ASSIGNMENT II

SOLUTIONS

 Q          Q  

éJ» @ ƒ@ , éK Qk , è Ygð ; è YË Ag éËAƒP H@ X , è Yg @ð éJK AK ¯ éÓ @

May 9, 2025
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

§1 Newton’s Laws and Friction

Problem 1.1:
Assume a rough semicircle of radius 10 meters, and a block with mass 10 kg. If you know that
µ = 0.6 between the block and the plane of the semicircle, determine between which two points on
the surface of the semi circle the block ,when placed between those two points, lies still without
moving. Assuming the bottom of the semi-circle is the origin point of the plane, give your answer
in cartesian format.

Solution
Let’s first consider a simpler version of the problem. Given a rough inclined plane with an angle of θ, we
determine which values of θ allow an object of mass m to remain stationary on the plane.
We know that the two components of gravity acting on the object are:

N = mg cos(θ)

Fx = mg sin(θ)
For the object to remain at rest, the force component along the incline must be balanced by the static
friction force:
fs = N µ = µmg cos(θ)
Setting this equal to Fx , we get:
µmg cos(θ) = mg sin(θ)
Dividing both sides by mg:
µ cos(θ) = sin(θ)
Rearranging:
tan(θ) = µ
Solving for θ:
θ = arctan(µ)
Thus, for the object to remain stationary, we require:

θ ≤ arctan(µ)

Returning to our original problem, we know that for any plane, the angle must satisfy:

θ ≤ arctan(0.6)

Approximating:
θ ≤ 30.9◦

Now, we consider the semi-circular plane. To analyze this, we approximate it as a straight inclined plane
by taking the tangent at the point where the object is located. The inclination angle θ of this hypothetical
plane varies as the object moves along the semi-circle.

1
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

We use geometric constructions to further simplify the problem. Given the semicircle of radius r = 10, we
determine the required lengths:
- Using trigonometric laws, we find:

F C = r tan(θ/2) = 10 tan(θ/2)

- The vertical and horizontal components:

CH = 10 tan(θ/2) sin(θ)

HF = 10 tan(θ/2) cos(θ)
- Additionally, we have:
CF = EF = 10 tan(θ/2)

Substituting the maximum angle θ = 30.9◦ , we compute:

CF = EF = 2.76, CH = 1.42, HF = 2.37

Thus, the coordinates of point C are:

(5.13, 1.42)

Any point to the left of C will keep the object stationary. The same applies symmetrically to the negative
side of the semicircle. Therefore, we conclude that if the object is placed within the region:

(−5.13, 1.42) ≤ (x, y) ≤ (5.13, 1.42)

it will not move.

2
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Problem 1.2:
When Omar Helmy saw that his tests are in exactly 3 months, he booked a 1 week vacation in
Gamsa. Sadly, he couldn’t teleport there, so he had to go by train. On his way, Omar wanted to
check how accurate google maps’ speedometer was.

Thus, he hanged a ball from the roof of the train using a massless string and left it until it was
under no influence from any force except the train’s movement.

In a 10 second interval when the train was only speeding up (and not braking) with a constant
acceleration, Omar read the angle the ball made with the normal using a protractor every 2 seconds
and named them θ1 , θ2 , . . .θ6 . He then calculated the average of these angles and found it to be x.

He also logged the velocity of the train once at the start of the interval and again at its end, and
used the following equation to calculate the average acceleration.
v2 − v1 km
=3
10 hour · second
From the value of x, Omar deduced that the train was indeed traveling with an acceleration of 3 km
h·s
.

Explain how Omar did so, then find the value of x.

Solution
Omar deduced the acceleration of the train by using a pendulum (the ball hanging by a massless string) in
the non-inertial frame of the accelerating train. When the train accelerates, the ball reaches an equilibrium
position where the tension in the string balances both the gravitational force and the pseudo-force due to
the train’s acceleration.
In the accelerating frame, two forces act on the ball:
• Gravitational force: mg acting vertically downward.
• Pseudo-force: ma acting horizontally (opposite to the train’s acceleration).
The string makes an angle x with the vertical such that its tension T provides components:

T cos x = mg and T sin x = ma.

