STATISTICAL DATA

By Kirti Gunjikar
Under guidance of Dr. Kiran Satpute (PT)
 Learning objectives
To understand :-
● Statistical Data
● Nature of statically data
● Different ways of data presentation
● Measures of central tendency
● Measures of dispersion
To know:-
● Various software to analyse And study the data
Introduction
 What does it mean by Statistical Data ?
● Data is defined as ‘factual information (such as
02 03
measurements or statistics) used as a basis for
Section Section
reasoning, discussion, or calculation’.
● It encompasses a wide range of information
04 05 06
● It helps apply
Section Section Section
1. the right statistical tests
2. make the appropriate assumptions
3. draw meaningful and robust conclusions.
Types of Data
 NATURE OF THE DATA
The measurements or data you use belong to one of four
main categories, called levels of measurement.
The four levels are:
1. Nominal level
2. Ordinal level
3. Interval level
4. Ratio level
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DATA
NOMINAL LEVEL
● A system of assigning number symbols to events in order to label
them.
● The counting of members is the only possible arithmetic operation.
● Used as the measure of central tendency.
● Least powerful level of measurement.
● Useful in surveys and when data are being classified by major
sub-groups of the population.
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DATA
NOMINAL LEVEL

Example 1 :How is the patient walking ?

➡ Independently
➡ Dependently

Example 2 : Do you have pain ?

➡ Yes
➡ No
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DATA
ORDINAL LEVEL
● The ordinal scale places events in order
● Used in research relating to qualitative phenomena.
● Have no absolute values, the real differences between
adjacent ranks may not be equal.
● The appropriate measure of central tendency is the median.
● A quartile measure is used for measuring dispersion.
● Tests for statistical test :- non parametric tests
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DATA
ORDINAL LEVEL

Example 2 : Visual Analogue Scale and

NRS scale

Example 1 : Muscle strain grades

➡ Grade 1
➡ Grade 2
➡ Grade 3
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DATA
INTERVAL LEVEL
● The intervals are adjusted in terms of making the units equal.
● Interval scales can have an arbitrary zero.
● The primary limitation is the lack of a true zero.
● Mean is the appropriate measure of central tendency
● Standard deviation is the most widely used measure of
dispersion.
● Tests for statistical significance are the ‘t’ test and ‘F’ test.
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DATA
INTERVAL LEVEL
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DATA
RATIO LEVEL
● Ratio scales have an absolute or true zero of measurement.
● Has significance and facilitates a kind of comparison
● Represents the actual amounts of variables.
● All statistical techniques and all manipulations can also be carried out
with ratio scale values.
● Geometric and harmonic means can be used as measures of central
tendency
● Coefficients of variation may also be calculated
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DATA
RATIO LEVEL
Example 1 : Heart Rate

Example 2: Goniometer
measurement

Example 3: OXYGEN
consumption
Data Tabulation
 TABULATION OF THE DATA
INTRODUCTION
● The first step in the analysis and interpretation of data is
classification and then they are presented in tables.

● Tabulation means, a systematic presentation of numerical

data in columns and rows (table) in accordance with some
salient features or characteristics.
 TABULATION OF THE DATA
PARTS OF A TABLE
1. Table number
2. Title of the table
3. Caption
4. Stubs
5. Body of the table
6. Foot-note
 TABULATION OF THE DATA
RULES FOR TABULATION
1. Should be simple, compact aandshort in content.
2. It must represent the important items.
3. The unit of measurements should be clearly defined and given in
the tables.
4. A table should be complete, accurate self-explanatory and
abbreviation should be avoided.
5. A table should be attractive to draw the attention of the readers.
Presentation of
Data
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA

● It is one of the techniques of visual presentation of statistical

data.
● More attractive and easily understood.
● Diagrams do not add new meaning to the statistical facts but
they reveal the facts of the data more quickly and clearly.
● Diagrammatic presentation is done for qualitative data.
● Graphical presentation is done for quantitative data.
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Types of Diagrams
On the basis of their length, width and shape.
Types :-
● One dimensional diagrams
● Two dimensional diagrams
● Three dimensional diagrams
● Charts
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
One dimensional Diagrams Line Diagram
● On the basis of size of
the figures, heights of

No. of patients
bars or lines are drawn
● Lines can be horizontal
or vertical.
● The distance between
No. of episodes of pain
lines is kept uniform.
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
One dimensional Diagrams Bar Diagram

● Bar refers to a thick line.

