, it could happen that two words
that consist of the same letters and mean the same thing could be evaluated by the
computer as two separate terms, for example because one of the words would be
capitalized or would be at the beginning of a sentence. This fact could affect the
accuracy of the results of the LDA procedure. Therefore, we decided to perform the
lowercase procedure.

11
3.9 System Architecture

Fig 3.9. System Architecture

12
 CHAPTER 4
INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Interpretation of Findings

The literature review and case studies analyzed in this seminar highlight that
blockchain technology significantly improves traceability, transparency, and
efficiency in supply chain management. By using distributed ledgers, stakeholders are
able to access real-time, immutable records of product movements, which reduces
fraud, counterfeiting, and information asymmetry.

Studies demonstrate that blockchain enhances efficiency by reducing

paperwork and delays through automation with smart contracts. For example, IBM
and Maersk’s TradeLens platform reduced shipping documentation time by more than
50%, while Walmart’s blockchain-based food tracking reduced traceability time from
several days to a few seconds. These results indicate that blockchain provides
measurable improvements in performance, trust, and responsiveness across
supply chains.

 Improved Transparency & Trust:

Blockchain ensures that all participants in the supply chain have access to the
same, tamper-proof records. This reduces disputes and builds trust among
stakeholders.

 Enhanced Traceability:

Case studies such as Walmart and IBM Food Trust demonstrated how
blockchain enables real-time tracking of goods, improving food safety and reducing
risks of counterfeit products.

 Operational Efficiency:

By integrating smart contracts and IoT devices, blockchain reduces

paperwork, speeds up payments, and minimizes manual errors, leading to cost savings
and faster deliveries.

 Security & Immutability:

The cryptographic foundation of blockchain prevents data manipulation and

fraud, which are major issues in traditional supply chains.

13
4.2 Critical Evaluation

Strengths

1. Transparency & Trust – All stakeholders share a single source of truth, eliminating
disputes.
2. Immutability – Once data is recorded, it cannot be altered, preventing fraud.
3. Efficiency Gains – Automated processes reduce paperwork and manual verification.
4. Traceability – End-to-end visibility allows quick identification of product origin and
movement.
5. Security – Blockchain uses cryptographic techniques to secure sensitive supply chain
data.

Limitations
1. Scalability Issues – Current blockchain platforms struggle with handling large
transaction volumes.
2. Interoperability – Lack of standardization across different blockchain networks
limits collaboration.
3. Energy Consumption – Some consensus mechanisms (e.g., Proof of Work) are
resource-intensive.
4. Regulatory Uncertainty – Clear government regulations and legal frameworks are
still evolving.
5. High Initial Costs – Implementation requires investment in technology and
stakeholder training.

4.3 Real-World Applications

1. Food Industry – Ensures food safety and authenticity (e.g., Walmart–IBM

blockchain traceability).
2. Pharmaceuticals – Prevents counterfeit drugs by verifying origin and tracking
distribution.
3. Logistics & Shipping – Platforms like TradeLens streamline documentation, customs
clearance, and container tracking.
4. Retail & E-commerce – Provides transparency to consumers by tracing the origin of
goods.
5. Sustainability Tracking – Verifies compliance with environmental and social
responsibility standards.

14
Fig 4.3. Real-World Applications

15
4.4 Future Work

While blockchain adoption in supply chains shows promise, several areas require
further research and development:

1. Scalable Architectures – Development of lightweight consensus mechanisms

suitable for high-volume supply chains.
2. Integration with IoT & AI – Combining blockchain with Internet of Things (IoT)
sensors for automated real-time tracking, and AI for predictive supply chain analytics.
3. Interoperability Standards – Creating protocols that allow seamless communication
between different blockchain platforms.
4. Regulatory Frameworks – Designing legal and compliance structures for blockchain
adoption in international trade.
5. Cost Reduction Strategies – Making blockchain solutions affordable for small and
medium enterprises (SMEs).

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

Conclusion

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative tool for addressing

long-standing challenges in supply chain management. By leveraging its core features
such as decentralization, immutability, transparency, and security, blockchain
provides solutions to problems like fraud, counterfeiting, and lack of traceability.
Through smart contracts and distributed ledgers, blockchain enables real-time
visibility of goods, improves trust among stakeholders, and reduces administrative
inefficiencies.

The case studies analyzed — including IBM–Maersk’s TradeLens for logistics

and Walmart–IBM Food Trust for food safety — demonstrate measurable
improvements in supply chain efficiency, accuracy, and consumer confidence. These
implementations show that blockchain can reduce transaction times, minimize fraud,
and enhance compliance across industries.

However, despite its potential, blockchain adoption in supply chains is still at

an early stage. Challenges such as scalability, interoperability between blockchain
platforms, regulatory uncertainty, and high implementation costs must be addressed to
achieve widespread adoption.

In conclusion, blockchain has the capacity to revolutionize global supply

chains by ensuring transparency, security, and sustainability. With continued research,
standardization, and integration with technologies like IoT and Artificial Intelligence,
blockchain-based supply chain solutions will play a crucial role in shaping the future
of commerce and industry.

17
 CHAPTER 6
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