Dividing the second equation by the first, we get:

a
tan x = .
g

Omar logged the change in velocity over a 10-second interval and used:
v2 − v1 km
=3 .
10 h·s
This means the acceleration a is:
km
a=3 .
h·s
We need to convert this to SI units. Knowing that:
km 5 m
1 = ,
h 18 s
3
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

we have:
5 m 15 m 5m m
a=3× = = ≈ 0.8333 2 .
18 s2 18 s2 6s 2 s
Using the equilibrium relation:
a
tan x = ,
g
and taking g ≈ 9.8 sm2 , we substitute:
5
0.8333
tan x = 6
≈ ≈ 0.085.
9.8 9.8
Taking the inverse tangent, we find:

x = tan−1 (0.085) ≈ 4.87◦ .

By averaging the six measured angles θ1 , θ2 , . . . , θ6 to obtain x, and using the relation
a
tan x = ,
g
Omar confirmed that the train’s acceleration was
m km
!
a ≈ 0.8333 2 3 ,
s h·s

with the corresponding equilibrium angle:

x ≈ 4.87◦ .

Problem 1.3:
Kratos challenged Atreus to prove his archery skills in a divine test. Kratos released a deer at the
top of a steep hill, and it started sliding down. Atreus, standing at a distance, must shoot an arrow
to hit the deer while it is in motion.
The hill has a height of h = 7m and a base of b = 10m, forming a right-angled slope. The deer
has a mass of m = 2kg and starts sliding down from the top of the hill with an initial velocity of 0
m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the deer and the slope is µk = 0.25, and the force of
gravity is g = 9.8m/s2 .
Atreus is positioned at the bottom of the hill (15m away from the base of the slope) and must fire
an arrow with an initial velocity of v0 = 18m/s at the right angle to hit the target. The deer takes
1.8s to reach its new position.

Show that Atreus is skilled enough to calculate the correct angle to shoot his arrow so
that it reaches the deer at the exact moment it arrives at its new position.

Solution
Due to some wrong calculations, 1.8 will not give any valid solution
GOOD BOY, anyway

4
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Problem 1.4:
Kareem Alaa with his super man-like powers approaches the surface of Mysra’s world, one of the
moons of the planet of Men. If an upward thrust of 48090.861 N is supplied by the Kareem Alaa’s
thrust-like powers, Kareem descends with constant speed. Mysra’s world has no atmosphere. If
the upward thrust of Kareem is 22000 N, the craft accelerates downward at 3.743473 m/s2 (Don’t
round). (a) What is the weight of Kareem in the vicinity of Mysra’s world’s surface? (b) What is
the mass of the craft? (c) What is the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of Mysra’s world?

Solution
(a) If Kareem descends with constant speed then net force is zero, so thrust super power balances weight.
The weight is then 48090.861 N. (b) If the thrust is 22000 N the net force is 22000N − 48090.861N =
26090.861N . The mass is then

F −26090.861
m= = = 6969.69kg.
a −3.743473
(c) The acceleration due to gravity is

W 48090.861N
g= = = 6.9m/s2
m 6969.69kg

Problem 1.5:
Three blocks of masses m1 = 2.00 kg, m2 = 3.00 kg, and m3 = 4.00 kg are placed in contact with
one another on a frictional incline at an angle θ = 30. A force F = 18.0 N is applied upward
parallel to the incline on m1 . The coefficient of kinetic friction between each block and the surface
is µk = 0.01. Determine The acceleration of the system and the net force applied on each mass.

Solution
By applying Newton’s Second Law to the entire system:

F − (m1 + m2 + m3 )g sin θ + µk (m1 + m2 + m3 )g cos θ = (m1 + m2 + m3 )a

Solving for a:

F − (m1 + m2 + m3 )g sin θ + µk (m1 + m2 + m3 )g cos θ

a= = −2.81m/s2
m1 + m2 + m3

For each block, the net force equals: -

Fnet,i = mi a
F1 = 2 × −2.81 = −5.62N

5
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

F2 = 3 × −2.81 = −8.43N
F3 = 4 × −2.81 = −11.24N

§2 Circular Motion

Problem 2.1:
Ahmed Ali wanted to mess around a bit, so Shehab and El-Sherbiny decided to have some fun with
him. They tied him to the end of a rope fixed at the center of a circular platform with a radius of
20 meters. Shehab then started spinning Ahmed Ali by applying a tangential force of 114 N while
he was initially at rest. If Ahmed Ali has a mass of 49 kg and the maximum tension the rope can
withstand is 200 N, after how much time will the rope snap?

