1.

Number Systems
Common Number Systems
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)

Et
c.
 Binary to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right
Add the results
 Example
Bit
“0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1 1
x 21 = 2 0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8 0 x 24 =
0 1 x 25 = 32
4310
 Octal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right
Add the results
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4 2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448 46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is
the “weight” of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right
Add the results
 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12 B

x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176 A x 162 = 10 x
256 = 2560
274810
 Decimal to Binary
Technique
Divide by two, keep track of the
remainder
First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-
significant bit)
Second remainder is bit 1
Etc.
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125 62
1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 0 1

12510 = 11111012
 Example

15
610

100111002
 Octal to Binary
Technique
Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5
111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary
Technique
Convert each hexadecimal digit to a
4-bit equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F
0001 0000 1010
1111

10AF16 =
00010000101011112
 Decimal to Octal
Technique
Divide by 8
Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Divide by 16
Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
 Binary to Octal
Technique
Group bits in threes, starting on right
Convert to octal digits
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal
Technique
Group bits in fours, starting on right
Convert to hexadecimal digits
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011
1. B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
 Octal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6
001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
 Hexadecimal to Octal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C
0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
Exercise – Convert ...

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calculator!
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answer er
Exercise – Convert …
Answer
 Fractions
Decimal to decimal

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04 1 x 10-1

= 0.1 3 x 100 = 3
3.14

pp.
46-50
 Fractions
Binary to decimal

10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625

1 x 2-3 = 0.125 0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5 0 x 20 =
0.0 1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875

pp.
46-50
 Fractions
Decimal to binary .14579x
20.29158
3.1457 x 2
0.58316x
9 2
1.16632x
2
0.33264x
2
0.66528x
2
1.33056
etc.
11.001001...
p. 50
Exercise – Convert ...

Don’t use a
calculator!
Skip Answ
answer er
Exercise – Convert …
Answer
 Answer

Exercise –
Convert …

0.8*2=1.6 1
0.6*2=1.2 1
0.2*2=0.4 0
0.4*2=0.8 0
 Answer

Exercise –
Convert …

.1101
=1*2-1+ 1*2-2+ 0*2-3+ 1*2-4
= 0.5+0.25+0+0.125

=0.8125
 Answer

Exercise –
Convert …

.07
=0*8-1+ 7*8-2
= 0+0.109375

=0.109375
 Answer

Exercise –
Convert …

.82
=8*16-1+ 2*16-2
= 0.5+0.078125

=0.5078125
Common Powers (1 of 2)
Base 10
Common Powers (2 of 2)
Base 2
Review – multiplying powers
For common bases, add powers

ab × ac = ab+c

26 × 210 = 216 = 65,536

or…
26 × 210 = 64 × 210 = 64k
Binary Addition (1 of 2)
Two 1-bit values

“two
”
pp.
36-38
Binary Addition (2 of 2)
Two n-bit values
Add individual bits
Propagate carries
E.g.,

1 1
10101 21+
11001 + 25
101110 46
 Multiplication (1 of 3)
Decimal

35x
105
175 000
35 3675

pp. 39
 Multiplication (2 of 3)
Binary, two 1-bit values
 Multiplication (3 of 3)
Binary, two n-bit values
As with decimal values
E.g.,
1110 x 1011
1110 1110
0000 1110
10011010
Thank you