● Only length is taken into consideration, as one dimensional
diagram
● The length of each bar is proportionate to the magnitude of
the data.
● The width is not related to the magnitude of the data.
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
One dimensional Diagrams Bar Diagram

Types of bar diagrams

● Simple bar diagram
● Multiple bar diagram
● Sub divied bar diagram
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Bar Diagrams:- Simple Bar Diagram
● The data related to one variable is depicted.
● This type of diagram may be drawn either vertically or
horizontally.
● If horizontal, then positive and negative values on right side
and left side respectively.
● Both positive and negative values can be presented, it is also
called deviation bar diagram.
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Bar Diagrams:- Simple Bar Diagram

No. of of patients with Low Back Pain

 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Bar Diagrams:- Simple Bar Diagram

Phase 1

Phase 2
Phases

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5

No of patients
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Bar Diagrams:- Multiple Bar Diagram
● Two or more than two bars are constructed side by side
horizontally for a period or related phenomenon.
● This is also called Compound Bar or Cluster Bar Diagram.
● This diagram facilitates comparison of the values of different
variables in a set and also the comparison of the values of the
same variable over a period of time or phenomenon.
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Bar Diagrams:- Multiple Bar Diagram
Spondy
Mechanical Radiculopathy Fracture
losis
No of patients with Low Back pain
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Bar Diagrams:- Subdivided Bar Diagram
● In this one bar is constructed for the total value of the different
components of the same variable. Further it is sub-divided in
proportion to the values of various components of that variable.
● This diagram shows the total of the variables as well as the total of its
various components in a single bar.
● It is also called a component bar diagram.
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Bar Diagrams:- Subdivided Bar Diagram

No. of back pain patients

 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Pie Diagram
● Pie diagrams are used to show per cent breakdowns.
● It is a sub-divided circle.
● While making comparison, pie diagrams should be used on a
percentage basis and not on an absolute basis.
● The total percentage of the various components i.e., 100 is taken as
360° and the degree of various components are calculated in
proportion to the percentage values of different components.
● It is expressed as: (360/100) * Component’s percentage.
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Pie Diagram
● To show the two dimensional effect for making comparison
among the variables, we have to obtain the square root of the
total of each variable.
● These square roots would represent the radius of the circles
and then they will be subdivided.
● However, compared to a bar diagram, a pie diagram is less
effective for accurate interpretation when the components are
in large numbers.
 DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
Pie Diagram
 Graphical
Presentation of
Data
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Graphs of frequency distribution:

Frequency distribution can be represented graphically in one of
the following ways:
1. Histogram
2. Frequency Polygon
3. Frequency curve
4. Cumulative frequency.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Graphs of frequency distribution: Histogram
● It is frequency distribution of
continuous series.
● The area of each bar is
proportional to the
frequencies represented.
● It is constructed by taking
‘class-intervals’ on x axis and
‘frequencies’ on y axis.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Graphs of frequency distribution: Frequency Polygon
● It is a smoothing of the histogram.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Graphs of frequency distribution: Frequency Curve
● It is a continuous smooth
curve drawn by smoothing
the frequency polygon,
sharp turns are avoided
● These curves drawn by
different individuals may
appear different, unlike the
frequency polygons.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Graphs of frequency distribution: Cumulative Frequency

● When cumulative
frequencies are plotted on
a graph, to get cumulative
frequency curve.
● They determine median,
quartiles, percentiles etc.
 PRESENTATION OF DATA

Difference
between:-
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Histogram Frequency Polygon

Shows the More useful since it

frequency using indicates the
bars. increaseor fall in
frequency. Frequency
is shown as a polygon
in this.

Frequencies are Frequencies of the

assumed to be class are assumed
distributed over the to be located at the
entire interval. midpoint.