Solution
Firstly, we calculate the tangential acceleration:

FT 114
aT = =
m 49
mv 2
We know that the centripetal force is r
, so the velocity when the rope is cut will be:
s
mv 2 rFc
Fc = ⇒v=
r m

The maximum velocity will be:

s s √
rFc 20 × 200 20 10
v= = = m/s
m 49 7

We can calculate the time the rope will get cut using SUVAT:

√ √ √
20 10 114t 20 10
× 49 70 10
v = u + at ⇒ = ⇒t= 7
= = 3.88 s
7 49 114 57

6
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Problem 2.2:
Belal Lotfy is famous for his love of the yo-yo. One day, Mohamed Gouda met him and saw him
playing with the yo-yo. Gouda asked if he could ask a question about the yo-yo’s circular motion
system. So, Belal twirls a yo-yo in a horizontal circle above his head. The yo-yo has a mass of 0.200
kg and is attached to a string of length 0.800 m.

Part A
Instead of moving at a constant speed, the yo-yo is initially twirled once every second but grad-
ually speeds up at a constant rate of 0.500 rev/s2 .
1. Determine the tension in the string at the instant the yo-yo is twirling at one revolution per
second.
2. Find the tension in the string after 3 seconds.

ormalsize Part B
The string can withstand a maximum tension of 12 N before snapping.
3. Calculate the maximum angular velocity (in rad/s) the yo-yo can reach before the string
breaks.
4. Determine how long it takes for the string to break, assuming the constant acceleration from
Part A.

Solution
Part A
First, Finding the tension in the string at the instant the yo-yo is twirling at one revolution per second.

The initial angular velocity

ω0 = 2πf0
= 2π(1.00)
= 6.283 rad/s

So, the centripetal force :

v2
Fc = m
r
where v = ωr, so:
(ω0 r)2
Fc = m
r
(6.283 × 0.800)2
= (0.200)
0.800
= 6.32 N

The tension in the string is the only force acting radially inward, so it must provide the necessary centripetal
force to keep the yo-yo in circular motion, making T = Fc .

7
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Second, Finding the tension in the string after 3 seconds

The angular velocity after 3 s by using the rotational kinematics equation:

ω = ω0 + αt

where α = 0.500 rev/s2 = 2π(0.500) = 3.142 rad/s2,

ω = 6.283 + (3.142 × 3.00)

= 15.71 rad/s

So, the new centripetal force:

(ωr)2
Fc = m
r
(15.71 × 0.800)2
= (0.200)
0.800
= 39.53 N

Part B
First, Finding maximum angular velocity before string breaks
The string breaks when:

(ωmax r)2
Tmax = m
r

(ωmax × 0.800)2
12.0 = 0.200
0.800

ωmax = 8.66 rad/s

Second, find the time until string breaks

Using the rotational kinematics equation:

ωmax = ω0 + αt

8.66 = 6.283 + (3.142 × t)

t = 0.757 s

8
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Problem 2.3:
Abdelghani wants to save money for travel and leave Egypt, so he decided to start a kunafa business
in Faqous and purchased a new kunafa machine. The machine initially moves along a circular path
with a 15 cm radius. After each cycle, it decreases its radius by 5 centimeters, continuing this
process until the radius reaches zero, allowing it to cover the entire plate with kunafa.
The angular velocity function in terms of area:

Ψ · eln(2Ψ)
ω(A) =
cos(arc sin(γ))2 · 15A

1. Calculate the total time in the process of covering the whole plate with kunafa.
2. Calculate the angular acceleration of each period to make its time become three-fourths of the
original value

Notes
• tan(ϕ) = Ψγ
• the angular acceleration of each period can be different than the other
• Ψ, γ and ϕ are just constants.
• in Part 2: Calculate the initial angular velocity to be the velocity you get from the function
• Video of a kunafa machine to know how it works

Solution

Ψ · eln(2Ψ)
ω(A) =
cos(arcsin(γ))2 · 15A

First, let’s evaluate the expression:

Ψ · eln(2Ψ)
cos(arcsin(γ))2

The numerator:
eln(2Ψ) = 2Ψ
Ψ · 2Ψ = 2Ψ2

The denominator:
Let’s say that γ = sin(θ), then:
arcsin(γ) = θ
cos(θ)2 = 1 − sin(θ)2 = 1 − γ 2

Knowing from hint1 that: Ψ = sin(ϕ), γ = cos(ϕ),

then:
2Ψ2
=2
1 − γ2

9
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

(by using the identity 1 − cos(x)2 = sin(x)2 ).

