MODULE6

Tempor
arySt
ruct
uresi
nConst
ruct
ion:
Temporarystructurearethepartsofaconst
ruct
ionpr
ojectthatar
eneededt
oenabl
ethe
permanentwor kst obebuil
[Link]
lyt
heyareremovedafteruse.
[Link] ructur
es:
I. Shoring
I
I. Scaffolding
II
I. Under pinning

I. Shor ing
In multi
storywor k,t heshoring which supportsf r
eshl yplaced concretei snecessar il
y
supportedbyl owerf loor
swhi chmaynoty ethaveat tainedtheirful
lstrength,andwhi ch
maynothav ebeendesi gnedtocarryloadsasgr eatast hoseimposeddur i
ngconst r
uction.
Const r
uct
ionl oadsmayexceeddesi gnl
oadsbyanappr eci
ableamount .Ther efore
shori
ngmustbepr ovidedforenoughf l
oorstodevelopt heneededcapaci t
yt osupportt he
i
mposed l oads wi t
houtexcessi ve stress ordeflecti
[Link] herpermanentshor es or
rest
oresar eusedatt hesev er
alrequiredlowerfl
oorl ev
el sdependsonj obpl ansforreused
ofmat eri
alsaswel lastherateofstrengthgaininthest ructur
e.

I
I. Scaf
fol
ding
Thewor d“ scaff
oldi
ng”r ef
erstoanyr ai
sedplatfor
m orrampusedforingressandegressf or
pedest
rianmov ementand/ ort
hepassageofbuil
dingmater
ial
s.
Scaffol
dingprovi
des a t emporary safeworki
ng plat
for
mfor Erecti
on, Mai
ntenance,
Constr
uction,Repair
,Access,I
nspect
ion.

I
II
. Under
pinni
ng
Underpinni
ngi stheinstal
l
ationoft emporaryorper manentsupporttoanexist
ingfoundati
ont o
provi
deei theraddi t
ionaldept h oran increasein beari
ng capaci
[Link]
ing
condi
tionswhi chmayl eadtot heneedf orunderpi
[Link]
 Cons t
ructi
onofanewpr ojectwithadeeperfoundationadj
acenttoanexi
sti
ngbuil
ding
 Se t
tlementofanexi st
ingst ruct
ure
 Cha ngei nuseofast r
uct ure
 Addi ti
onofabasementbel owanexistingst
ructur
e

Const
ruct
ionMet
hodsf
orv
ari
oust
ypesofSt
ruct
ures:
I
. WoodFr
ame

I
I. Li
ghtGaugeSt
eel
Frame

I
II
. Joi
stedorLoadBear
ingMasonr
y

I
V. St
eel
Frame

V. Concr
eteFr
ame
 I
. WoodFr
ame
Woodf r
ameconstructi
onispr
obablytheol
destandmostwi del
yusedtypeofconstructi
oninthe
wor
[Link] ear
nedthatwoodwasanat ur
almedium t
oworkwi t
h.I
tisplenti
ful
,easyto
wor
k,renewabl
e,andthecosti
susuall
ywell
withi
nreachofal
mostever
ybody.
Str
uctur
esarebuil
tfrom st
andar
dlumberorti
mber
s,whi
chmakeupt hest
uds,pl
ates,j
oist
s,and
raf
ter
[Link]
ybecarri
edbyhandandareeasil
ycutandf
ramedonsi t
[Link]
ior
wall
sareeasi
lysheat
hedwithdry
wall
,panel
i
ng,
orot
hermater
ial
s.
Wit
ht hatmostresi
dent
ialconstr
uct
ionhasandst
il
lisdonewit
hwood,butwi
thamajorchangein
how buil
dingext
eri
orsarefini
shedout.I
ntheear
li
estyearswoodwasalsousedontheexteri
or
wal
lsandr oof
s.​
Wood shi
ngl
es hav e almostcompletel
ybeen replaced bynon-
fl
ammable mat
eri
als,such as
composi
teshi
ngles,ti
le,andmetalpanel
[Link]
eri
orwal l
sar ecommonl
ycover
edwithbri
ck,st
one,
andnon-
[Link]
alsaremorefi
reresist
antandhol
duptotheel
ementsbett
erthan
wood.

