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Comprehensive Guide to Projection Techniques

The document outlines various guidelines and specifications related to a project, detailing different aspects such as measurements, materials, and methodologies. It emphasizes the importance of adhering to specific standards and provides examples of acceptable practices. Additionally, it includes references to data and calculations necessary for implementation.

Uploaded by

Zero
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views31 pages

Comprehensive Guide to Projection Techniques

The document outlines various guidelines and specifications related to a project, detailing different aspects such as measurements, materials, and methodologies. It emphasizes the importance of adhering to specific standards and provides examples of acceptable practices. Additionally, it includes references to data and calculations necessary for implementation.

Uploaded by

Zero
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Zj m¤cÖmviY
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8| GKwU wcÖRg Gi cÖvšÍ 3†mwg evûwewkó mylg lofzR Ges j¤^v avi¸‡jvi ˆ`N©¨ 8†mwg| wcÖRg& Gi AvB‡mv‡gwUªK WªBs AvuK†Z n‡e|
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10| GKwU wcÖRg Gi cÖvšÍ 3†mwg evûwewkó mylg cÂfzR Ges j¤^v avi¸‡jvi ˆ`N©¨ 8†mwg| wcÖRg& Gi mgvb †KŠwYK Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
11| GKwU wcivwgW Gi cÖvšZ 3†mwg evûwewkó mylg cÂfzR Ges D”PZv 8†mwg| wcivwgW Gi mgvb †KŠwYK Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
12| 5†mwg e¨vmwewkó GKwU e„‡Ëi mgvb †KŠwYK Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
13| GKwU ¯Í¤¢‡Ki cÖv‡šÍi e¨vm 4†mwg Ges ˆ`N©¨ 7†mwg| ¯Í¤¢‡Ki mgvb †KŠwYK Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
14| GKwU †gvP‡Ki f‚wgi e¨vm 4†mwg Ges D”PZv 7†mwg| ‡gvP‡Ki mgvb †KŠwYK Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Awf‡¶c
1| Ea©Zj †_‡K 1© © `~‡i Ges f~Zj †_‡K 2© © Dc‡i Aew¯’Z GKwU we›`yi m¤§yL `„k¨ I Dci `„k¨ AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| 2© © j¤^v GKwU mij‡iLv Ea©Z‡ji 0.5© © mvg‡b Ges f~Z‡ji 1© © Dc‡i Dfq Z‡ji mv‡_ mgvšÍivj| †iLvwUi Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
3| 2© © j¤^v GKwU mij‡iLv Ea©Z‡ji 0.5© © mvg‡b Ges f~Z‡ji 1© © Dc‡i f~Z‡ji mv‡_ mgvšÍivj Ges Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Av‡Q| †iLvwUi Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
4| 2© © j¤^v GKwU mij‡iLv Ea©Zj †_‡K 1© © `~‡i f~Z‡j j¤^fv‡e `vuwo‡q Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
5| 2© © j¤^v GKwU mij‡iLv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 †KvY K‡i Ea©Zj †_‡K 0.5© © `~‡i f~Z‡j kvwqZ| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
6| 5†mwg GKwU mij‡iLv Ea©Zj †_‡K 1†mwg `~‡i Ea©Z‡ji mgvšÍivj †_‡K f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 †n‡j Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
7| 6†mwg ‰`‡N©¨i GKwU mij‡iLv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 Ges f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 400 †Kv‡Y †n‡j Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
8| 100wgwg GKwU mij‡iLvi GK cÖvšÍ f~Zj †_‡K 50 wgwg Dc‡i Ges Ea©Z‡ji 20 wgwg mvg‡b | †iLvi Aci cÖvšÍ Ea©Zj †_‡K 60 wgwg `~‡i f~Z‡j msjMœ| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
9| 3†mwg aviwewkó GKwU eM©vKvi cvZ `yBwU avi Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ mgvšÍivj †i‡L f~wg‡Z †kvq‡bv Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