Thus, we can calculate the angular velocity easily:
2
ω(A) =
15A

Period of each cycle:

First cycle (radius = 15 cm):
2π 2π
T1 = = = 3.33
ω 1.88628
Second cycle (radius = 10 cm):
T2 = 1.5

Third cycle:
T3 = 0.37

Total time in three cycles:

Ttotal = 3.33 + 1.5 + 0.37 = 5.2 s

To calculate the acceleration required to make each cycle time be three-fourths of the original,
we use:
3 3 2
   
2π = ωn Tn · + 0.5 · αn · Tn ·
4 4
For the first cycle:
3 3
   2
2π = ω1 T1 · + 0.5 · α1 · T1 ·
4 4
After evaluating:
α1 = 0.5 rad/s2

For the second cycle:

α2 = 2.4

For the third cycle:

α3 = 40.8

10
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Problem 2.4:
It’s 5-5, and it’s the last kick. Just when it seems all hope is lost, Amr Waleed from 11C channels
his inner Messi — stealing the ball from Mekkawi with a perfect tackle. The crowd erupts! Amr
dances through the defense like a magician and finds himself 7m in front of 11B’s goal, lined up with
the center of the 2m-wide net. he span the 0.45kg ball around him in a 1.2m-radius circle, gaining
speed.
But danger looms — Mekkawi charges at 6m/s and will reach Amr in 5 seconds. Meanwhile,
Shabrawi, the goalkeeper, stands dead center, arms stretched 1.6m wide — a wall Amr must beat.
On the sidelines, Omar Yahya, legendary physics nerd, crunches numbers furiously to tell Amr the
true angle to score. Air resistance complicates the shot, and the real shooting angle θreal depends
on a terrifying constant ω, which itself depends on the centripetal force (F ), radius of the circular
motion (r), air resistance coefficient (α), and the ball’s launch velocity (v) :
s
m · r · e−αv
ω=
F · cos(θ)
Where θ is the non-real launch angle Amr would need without air resistance. And α the air resistance
coefficient equals 0.02 for this condition. Finally, the adjusted real shooting angle becomes:

θreal = θ · ω
Knowing that the ball will follow the path of θreal when shot with an angle θ, After 3 seconds of
frantic calculation, Omar shouts: “FAST! THE TRUE ANGLE IS 1.8°!!”
With no time to waste, Amr pulls a 360 spin for style, gives the ball a centripetal force of 9N, and
fires the shot of his life at 1.8 °. The ball slices through the air. . .
• Will Amr shoot before Mekkawi tackles him?
• Will 11C take the win and leave Mekkawi devastated, or end in a heartbreaking draw?

Solution

lateral displacement
!
θ = arctan
7

For an 80cm displacement:

0.80
 
θ80 = arctan ≈ arctan(0.1143) ≈ 6.53◦
7
For a 100cm displacement:

1.00
 
θ100 = arctan ≈ arctan(0.1429) ≈ 8.16◦
7
Thus, if air resistance were absent, Amr would need to shoot with a non-real launch angle in the range
6.53◦ –8.16◦ .
The ball is revolving in a circle of radius r = 1.2 m. If the centripetal force keeping it in motion is F = 9 N,
then the tangential speed v is found from
s
mv 2 Fr
F = =⇒ v =
r m

11
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

With m = 0.45 kg, r = 1.2 m, and F = 9 N, we have:

s s
9 × 1.2 10.8 √
v= = = 24 ≈ 4.90 m/s
0.45 0.45

This is the speed at which the ball is released.