ADVANTAGES DI
SADVANTAGES
 Mat
eri
alsar
erenewabl
e  Fl
ammabl
e
 Costi
srel
ati
vel
ylow  Subjectt
odegradat
ion
 Canbewor
kedwith bytheelement
s
commonconst
ruct
iont
ool
s  Notst
rongenoughtowit
hst
and
 St
ruct
urescanbequi
ckl
yer
ect
ed hur
ri
canesandtor
nadoes

I
I. Li
ghtGaugeSt
eel
Const
ruct
ion
Lightgaugesteelconstr
uctionissi
mi l
artowoodf r
ameconstruct
ionint
hatst
uds,pl
ates,j
oist
s,and
raft
ersarealsousedi nbuil
dingstr
[Link] dassumef r
om t
heheadi
ng,thesearemade
from l
ightgaugest eel
,[Link] eelmembersmostcommonl ycomei nac- shaped
crosssecti
on,alt
houghs- shapedcrosssectionsareavai
labl
e.
Heaviermat er
ialisusedinstructur
alpi
ecesthaninnon-l
oadbearingmember [Link]
ial
sare
prot
ect ed by a galvanized coati
[Link] wood constr
uction techni
ques,li
ghtgauge steel
constructi
onallowsfortheeaseincarr
yingmater
ial
s,aswellascutt
inganderect
ingonsi
ght.
Whereaswoodconst
ruct
ionusual
l
yut
il
izessawsandnai
l
s,l
i
ghtgaugest
eelconst
ruct
ionut
il
iz
es
metalcut
ti
ngt
ool
sandscrewguns.

ADVANTAGES DI
SADVANTAGES

 Hi
ghst
rengt
htowei
ghtr
ati
o
 Lesscommoncut
ti
ngand
 Costi
srel
ati
vel
ylow fast
eni
ngt
ool
sarerequi
red

 Fl
amer
esi
stant  St
eell
oosesstr
engt
h
whenexposedt
ohighheat
 St
ruct
urescanbequi
ckl
yer
ect
ed
I
II
. Joi
stedorLoadBear
ingMasonr
yConst
ruct
ion
Joi
stedorl oadbeari
ngmasonr yconst
ructinvolvesutil
i
zingconcretebl
ocksorbrickstobuildthe
l
oadbear i
ngwal l
[Link]
queprovi
desf orav er
yheav ystruct
ure,
whichisdefinit
elynotgoodin
eart
hquakepr [Link]
ypeofstruct
urei ssorigi
dt hati
tcannotfl
exduri
ngt remorsand
manydeat hshavebeenassociatedwit
ht hi
st ypeofconst ruct
ionwhereear
thquakeshav e
happened.
Althoughthist
ypeofconstruct
ionisnotregular
lyusedi
nr esi
dent
ial
constr
uct
ion,
Ipersonal
lyknow
anol dercoupl
ewhobuiltt
[Link]
eblocksthat
theybuiltt
hewall
[Link]
y,t
heydon'tli
veinanearthquakepr
onearea.
I
nthismet hodofconstructi
on, t
heloadbeari
ngwal l
saremadeofbr ickorfor
medbl [Link]
f
loorsandceili
ngsareconst ruct
edwi t
hwoodenj oi
sts,
[Link]
t
echniqueislaborint
ensive,aseachbr i
ckorblockhastobehandset .It
'sdef
ini
tel
ynotcommonin
r
esidenti
alconstr
ucti
on, al
thoughitissti
ll
usedincommer ci
albui
ldings.

ADVANTAGES DI
SADVANTAGES

 Struct
urescanbebui l
tfr
om
 Labori
ntensi
ve
readil
yavail
ablemateri
als,
suchasci nderbl
ocks,bri
cks,
stone,
etc.  Notear
thquaker
esi
stant
 Ci
nderbl
ocksar
ecostef
fi
cient  Coldtemper
atur
esar
enot
conduci
vetomasonr
ywor
k
 Agoodcr
ewcaner
ectwal
l
sfai
rl
yqui
ckl
y

I
V. St
eel
FrameConst
ruct
ion
Steelframeconst ructionisusedpr imar
il
yi nlar
gebuildi
[Link] r
uct
urei
sbuil
tfrom steel
columnsandst eeltrussestosupportfl
oor
sandr [Link]
ghrisebui
l
dingsar
ecommonlybui
ltusi
ng
thi
smet hod,asit
'seasyt otransportmater
ial
supusi ngcranesandthecomponent
sarequickly
boltedorweldedtoget her
.
Steelisr eadil
y av ai
l
able and const
ruct
ion members ar
e standar
d,havi
ng been ext
ensivel
y
engineer
edf orstandardcol
umnl [Link]
ucturei
sbui
ltusi
ngheavysteeland
thenon-supportstruct
urei
susuallymadefrom l
i
ghtgaugest
eelcomponent
s.
Steelisfl
exi
ble,whichisposi
ti
vei
nearthquakepr
oneareas,ori
nareasofhi
ghwi [Link]
eelcanfl
ex
quit
eabi twithouttaki
ngonpermanentdefor
mati
on,makingitagr
eatmater
ialf
orconstruct
ingt
all
buil
dings,br
idges,andsuch.