It can be This can be made only

constructed for for equal class
equal or unequal widths.
class widths.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Calculation of
central
tendency and
dispersion
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
● Measures of central tendency (or statistical averages) tell us the
point about which items have a tendency to cluster.
● Such a measure is considered as the most representative figure
for the entire mass of data.
● Most common used measures of central tendency are :-
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Mean
● also known as arithmetic average,
● defined as the value which we get by dividing the total ofthe values
of various given items in a series by the total number of items. we
can work it out as under:
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Mean
● It is amenable to algebraic treatment
● It is a relatively stable measure of central tendency.
● Limitations - it is unduly affected by extreme items; it may not
coincide with the actual value of an item in a series, and it may
lead to wrong impressions, particularly when the item values are
not given with the average.
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Median
● Median is the value of the middle item of series when it is
arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude.
● It divides the series into two halves; in one half all items are
less than median, whereas in the other half all items have
values higher than median.
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Median
● Median is a positional average and is used only in the context of
qualitative phenomena.
● Median is not useful where items need to be assigned relative
importance and weights.
● It is not frequently used in sampling statistics.
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Mode
● The mode in a distribution is that item around which there is
maximum concentration.
● In general, mode is the size of the item which has the maximum
frequency.
● It is not amenable to algebraic treatment and sometimes remains
indeterminate when we have two or more model values in a
series.
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION

Statistical devices called measures of dispersion are calculated.

Important measures of dispersion are
1. Range
2. Mean deviation
3. Standard deviation.
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Range
● It is the simplest possible measure of dispersion and is defined
as the difference between the values of the extreme items of a
series.

● As such, range is mostly used as a rough measure of variability

and is not considered as an appropriate measure in serious
research studies.
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Mean deviation
● It is the average of
difference of the values
of items from some
average of the series.
● Such a difference is
technically described as
deviation.
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Mean deviation
● When mean deviation is divided by the average, the resulting
quantity is described as the coefficient of mean deviation.
● Coefficient of mean deviation is a relative measure of dispersion.
● Mean deviation and its coefficient are used in statistical studies for
judging the variability.
● It is a better measure of variability than range as it takes into
consideration the values of all items of a series.
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Standard deviation
● Standard deviation is defined as the square-root of the average
of squares of deviations, when such deviations for the values of
individual items in a series are obtained from the arithmetic
average.

● It is commonly denoted by the symbol ‘ σ ’ (pronounced as

sigma).
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Standard deviation
● It is amenable to mathematical manipulation.
● It is less affected by fluctuations of sampling.
● These advantages make standard deviation and its coefficient
a very popular measure of the scatteredness of a series.
● It is popularly used in the context of estimation and testing of
hypotheses.
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Standard deviation
● When we divide the standard deviation by the arithmetic average
of the series, it is known as coefficient of standard deviation.
● When this coefficient of standard deviation is multiplied by 100,
the resulting figure is known as coefficient of variation.
● Sometimes, we work out the square of standard deviation, known
as variance, which is frequently used in the context of analysis of
variation.
Thank you
DIVIDE THE CONTENT INTO FOUR IDEAS

Mars Venus
Despite being red, Mars is actually a Venus has a beautiful name and is the
cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust, second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly
which gives the planet its reddish cast, hot, even hotter than Mercury, and its
and it’s made of basalt atmosphere is poisonous

Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest Saturn is a gas giant and has several
planet in the Solar System. It's the rings. This planet is composed mostly of
fourth-brightest object in the night sky hydrogen and helium. It’s the sixth
and was named after a Roman god planet from the Sun
 REVIEWING CONCEPTS IS A GOOD IDEA

Mars Venus Neptune

Despite being red, Mars is Venus has a beautiful name and Neptune is the farthest planet
actually a cold place. It's full of is the second planet from the from the Sun. It's also the
iron oxide dust, which gives the Sun. It’s terribly hot, even hotter fourth-largest planet by diameter
planet its reddish cast than Mercury in the Solar System

Earth Saturn Jupiter

Earth is the third planet from the Saturn is a gas giant and has Jupiter is a gas giant and the
Sun and the only one in the Solar rings. It's composed mostly of biggest planet in the Solar
System that harbors life. We all hydrogen and helium. It’s the System. It's the fourth-brightest
live on this planet sixth planet from the Sun object in the night sky
AWESOME
WORDS
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and
that can inspire the reader”
—SOMEONE FAMOUS
A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS
A PICTURE
ALWAYS
REINFORCES
THE CONCEPT
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long
text. Your audience will appreciate it
98,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
The distance between Earth and the Moon
 LET’S USE SOME PERCENTAGES