Air resistance (with coefficient α = 0.02) modifies the required launch angle. The given formula is:
s
m · r · e−αv
ω=
F · cos(θ)
v
u 0.45 × 1.2 × e0.02×4.9
u
ω6.53 = t = 0.258
9 × cos(6.53)

A similar calculation for θ = 8.16◦ (with cos(8.16◦ ) ≈ 0.9899) gives almost the same value, so we take
ω ≈ 0.234 as average for any angle
The real shooting angle is adjusted by the factor ω:

θreal = θ · ω

Thus, for the two non-real angles we have:

For θ ≈ 6.53◦ :
θreal = 6.53◦ × 0.234 ≈ 1.53◦

For θ ≈ 8.16◦ :

θreal, = 8.16◦ × 0.234 ≈ 1.91◦

To calculate the time for Amr to do the 360◦

d = 2πr = vt
Solving for time t :
2πr 2 × 1.2 × π
t= = = 1.5s
v 4.9
So The total time of this event will be ttot where :

ttot = tamr + tomar = 1.5 + 3 = 4.5s

Thus, Omar will do his calculation, and Amr will shoot after his 360, before Mekkawi is able to tackle
Amr.

12
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Problem 2.5:
On April 3, 2018, during the UEFA Champions League quarter-final match, Real Madrid faced
Juventus (the "Old Lady") in a highly charged atmosphere. The game saw intense attacks heightened
tensions among players, and the infamous red card for Paulo Dybala. In one iconic moment, Dani
Carvajal projected the ball with his "golden foot" to Cristiano Ronaldo, who scored an amazing
double kick goal.
• The ball projected with velocity: 8.79m/s
• The angel of projection is 30 in degrees

Assume that:
• Ronaldo starts jumping from rest
• After Ronaldo reached the highest point of the ball’s trajectory, the angel between its two legs
is 90 in degrees
Determine the angular velocity of Ronaldo’s foot before striking the ball?

Solution
When the ball reached Ronaldo’s foot, it took the same amount of time as Ronaldo’s foot to move from
rest towards the ball.
vo sin θ 8.79 × 0.5
t= = = 0.448s
g 9.8
So this is the time that Ronaldo takes to move his foot to the ball, and according to the assumption,
Ronaldo takes half a period to reach the call (180 degrees), so the period will equal
T = 2 × (0.448) = 0.896s
2π 2π
ω= = =7
T 0.896
This makes sense because he’s CR7.

§3 Limits I

Problem 3.1:
Let f (x) be a trigonometric function with period ω satisfying the equation f (x + ω) = f (x). If

f (x) + 8f (x + 8ω) + 27f (x + 27ω) + · · · + n3 f (x + n3 ω)

L = lim ,
n→∞ nf (x) + 4nf (x + 4ω) + 9nf (x + 9ω) + · · · + n3 f (x + n2 ω)

find the exact value of L.

To further expand the periodicity definition of the function f (x), let x + ω = u. Then, f (x) = f (x + ω) =
f (u) = f (u + ω) = f (x + 2ω). Consequently,
f (x) = f (x + nω).
Hence, the limit simplifies to:
f (x) + 8f (x) + 27f (x) + · · · + n3 f (x)
lim
n→∞ n [f (x) + 4f (x) + 9f (x) + · · · + n2 f (x)]

13
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Factoring f (x) out:

f (x) (1 + 8 + 27 + · · · + n3 ) 1 + 8 + 27 + · · · + n3
lim =⇒
n→∞ nf (x) (1 + 4 + 9 + · · · + n2 ) n(1 + 4 + 9 + · · · + n2 )

Using the following summation identities:

#2
n
n(n + 1) n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
"
n3 = and n2 =
X X
,
n=1 2 n=1 6

the limit further simplifies to:

n2 (n + 1)2 6 3(n + 1) 3 n+1

lim · 2 = =⇒ L = lim
n→∞ 4 n (n + 1)(2n + 1) 2(2n + 1) 2 n→∞ 2n + 1

It’s then trivial to determine that this rational function follows the horizontal asymptote y = 1
2
at infinity,
and hence, the limit of the function at infinity equals 12 . Then,

3 1 3
L= · =
2 2 4

Problem 3.2:
Evaluate using the squeeze theorem:
6
lim −(x2 sin( − 2) + 2)
x→0 x

Solution
Firstly, we know that the domain of any sin function in its standard form is {−1 ≤ x ≤ 1}
Thus, we can conclude the following equation:

6
−1 ≤ sin( − 2) ≤ 1
x
Applying the necessary algebraic manipulations:
6
−x2 ≤ x2 sin( − 2) ≤ x2
x
6
−x2 + 2 ≤ x2 sin( − 2) + 2 ≤ x2 + 2
x
6
 
x2 − 2 ≥ − x2 sin( − 2) + 2 ≥ −x2 − 2
x
6
 
lim (x2 − 2) ≥ lim (− x2 sin( − 2) + 2 ) ≥ lim (−x2 − 2)
x→0 x→0 x x→0

6
 
−2 ≥ lim (− x2 sin( − 2) + 2 ) ≥ −2
x→0 x
Thus, the value of limx→0 −(x2 sin( x6 − 2) + 2) is -2

