Class – XII

COMPUTER SCIENCE
** Inheritance & Interface **
Q1: Define Interface.
Ans: Interface in Java is defined as an abstract type used to specify the behaviour of a class.
A Java interface contains static constants and abstract methods.

Key Properties of Interface:

 The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction.
 By default, variables in an interface are public, static and final.
 It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
 It supports loose coupling (classes depend on behavior, not implementation).
 In other words, interfaces primarily define methods that other classes must implement.

JAVA PROGRAM: Example 1:

interface Test
{
// public, static and final
final int a = 10;

// public and abstract

void display();
}

// Class implementing interface

class Demo implements Test
{
// Implementing the capabilities of Interface
public void display()
{ OUTPUT:
[Link]("Hello!");
} Hello!
} 10
class Run_Interface
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Demo t = new Demo();
[Link]();
[Link](t.a);
}
}
Relationship between Class and Interface
 A class can extend another class and similarly, an interface can extend another interface.
However, only a class can implement an interface and the reverse (an interface
implementing a class) is not allowed.

 Java does not support multiple inheritance with classes to avoid ambiguity, but it
supports multiple inheritance using interfaces.

Example 2: This example demonstrates how a class can implement multiple interfaces
(Add and Sub) to provide functionality for both addition and subtraction operations.

// Add interface
interface Add
{
int add(int a,int b);
}
// Sub interface
interface Sub
{
int sub(int a,int b);
}
// Calculator class implementing Add and Sub
class Cal implements Add , Sub
{
// Method to add two numbers
public int add(int a,int b)
{
return a+b;
}
// Method to sub two numbers
public int sub(int a,int b)
{
return a-b;
}
}

class Operation
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// instance of Cal class
Cal x = new Cal();
[Link]("Addition : " + [Link](10,20));
[Link]("Substraction : " + [Link](20,15));

}
}
 Interface can now include private methods.
 Private methods are defined within the interface but it cannot be accessed by the
implementing classes.
 Private methods cannot be overridden by implementing classes as they are not inherited.

Difference between Class and Interface

Although Class and Interface seem the same there are certain differences between Classes and
Interface. The major differences between a class and an interface are mentioned below:
Features Class Interface

Instantiation In class, you can create an object. In an interface, you can't create an object

Variables Class can have instance variables Variables are public static final (constants only).

Methods Class can have concrete methods In an interface, methods are abstract by default

Inheritance It supports single inheritance Supports multiple inheritance

Constructors Can have constructors. No constructors allowed.

Supports private, protected, In an interface, all members are public by

Access Modifiers public, default. default

Keyword Defined using class. Defined using interface.

It does not support default

It supports default methods(JDK 8+)
Default Methods methods

Static Methods Can have static methods. Supports static methods (JDK 8+)

Private Methods Can have private methods. Supports private methods (JDK 9+).

Can have main() (since JDK 8, as static methods

Can have main() for execution.
Main Method are allowed).

What is Abstract Class in Java?

Java abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated by itself, it needs to be sub classed by
another class to use its properties. An abstract class is declared using the "abstract" keyword in
its class definition.

In Java, the following some important observations about abstract classes are as follows:
1. An instance of an abstract class cannot be created.
2. Constructors are allowed.
3. We can have an abstract class without any abstract method.
4. There can be a final method in abstract class but any abstract method in class(abstract
class) cannot be declared as final or in simpler terms final method cannot be abstract
itself as it will yield an error: "Illegal combination of modifiers: abstract and final"
5. We can define static methods in an abstract class
6. We can use the abstract keyword for declaring top-level classes (Outer class) as well
as inner classes as abstract
7. If a class contains at least one abstract method then compulsory should declare a class
as abstract
8. If the Child class is unable to provide implementation to all abstract methods of
the Parent class then we should declare that Child class as abstract so that the next
level Child class should provide implementation to the remaining abstract method
Difference between abstract class & interface:

Feature Abstract Class Interface

Methods Abstract and concrete methods Primarily abstract (before Java 8), can have
default/static methods

Fields Instance variables with various Only public, static, final fields
access modifiers

Constructors Yes No

Inheritance Single inheritance (extend) Multiple inheritance (implement)

Purpose Share common functionality among Define a contract for unrelated classes
related classes

Example 3:
Write a program to display the method print the addition and subtraction by using
abstraction.
// Abstract Class
abstract class arithmetic_operation
{
abstract void printInfo();
}
// Class add
class add extends arithmetic_operation
{
void printInfo()
{
int a = 3;
int b = 4;
[Link](a + b);
}
}
 // Class sub
class sub extends arithmetic_operation
{
void printInfo()
{
int c = 4;
int d = 5;
[Link](c - d);
}
}
class abstraction
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
arithmetic_operation n = new add();
[Link]();
arithmetic_operation y = new sub();
[Link]();
}
} ASSIGNMENT – 8
Question 1

An interface Data is defined with a data member and a method volume( ) which returns the
volume of the implementing shape.
A super class Base has been defined to contain the radius of a geometrical shape.
Define a sub class CalVol which uses the properties of the interface Data and the class Base
and calculates the volume of a cylinder.
The details of the members of the interface and both the classes are given below: [5]

Interface name : Data

Data member:
double pi : initialize pi = 3.142

Member functions/methods:
double volume( ) :

Class name: Base

Data member/instance variable:
rad : to store the radius in decimal

Member functions/methods:
Base(...) : parameterized constructor to initialize the data member
void show( ) : displays the radius with an appropriate message

Class name: CalVol

Data member/instance variable:
ht : to store the height in decimal
Member functions/methods:
CalVol(...) : parameterized constructor to initialize the data members of both the classes
double volume( ) : calculates the volume of a sphere by using the formula:
( pi x radius2 x height )
void show( ) : displays the data members of both the classes and the volume of the sphere
with appropriate message

Assume that the interface Data and the super class Base has been defined. Using the
concept of inheritance, specify the class CalVol giving the details of the constructor(...),
double volume( ) and void show( ).

The interface, super class, main function, and algorithm need NOT be written.

Question 2

A super class Bank has been defined to store the details of the customer in a bank.
Define a subclass Interest to calculate the compound interest.

The details of the members of both the classes are given below:

Class name : Bank

Data members/instance variables:
name : to store the name of the customer
acc_no : integer to store the account number
principal : to store the principal amount in decimals

Methods / Member functions:

Bank( ... ) : parameterized constructor to assign values to the data members

void display( ) : to display the customer details

Class name Interest

Data members/instance variables:
rate : to store the interest rate in decimals
time : to store the time period in decimals

Methods / Member functions:

Interest( ... ) : parameterized constructor to assign values to the data members of both the
classes

double calculate( ) : to calculate and return the compound interest using the formula
[ CI = P ( 1 + R/100 )N − P]
where, P is the principal, R is the rate and N is the time

void display( ) : to display the customer details along with the compound interest
Assume that the super class Bank has been defined. Using the concept of inheritance,
specify the class Interest giving the details of the constructor(...), double calculate( ) and
void display( ).

The super class, main function and algorithm need NOT be written.