10| 3†mwg aviwewkó GKwU eM©vKvi cvZ f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y Ges GKwU KY© Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e †i‡L GKwU †KvYi Dci fi K‡i Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
11| 3†mwg aviwewkó GKwU eM©vKvi cvZ Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †KvY K‡i GKwU †Kv‡Yi Dci j¤^fv‡e `vuwo‡q Av‡Q| cv‡Zi GKwU KY© f~Z‡ji mgvšÍivj| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
12| 3†mwg aviwewkó GKwU mylg lofyR cvZ GKwU wKbvivi Dci Ggbfv‡e `vuwo‡q Av‡Q †h, Zvi `ywU mgvšÍivj wKbviv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Ges cv‡Zi ZjwU f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 400 †KvY K‡i Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AuvK|
13| 3 †mwg aviwewkó GKwU mylg lofyR cvZ GKwU wKbvivi Dci Ggbfv‡e `vuwo‡q Av‡Q †h, Zvi `ywU mgvšÍivj wKbviv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ mgvšÍivj Ges cv‡Zi ZjwU f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 400 †KvY K‡i| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
14| 3 †mwg aviwewkó GKwU mylg lofyR cvZ GKwU †Kv‡Yi Dci Ggbfv‡e `vuwo‡q Av‡Q †h, Zvi `ywU mgvšÍivj wKbviv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ mgvšÍivj Ges cv‡Zi ZjwU f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 400 †KvY K‡i Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AuvK|
15| 4 †mwg e¨vmwewkó GKwU e„‡Ëi Zj f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y Ges Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y †njv‡bv Av‡Q| e„‡Ëi Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
16| 3 †mwg aviwewkó GKwU NbK Zvi f~wg f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y Ges `ywU LvovZj Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y GKwU av‡ii Dci Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
17| GKwU w·KvY wcÖR&g& cÖv‡šÍi GKwU av‡ii Dci fi K‡i Av‡Q| wÎfz‡Ri evû¸‡jv 3 †mwg j¤^v ; j¤^v avi¸‡jv 6 †mwg Ges Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y Aew¯’Z| wcÖR&g& Gi wbgœZjwU f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y AebZ|
Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
18| 25 wgwg evû &Ges 80wgwg j¤^v avi wewkó GKwU mylg cÂfzR wcÖR&g& Zvi j¤^v avi¸‡jv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y †i‡L GKwU AvqZZ‡ji Dci †kvqv‡bv Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
19| 6†mwg D”P GKwU eM© wcivwg‡Wi eM©Z‡ji avi¸‡jv 3 †mwg j¤^v| wcivwg‡Wi f‚wg f‚Z‡ji mv‡_ 600 Ges wcivwg‡Wi Lvov Aÿ‡iLvwU Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †KvY K‡i GKwU wKbvivi Dci fi K‡i wcivwgWwU `vuwo‡q
Av‡Q Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
20| 25 wgwg evûwewkó GKwU mylg cÂfzR wcÖR‡& gi j¤^v avi¸‡jv 60 wgwg| wcÖR&gwU cÖv‡šÍi GKwU †Kv‡Yi Dci Ggbfv‡e fi K‡i Av‡Q †h, Gi j¤^v avi¸‡jv f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 400 Ges Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 †KvY K‡i
Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AvuK‡Z n‡e|
21| 7 †mwg j¤^v GKwU mylg lofzR wcÖR‡& gi lofy‡Ri avi¸‡jv 3 †mwg j¤^v, Gi f‚wg f‚Z‡ji mv‡_ 600 †Kv‡Y Ges j¤^v Aÿ Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y †_‡K GKwU wKbvivi Dci fi K‡i Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
22| 7 †mwg D”PZv Ges 4 †mwg e¨v‡mi f~wgwewkó GKwU †gvPK Zvi f‚wg f‚Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y †i‡L †n‡j Av‡Q Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Group-Kha - Projection
1| Ea©Zj †_‡K 1© © `~‡i Ges f~Zj †_‡K 2© © Dc‡i Aew¯’Z GKwU we›`yi m¤§yL `„k¨ I Dci
`„k¨ AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|