14
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Problem 3.3:
Find the value of k for which the following limit exists:

4x2 + kx + 7k − 6
lim
x→3 2x2 − 5x − 3

Solution
2x2 − 5x − 3 = 2x2 − 6x + x − 3 = 2(x − 3) + 1(x − 3) = (x − 3)(2x + 1)
First, we must factor the denominator. In doing so, we will find that the limit does not exist because of
the binomial expression, (x − 3) in the denominator. For the limit to exist, we must cancel (x − 3) from
the denominator. So, we must find k such that (x − 3) can be factored out of the numerator. The easiest
way to do this is to divide the numerator by (x − 3):

4x + k + 12
x−3
Performing the long division:

x − 3 4x2 + kx + 7k − 6
4x2 + kx + 7k − 6 (Divide the first term)
−(4x2 − 12x)
(k + 12x) + 7k − 6
So, we must find values of k for which:

(7k − 6) + 3(k + 12) = 0

Simplifying:

(7k − 6) + 3(k + 12) = 0

7k − 6 + 3k + 36 = 0
10k + 30 = 0
10k = −30
k = −3

Thus, when k = −3, the limit exists. When factored, the numerator becomes:

4x2 + kx + 7k − 6 = (x − 3)(4x + 9)

We can now cancel the term (x − 3) from the denominator and evaluate the limit:

(x − 3)(4x + 9) (4x + 9) (4(3) + 9) 21

lim = lim = = =3
x→3 (x − 3)(2x + 1) x→3 (2x + 1) (2(3) + 1) 7

Hence, for k = −3, the limit exists and is equal to 3.

15
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

There is an alternate solution to this problem. From the first solution, we see that we must factor (x − 3)
out of the numerator. This can only be factored out if 3 is a root of the polynomial in the numerator,
4x2 + kx + 7k − 6. So, we must solve for k when x = 3. Substituting x = 3 into 4x2 + kx + 7k − 6, we
have:

4(3)2 + k(3) + 7k − 6 = 0
36 + 3k + 7k − 6 = 0
10k + 30 = 0
10k = −30
k = −3

Now that we know the value of k, we can substitute it into the numerator and factor:

4x2 + kx + 7k − 6 = 4x2 + (−3)x + 7(−3) − 6 = 4x2 − 3x − 21 − 6 = 4x2 − 3x − 27

Since −27 × 4 = −108, we must find two numbers that add to give -3 and multiply to give -108. Clearly,
these numbers are -12 and 9. So, we have:

4x2 + (−12x + 9x) − 27 = 4x2 + (−12x + 9x) − 27 = 4(x − 3)(x − 3) = (x + 3)(x − 3)

Since we have the numerator in its factored form, we can substitute it back into the limit. The calculation
of the limit proceeds as in the first solution

Problem 3.4:
Evaluate:
x4 + 5x3 + 6x2
lim
x→−2 x2 (x + 1) − 4(x + 1)

Solution
Numerator:

x4 + 5x3 + 6x2 = x2 (x2 + 5x + 6)

x2 (x2 + 5x + 6) = x2 (x + 2)(x + 3)
Denominator:

x2 (x + 1) − 4(x + 1) = (x2 − 4)(x + 1)

(x2 − 4)(x + 1) = (x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 1)

Whole fraction:
x2 (x + 2)(x + 3)
(x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 1)

x2 (x + 3)
(x − 2)(x + 1)

16
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Substitute:
(−2)2 (−2 + 3)
(−2 − 2)(−2 + 1)
4
= 1
4

Problem 3.5:
The current capstone challenge for G11 is about wastewater treatment. Each group is required
to measure the salinity of a 9-liter wastewater sample. If you know that Gouda’s sample initial
concentration is 5 g/l, Gouda adds a salt solution of a 3g/l concentration to this sample at a rate of
5 liters per minute, and this process goes for an infinitely long time, what is the final concentration
of the sample?