ADVANTAGES DI
SADVANTAGES

 Hi
ghst
rengt
htowei
ghtr
ati
o

 Fl
exi
bleandeasi
l
yassembl
ed  Losest
rengthintemps
of500degreesandhigher
 Easil
ybolt
ed,ri
vet
ed,or
weldedforspeedyconst
ruct
ion  Pr
onetocorr
osionin
hi
ghhumidi
tyenvi
ronment
s
 Engi
neer
edcomponent
s
arer
eadi
lyav
ail
abl
e
 V. Concr
eteFr
ameConst
ruct
ion
Wher easot hermethodsusewoodorst eelfort
hef raming,concretefr
ameconstructi
onuses
rei
nforcedconcret
ecolumns,concr
etebeams,andconcr et
eslabstobuildthesupportstr
uct
ure.
Thisconstr
uctiont
ypeisof
tenusedinhi
ghri
sebuil
dings,parki
nggarages,
andelev
atedroadways.
Reinf
orcedconcretehasbeenengi neeredforyears,al
l
owingfori
tsreadyuseinconst
ruct
[Link]
theotherhand,i
tislaborint
ensi
veifthecomponent shavetobecastonsit
[Link]
usesnumer ousprecastbeams,butsti
ll
requir
esthatcolumnsandsl
absbecastonsit
e.
Inbuil
dingconstr
ucti
onmostallcomponentsarecastonsi
te,
thustheconstr
uct
ionti
meisnotf
ast
duetot hecuri
ngt i
meoft [Link]
rameconstr
uctiondoesnothol
dupwellto
eart
hquakes,al
thoughitdoesweatherwi
ndeffectandweat
herwel
l,overti
me.

ADVANTAGES DI
SADVANTAGES

 Concr
eterequi
rest
ime
 Concr
etecanbel
ocal
l
ysour
ced tocur
eformaximum st
rengt
h
 Rei
nfor
cementst
eel
canber
ecy
cledst
eel  Concreteframeconstructi
on
i
snotsei smicresi
stantand
 Casti
npl
aceconcr
etecanbespaceef
fi
cient
mustbesubst anti
all
y
 Concr
etei
seasi
l
yfor
medt
ounl
i
mit
edshapes engineer
ed
forsuchcases

VI
. Pr
e-engi
neer
edConst
ruct
ion
I
fyou'
rei
nter
estedinaqui
ckwaytobutast r
uct
ureupyoumightwanttoconsi
derapre-
engineered
bui
l
dingasIdi
dwhenIbui l
[Link]
hthesuppl
iert
odesignathr
ee-
doorbuil
dingthat
was30by40f eet
.Iwant
editt
ogoupqui ckl
yandbestr
ong,anditwas,andi
s.
Thebestthi
ngaboutpre-engineeredbuil
dingsishowquickl
[Link]
lthepartsarereadyto
bebolt
edandscrewedt [Link]
iont
ypeisnotl
imit
edtoshops,garages,sheds,
hanger
s,[Link], y
oucandesi gnapr e-
engi
neer
edhouse,i
fthatwi
llf
ityourneeds.​
Al
lyouhavetodoisgetwi
thacompany,
tellt
hem whatyouwantandtheengi
neer
swi l
ldesi
gnt
he
st
ruct
[Link]
ouordert
heki
t,payf
ori
t,havei
tdeli
ver
ed,andhavesomebodyerecti
t.
Ihav
etwometalbui
l
dingsatmypl
ace,
oneissel
f-
desi
gnedanderected,andthesecondispr
e-
engi
neer
[Link]
chonewentupthequi
ckest
?Yep,y
ou'
reri
ght
,thepre-engi
neeredshop.

ADVANTAGES DI
SADVANTAGES

 Costisabithi
gher
thanon-
sightonDIY
 Fastconst
ruct
ion const
ruct
ion
duetotheengineer
ing
 Engi
neer
edt
ohandl
eal
lthel
oads
 Designsarel
imited,
 Easyt
odesi
gnandmanuf
act
ure asmostpr e-
engineered
buil
dings
aresquareorrectangul
ar
Maj
orConst
ruct
ionEqui
pment
CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFCONSTRUCTI
ONEQUI
PMENTS
Dependi
ngont heappl i
cati
on, const
ruct
ionmachinesar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntov
ari
ouscat
egor
ies
Whichwear edi scussi
ngher e.
a)Earth-mov ingequipment
b)Earth-compact i
ngequi pment
c)Hoistingequi pment
d)Conv eyingequipment
e)Equipment ’
susedi nConcr et
eConstr
uct
ion.