P’
2”

x y
1”

P
2”

A’ B’
1”

x y
0.5”

A B

2”
3. Project a 2″ straight line in front of 0.5″ to V.P. up to 1″ and
parallel with H.P and perpendicularly with V.P.

A’B’
1”

x y
0.5”

X’ Y’
A
2”

B
4|. Project a 2″ straight line 1″ far off stand by vertically
on ground
A
2”

B y
x
1”

A’B’
5. Project a 2″ straight line at 300 to the V.P. 0.5″ far
off V.P. lying on ground.

A’ B’
x y
0.5”

A
300

B
6. Project a 5cm straight line 5cm far off V.P. parallel to V.P.
inclined to the H.P. at 300.

x 300 y
1cm

A’ B’
7| 6 †mwg ‰`‡N©¨i GKwU mij‡iLv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 Ges f~Z‡ji mv‡_
400 †Kv‡Y †n‡j Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki|
B2 B

A 400 y
x B1
x y
A’ 300

B3 B’
8. Project a 100mm straight line its one edge 50mm up to H.P. & 20mm front of
V.P. Other edge of the line 60mm fix off to V.P.

A
50 mm

x y
B3 B
20 mm

A B1
60 mm

B2
9. Project a 3cm square lamina its two edge lying
parallel on the ground.

A’B’ 2 C’D’
X Y
A D
X Y

1
3 cm

B
C
10. Project a 3cm square lamina inclined to the H.P. 450 and its one
diagonal perpendicularly resting at one angle with the V.P.

D’

A’C’
3

2
A’C’ D’ 450
X B’ B’ Y

A A’
X Y

1 4
B D B’ D’

C’
C
11. Project a 3cm square lamina inclined to the V.P. 450 perpendicularly resting on
one angle. A diagonal of its parallel of H.P.
A A’

1 B’ 4
D D’
B

450
X Y
C C’

X Y
B’ A’C’ D B’
2 ’
A’C’
3
D’
12| 3 †mwg aviwewkó GKwU mylg lofyR cvZ GKwU wKbvivi Dci Ggbfv‡e `vuwo‡q Av‡Q †h, Zvi `ywU
mgvšÍivj wKbviv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Ges cv‡Zi ZjwU f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 400 †KvY K‡i Av‡Q|
Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e| E’F’

A’D’
3
2

A’D’
B’C’ E’F’ B’C’ 400
X Y
A A
X Y

B F
B F
3cm

E
E
C
C

D D
13| 3 †mwg aviwewkó GKwU mylg lofyR cvZ GKwU wKbvivi Dci Ggbfv‡e `vuwo‡q Av‡Q †h, Zvi `ywU
mgvšÍivj wKbviv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ mgvšÍivj Ges cv‡Zi ZjwU f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 400 †KvY K‡i Av‡Q|
Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e| E’F’ E’ F’

3 A’D’ D’
6
A’

2
A’D’
B’C’ E’F’ B’C’ 400
X Y
C’ B’
A A C
X B Y

B F
B F

D
5 A
3cm

4
E
E F
C E
C

D
D
14| 3 †mwg aviwewkó GKwU mylg lofyR cvZ GKwU †Kv‡Yi Dci Ggbfv‡e `vuwo‡q Av‡Q †h, Zvi `ywU
mgvšÍivj wKbviv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ mgvšÍivj Ges cv‡Zi ZjwU f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 400 †KvY K‡i Av‡Q|
Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|

3
2
A’ B’F’ C’E’
D’ 400
X Y

B C B C
X Y

A D A 4 D

F E
F E

3cm
15| 5 †mwg e¨vmwewkó GKwU e„‡Ëi Zj f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y Ges Ea©Z‡ji
mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y †njv‡bv Av‡Q| e„‡Ëi Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3’
3’
2’4’ 2’
4’
3
1 6
1’5’
2 5’
6’8’
7’ 6’8’ 1’5’ 2’4’ 3’
450
8 6’
X 7’ Y
1 ’0 7
X 1’ 30 3’ Y
8 2 8’ 2’ 2’
1’
4’
4 cm

1
7 3 3’ 8’
7’ 5
4
7’ 5’
6 4 6’ 4’ 6’
5 5’
16| 3 †mwg aviwewkó GKwU NbK Zvi f~wg f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y Ges `ywU
LvovZj Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y GKwU av‡ii Dci Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Awf‡¶c
AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
D C
B C
AB CD
A B
3 6 D' A D
2 C'

A‘B' C'D'
X Y B’
B C' A' B' C’
B' C Y
X
BB' CC' NbK
1
4 D’
A’
AA' DD' 5

A A' D D'
3cm
17| GKwU w·KvY wcÖRg& & cÖv‡šÍi GKwU av‡ii Dci fi K‡i Av‡Q| wÎfz‡Ri evû¸‡jv 3 †mwg
j¤^v ; wcÖR&g& Gi wbgœZjwU f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 600 †Kv‡Y AebZ| j¤^v avi¸‡jv 6 †mwg Ges
Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y Aew¯’Z| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|

w·KvY wcÖRg
NbK AvqZvKvi wcÖRg

wmwjÛvi/¯Í¤¢K
wcivwgW

†gvPK
17| GKwU w·KvY wcÖR&g& cÖv‡šÍi GKwU av‡ii Dci fi K‡i Av‡Q| wÎfz‡Ri evû¸‡jv 3 †mwg j¤^v ; wcÖRg& & Gi wbgœZjwU f~Z‡ji
mv‡_ 600 †Kv‡Y AebZ| j¤^v avi¸‡jv 6 †mwg Ges Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y Aew¯’Z| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|

C’ A’B’
w·KvY wcÖRg C’ C’