Solution
We first need to express the concentration of the solution as a function of time
9 L · 5 g/L + 5 L/s · 3 g/L · t
C(t) =
9 L + 5 L/s · t
45 + 15t
= g/L
9 + 5t
We take the limit as t → ∞
45 + 15t
lim C(t) = lim
t→∞ t→∞ 9 + 5t

This just means calculating the horizontal asymptote of the function (the value the function approaches
15
at infinite), which is = 3 g/L
5

§4 Limits II

Problem 4.1:
Evaluate the following expression:
9x − 2 · 6x + 4x
lim .
x→0 x2

Notice that the given limit expression can be rewritten in a form that simplifies to a perfect square:
x x
9x − 2 · 6x + 4x (32 ) − 2 · (2 · 3)x + (22 ) 3x − 2x
 2
L = lim = =
x→0 x2 x2 x
Factoring 2x out of the numerator:
h x i 2  x 2
2x −1 −1
 
3 3
2 2
L =  lim  =  lim · lim 2x 
x→0 x x→0 x x→0

17
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Hence,  x
3
2
−1
L1 = lim and L2 = lim 2x
x→0 x x→0

For L1 , note that:

ax − 1
lim = loge a,
x→0 x
Then:  x
3
3
2
−1
lim
= loge .
x→0 x 2
For L2 , we can directly substitute with x = 0 as follows:

lim 2x = 20 = 1.
x→0

And hence:  x 2
−1

3
3 3
 2
2
L =  lim · lim 2x  = loge ·1 = log2 ≈ 0.1644
x→0 x x→0 2 2

Problem 4.2:
√
1 + cos 2x
lim
x→0 x cot x

Solution
We simplify the expression: √
1 + cos 2x
lim
x→0 x cot x
Using the Double Angle Identity for Cosine:

1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x
√
2 cos2 x
lim
x→0 x · cos x
sin x
√
2 cos x · sin x
lim
x→0 x cos x
√
2 sin x
lim
x→0 x
√  sin x √ √

2 lim = 2×1= 2
x→0 x

Problem 4.3:
Find the value of b if f (x) is continuous at x = 0.

+ cos(6x) − tan(3x)
 sin(4x) x<0
f (x) = x x
ln(1 + x ) + b cos (2x) + sin(5x) x ≥ 0
2 2

18
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Solution
For x < 0:

sin(4x) tan(3x)
f (x) = + cos(6x) −
x x

sin(4x) sin 4x
lim = lim 4 =4×1=4
x→0 x x→0 4x

lim cos(6x) = 1
x→0

tan(3x) tan(3x)
lim = lim 3 =3
x→0 x x→0 3x
Thus,

lim f (x) = 4 + 1 − 3 = 2
x→0−

For x ≥ 0:

f (x) = ln(1 + x2 ) + b cos2 (2x) + sin(5x)

lim ln(1 + x2 ) = 0
x→0

lim cos2 (2x) = 1

x→0

So,

lim b cos2 (2x) = b(1) = b

x→0

lim sin(5x) = 0
x→0

So,

lim sin(5x) = 0
x→0

Thus, the right-hand limit is:

lim f (x) = b
x→0+

Since the function f is continuous at x = 0,

lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = f (0)

x→0− x→0

19
 Assignment II (May 9, 2025)

Thus,
b=2

Problem 4.4:
Evaluate the following
√ √
x3 − x
lim √ √
x→1 x7 − x

Solution
√ √ 3 1
x3 − x x2 − x2
lim √ √ = lim 7 1
x→1 x7 − x x→1 x 2 − x 2
1 2
x 2 (x 2 − 1)
= lim 1 6
x→1 x 2 (x 2 − 1)
x−1
= lim 3
x→1 x − 1
x−1
= lim
x→1 (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1)
1
= lim 2
x→1 (x + x + 1)

1 1
= 2 =
1 +1+1 3

Problem 4.5:
Evaluate the following

x7 + x9 + x11 − 3
lim
x→1 x−1
Knowing that
x n − an n
lim m m
= an−m
x→a x − a m

Solution

x7 + x9 + x11 − 3 x7 − 1 + x9 − 1 + x11 − 1
lim =
x→1 x−1 x−1
x −1
7
x9 − 1 x11 − 1
= lim + lim + lim
x→1 x − 1 x→1 x − 1 x→1 x − 1

=7·1 7−1
+9·1 9−1
+ 11 · 111−1
= 27

20