Ear
thmov
ing
Earthmovingequi
pmentisusedintheconst
ruct
ioni
ndustr
ytoshi
ftl
argeamountsofeart
h,di
g
foundat
ionsandlandscapear
[Link]
hmovingequi
pmenti
ncludehy
draul
icexcavat
ors,
bull
dozers,compr
essorsandloader
s.

Ear
thCompact
ing
Theplatecompact orhasalargevi
brati
ngbaseplateandissui
tedforcreat
ingalevelgrade,
whil
e
thejumpingjackcompactorhasasmal lerf
[Link]
ngjacktypeismai nl
yusedt ocompact
thebackfi
lli
nnarrowt r
enchesforwaterorgassupplypi
[Link]
ersmayal sohave
vibr
ati
ngr ol
l
ers.

Hoi
sti
ng
AlsoknownasaMan- Lif
t,Buckhoi
st,t
emporar
yelevat
or,bui
l
derhoist
,passengerhoistor
constr
ucti
onelev
ator
,thi
st y
peofhoisti
scommonl yusedonlar
gescaleconstruct
ionpr oj
ect
s,
suchashigh-
ri
sebuil
dingsormajorhospi
tal
[Link]
ear emanyotherusesfortheconstruct
ion
el
evator.
Manyot heri
ndustr
iesusetheBuckhoistforf
ull
timeoper
ati
[Link]
sbeingto
carr
ypersonnel
,mater
ial
s,andequipmentqui
cklybet
weenthegroundandhigherfl
oor
s,orbet
ween
fl
oorsi
nt hemiddl
eofastruct
ure.

Conv
eyi
ng
Aconveyorsystem i
sacommonpi eceofmechani calhandli
ngequi pmentthatmov esmat er
ial
s
fr
om onelocati
[Link]
sar eespecial
lyusefuli
nappl i
cati
onsinvol
vingthe
tr
anspor
tati
onofheav yorbulkymateri
[Link] ckandeffi
cient
tr
anspor
tati
onforawi devari
etyofmaterial
s,whichmaket hem v er
ypopularint
hemat er
ialhandl
i
ng
andpackagingi
ndustri
es.

Equi
pment
’susedi
nConcr
eteConst
ruct
ion.
Aconcretemixer(
alsocommonl ycal
ledacementmi xer
)isadevicethathomogeneouslycombines
cement,aggr
egatesuchassandorgr avel
,andwatertof
orm concret
[Link] ypi
calconcr
etemixer
usesarevolv
ingdrum t
omixthecomponent [Link]
ervol
umewor ksportabl
econcret
emi x
ers
areof
tenusedsot hatt
heconcretecanbemadeatt heconstr
ucti
onsi te,
givi
ngtheworkersample
ti
metouset heconcret
ebefor
eithardens.

LeanConst
ruct
ion
I
tisessent
ial
l
ybasedonaconti
nuousimprovementstr
ategy
,cov er
ingavoidanceofal
ltypesof
wast
e,opti
mizi
ngandimpr
ovi
ngprocesses,smootheni
ngwor kf
low,synergizi
ngandint
egrati
ng
effort
sofallst
akehol
der
stoi
mpr
ovecer
tai
ntyatv
ari
ousst
agesandt
ogett
hebestov
eral
lresul
ts
forthepr
oject.

TheLeanprocessidenti
fi
eswasteinallformsandst r
ivestoeli
minat
eitandhenceadd
consi
derabl
eval
[Link] i
matedthatconstr
uct
ionanywhereintheworldinv
olvesabout
20%to40%wast ageandint heIndi
ancont
exttheRupeev al
uefortheenti
reconstr
uct
ionindust
ry
maybequi t
eastagger
ingamount .

Adv
ant
agesofLeanConst
ruct
ion

Reductionofwast ewouldbet hemostsi gni

f i
cantadv antageofpract i
cingLeanConst r
ucti
[Link]
optimizedandcont i
nuousl
yimprovedprocessesensur er el
i
ablemat eri
aldeliv
eries,hi
gherstaffand
l
abourmor alethroughhigheremployeepar t
ici
pat i
on,[Link] ructi
onpr ocessesensure
creati
onofmor est abl
eschedulesandhi ghercer t
ainti
[Link] ngadv ant
agessuchas
hi
gherst af
fr etenti
on,mor e syst
emati
c wor king att he si
tes,impr oved brand image fort he
st
akehol ders,andmor e,ar
[Link] ocessesr esulti
nr educti
onofcost ,improvement
ofqualityandhencesuper iorv
aluegenerati
on, forthecli
ent,andhencef orall.