25% 50% 75%

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest in and is the second planet from actually a cold place. It’s full of
the Solar System the Sun iron oxide dust
COMPUTER
MOCKUP
You can replace the image on the screen with
your own work. Just right-click on it and
select “Replace image”
 TABLET
MOCKUP
You can replace the image on the screen
with your own work. Just right-click on it
and select “Replace image”
PHONE MOCKUP
You can replace the image on the screen with
your own work. Just right-click on it and
select “Replace image”
 THIS IS A MAP

Mars
Mars is very cold

Mercury
Mercury is small

Venus
Venus is very hot

Follow the link in the map to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 A TIMELINE ALWAYS WORKS WELL

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Venus is a hot planet Mercury is very small Mars is made of basalt Jupiter is a gas giant

Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8

Saturn has rings Pluto is a dwarf planet Earth harbors life Neptune is an ice giant
 INFOGRAPHICS ARE USEFUL

Mars A B Venus

Jupiter C D Saturn
Solar
System
Earth E F Uranus

Mercury G H Neptune
 USE TABLES TO REPRESENT DATA

Team A Team B Team C Team D Team E Team F

Mercury XX XX XX XX XX XX

Mars XX XX XX XX XX XX

Saturn XX XX XX XX XX XX

Venus XX XX XX XX XX XX

Jupiter XX XX XX XX XX XX

Earth XX XX XX XX XX XX

Moon XX XX XX XX XX XX
 YOU CAN USE THIS GRAPH

Team 1

Team 2

Team 3

Team 4

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 OUR TEAM

Susan Timmy
Smith Jimmy
You can speak a bit You can speak a bit
about this person here about this person here
 THIS IS ANOTHER GRAPH

15% 25%
Mars Saturn
Mars is actually a really Saturn is composed of
cold place hydrogen and helium

25% 35%
Jupiter Venus
Jupiter is the biggest Venus is the second planet
planet of them all from the Sun

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
THREE KEY CONCEPTS

Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar

Jupiter System. It’s the fourth-brightest object in the night sky and
it was named after the Roman god of the skies

Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. It’s composed

Saturn mostly of hydrogen and helium. Saturn was named after
the Roman god of wealth and agriculture

Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from

Venus the Sun. It’s terribly hot and its atmosphere is poisonous.
It’s the second-brightest natural object in the night sky
 ORGANIZE THE PROJECT
Initiative Objective Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Saturn Saturn has rings

Mars Mars is a cold place

Venus Venus is terribly hot

Jupiter Jupiter is far away

Earth Earth has life

Neptune Neptune is an ice giant

Neptune Jupiter Saturn Venus

THIS IS A TIMELINE

Mercury is the closest

20XX Mercury planet to the Sun

It’s the biggest planet in the

20XX Jupiter Solar System

Venus is the second planet

20XX Venus from the Sun

Neptune is the farthest

20XX Neptune planet from the Sun
 THIS IS A WORLD MAP

Jupiter Neptune
Jupiter is the biggest Neptune is very far
planet of them all from the Sun

Mercury Mars
Mercury is smallest Despite being red,
planet of them all Mars is a cold place
 THIS IS ANOTHER TIMELINE

Jupiter Neptune Mercury Mars

Jupiter is the Neptune is the Mercury is the Mars is a cold
biggest planet of fourth-largest closest planet to place. It’s full of iron
them all: planet of them all: the Sun: oxide dust:
● Item 1 ● Item 1 ● Item 1 ● Item 1
● Item 2 ● Item 2 ● Item 2 ● Item 2
● Item 3 ● Item 3 ● Item 3 ● Item 3
 THIS IS AN INFOGRAPHIC

5,00 Earth
Earth is the only planet
known to harbor life

1,000 Saturn
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
Venus
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the 2,000 Mars
second planet from Mars is a cold place. It’s full
the Sun of iron oxide dust

3,000 Neptune
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
 THANKS!
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