6 cm
6
3 A’B’ B’ A’
2 C C

600
X AB AB B A Y
C
A A’ A
X Y
AA’ 450
3 cm

C’
CC’ 5
1 4
B

BB’ B B’
A’
C’

B’
18| 8 †mwg j¤^v Ges 3 †mwg evûwewkó GKwU mylg cÂfzR wcÖR&g& Zvi j¤^v avi¸‡jv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 300
†Kv‡Y †i‡L GKwU AvqZZ‡ji Dci †kvqv‡bv Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
BB’ B B’

4
AA’ CC’ A C’
1 C A’
C

X Y
EE’ DD’ E D E’ D’
A E B D C C
X Y
D
B

E
8 cm

A 3
C’
2
D’

B’
E’
A’
A’ E’ B’ D’ C’
19| 6 †mwg D”P GKwU eM© wcivwg‡Wi eM©Z‡ji avi¸‡jv 3 †mwg j¤^v| wcivwg‡Wi f‚wg f‚Z‡ji
mv‡_ 600 Ges wcivwg‡Wi Lvov Aÿ‡iLvwU Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †KvY K‡i GKwU wKbvivi
Dci fi K‡i wcivwgWwU `vuwo‡q Av‡Q | Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
O’

C 6 cm 2
B D 3 6
A’B’ C’D’ 600
X Y
A

eM© wcivwgW X
B C B C
450
Y
3 cm

O 4
1
A
D A D
5
20| 25 wgwg evûwewkó GKwU mylg cÂfzR wcÖR&‡gi j¤^v avi¸‡jv 60 wgwg| wcÖR&gwU cÖv‡šÍi GKwU †Kv‡Yi Dci Ggbfv‡e fi
K‡i Av‡Q †h, Gi j¤^v avi¸‡jv f~Z‡ji mv‡_ 400 Ges Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 300 †KvY K‡i Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AvuK‡Z
n‡e|
A’ B’
A’B’
C’E’
A’B’ D’
C’E’ C’
E’
D’
2
60mm

2
AB
A
B 6
E C
CE 400
X Y
CE D D D
AB

C’ B C
X CC’ C
B 300 Y
BB’ B’
25mm

1 4 A
DD’
s

D D’ 5 B’ C’
A’ D
AA’ A
E
EE’ E E’ A’
D’

E’
21| 7 †mwg j¤^v GKwU mylg lofzR wcÖR&‡gi lofy‡Ri
0
avi¸‡jv 3 †mwg j¤^v, Gi f‚wg f‚Z‡ji mv‡_ 60 †Kv‡Y
Ges j¤^v Aÿ Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y †_‡K GKwU
wKbvivi Dci fi K‡i Av‡Q| Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
A’B’ C’F’ D’E’

A’B’ A’ B’

C’F’ F’ C’
7cm

D’E’ D’
B E’
AB
A

CF F C
60o
X Y
AB CF DE DE E D

X CC’ C D C B C
Y
B’ ’ 45o
BB’ DD’ D’
B
A
3cm

D
E’
EE’ F
AA’ A E A’ E
FF’ F F’
B’ C’
A’
D’

F’
E’
22| 7 †mwg D”PZv Ges 4 †mwg e¨v‡mi f~wgwewkó GKwU †gvPK Zvi f‚wg
f‚Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y †i‡L †n‡j Av‡Q Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|

7cm

†gvPK
4 cm
O’
O’ O’
7cm

6
7’
2 3 8’
6’
1’

5’ 2’
X 2’4’ 4’ Y
7’ 6’8’ 1’5’ 2’4’ 3’ 3’ 3’
1 1’ 8’ 1’ Y
X 8’
8 2
2’
2’
7’
4
3
4 cm

7 3’
O 7’ O’ 5
1 6’
3’
6 4 6’ 4’ 5’
5 5’ 4’ O’
22| 7 †mwg D”PZv Ges 4 †mwg e¨v‡mi f~wgwewkó GKwU †gvPK Zvi
f‚wg f‚Z‡ji mv‡_ 450 †Kv‡Y Ges Lvov Aÿ‡iLv Ea©Z‡ji mv‡_
300 †Kv‡Y †n‡j Av‡Q Awf‡¶c AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
O’ O’ O’
7cm

6
7’
2 3 8’
6’
1’
5’
2’
4’
X 2’4’ Y
7’ 6’8’ 1’5’ 2’4’ 3’ 3’ 3’
1 1’ 8’ 1’ Y
X 8’
8 2 2’
2’
7’
4
3
4 cm

7 3’
7’ O’ 5
1 6’
3’
6 4 6’ 5’
5 5’ 4’ 4’ O’

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