Aut
omat
ionandRobot
icsi
nConst
ruct
ion:
Appli
cationsofautomati
onandr oboti
csar ecitedaspar toft
hesoluti
ontoimpr
ov epr
oducti
vi
ty,
quali
ty,worki
ngcondit
ions,andski
lledlaborshor t
agesintheconst
ruct
ioni
ndust
[Link]
ial
areaofimportanceist
hatofinf
rast
ructurerehabil
i
tati
on.

I
mpor
tanceofCont
ract
sManagement
:
a) Ensur
est
hatcont
ract
ual
obl
i
gat
ionsbybot
hthesour
cingsuppl
i
erandcl
i
entar
emet
.
b) Hel
psel
i
minat
epot
ent
ial
breachofcont
ractsi
tuat
ions
c) I
mpr
ovesadher
encet
oout
sour
cingcont
ractobj
ect
ives
d) Pr
ovi
desawel
l
-document
edaudi
ttr
ail
e) Ensur
esmor
efav
orabl
econt
ractout
comes
f
) I
mpr
ovesqual
i
tyofser
viceandcust
omerf
ocus
g) Achi
evesv
aluef
ormoneyandf
inanci
alcont
rol
h) Decr
easest
hel
evel
ofr
isk
i
) Cl
ari
fi
est
her
olesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesoft
hecont
ractmanager
,cont
ract
ors,
enduser
s
j
) Pr
ovi
desear
lyi
dent
if
icat
ionandr
esol
uti
onofpoorper
for
mance,
otherpr
obl
emsordi
sput
es
k) Provi
desev al
uat
ionofthespeci
fi
cat
ionagai
nstcont
ractper
for
manceandi
dent
if
icat
ionof
cont
ractchangesorvar
iat
ions.

Moder
nPr
ojectManagement
:
I
n modern pr
ojectmanagement
,ther
e hav
e been sev
eralshi
ft
srel
ated t
o pl
anni
ng,l
eadi
ng,
or
gani
zi
ng,andcontr
oll
i
ngwork.
I
. Pl
an
Proj
ectpl
anni
nghasbecomemor efl
exi
[Link] oses,pr
ojectmanager
smustfi
ndthe
appr
opri
ater
esources,
budget
,ti
mefr
ame,andtools(i
.e.
,technol
ogy)requi
redt
ocompl
etet
hework
i
nat i
melymannerandforacostt
owhichthecli
enthasagreed.
I
I. Lead
Today ’
sproj
ectmanagersneedamor ewidespreadunder st
andingofspeci
ficresourceskills,si
nce
theywi l
lbeleadi
ngav ari
etyofpeoplethroughspeci ali
zedtasksthatrol
l-upintothesuccessf ul
deliv
erabl
[Link] anguages,from pr
ogr ammingandcreati
v etoprojectfi
nancials,
sales,and account
[Link] knowledge helps them gai n group consensus,sol ici
tspeci fi
c
contri
buti
ons,andcr
eatethebestenvi
ronmentforindividual
stocontr
ibutetothegrouppr oject.
I
II
. Or
gani
ze
Organizati
on requi
res gr
eaterflexi
bil
it
yas wel l
.Projectmanager s areincreasinglyrely
ing on
technologytohelpconductt hei
rwor [Link] ooki
ngf orsol
utionsthatpullt hem outoft i
me-
consumi ngspreadsheetcal
culat
ions,dataexports,manualreportbuildi
ng,andmanualmoni tori
ng
i
nf av
orofr eal
-ti
me int
egrati
onsand t racki
ng toolsnow av ail
[Link] pst hem opti
mize
resourceall
ocati
on,budgett
racking,r
eportbuil
ding,andon-ti
medel i
very.
I
V. Cont
rol
Withmor efl
exibl
et ool
scomesgr eat
ercont r
[Link]
ectmanagersareabl et
oshif
tresourcesmid-
projectinordertoaddressanissuethathasar i
sen,suchaspotenti
all
ynotmeeti
ngadeadl ineor
goingov [Link]’
ssoft
warecreatesthisenvir
onmentofgreatercont
rol
,wi
thearl
yadopters
ofplatforminnovati
onspull
ingaheadoftheircompet i
tor
s.