UNIT-2

WORLD WIDE WEB

World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites

or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers through the
internet. These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users
can access the content of these sites from any part of the world over the internet
using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc. The WWW, along
with internet, enables the retrieval and display of text and media to your device.

The building blocks of the Web are web pages which are formatted in HTML
and connected by links called "hypertext" or hyperlinks and accessed by HTTP.
These links are electronic connections that link related pieces of information so that
users can access the desired information quickly. Hypertext offers the advantage to
select a word or phrase from text and thus to access other pages that provide
additional information related to that word or phrase.

A web page is given an online address called a Uniform Resource Locator

(URL). A particular collection of web pages that belong to a specific URL is called
a website, e.g., [Link], [Link], etc. So, the World Wide
Web is like a huge electronic book whose pages are stored on multiple servers across
the world.

Small websites store all of their Webpages on a single server, but big websites
or organizations place their Webpages on different servers in different countries so
that when users of a country search their site they could get the information quickly
from the nearest server.

The web provides a communication platform for users to retrieve and

exchange information over the internet. Unlike a book, where we move from one
page to another in a sequence, on World Wide Web we follow a web of hypertext
links to visit a web page and from that web page to move to other web pages. You
need a browser, which is installed on your computer, to access the Web.
Difference between World Wide Web and Internet:

Some people use the terms 'internet' and 'World Wide Web' interchangeably.
They think they are the same thing, but it is not so. Internet is entirely different from
WWW. It is a worldwide network of devices like computers, laptops, tablets, etc.
It enables users to send emails to other users and chat with them online. For
example, when you send an email or chatting with someone online, you are using
the internet.

But, when you have opened a website like [Link] for information, you
are using the World Wide Web; a network of servers over the internet. You request
a webpage from your computer using a browser, and the server renders that page to
your browser. Your computer is called a client who runs a program (web browser),
and asks the other computer (server) for the information it needs.

History of the World Wide Web:

The World Wide Web was invented by a British scientist, Tim Berners-Lee
in 1989. He was working at CERN at that time. Originally, it was developed by him
to fulfill the need of automated information sharing between scientists across the
world, so that they could easily share the data and results of their experiments and
studies with each other.

CERN, where Tim Berners worked, is a community of more than 1700

scientists from more than 100 countries. These scientists spend some time on
CERN site, and rest of the time they work at their universities and national
laboratories in their home countries, so there was a need for reliable
communication tools so that they can exchange information.
 Internet and Hypertext were available at this time, but no one thought how to
use the internet to link or share one document to another. Tim focused on three main
technologies that could make computers understand each other, HTML, URL, and
HTTP. So, the objective behind the invention of WWW was to combine recent
computer technologies, data networks, and hypertext into a user-friendly and
effective global information system.

World Wide Web Works

Now, we have understood that WWW is a collection of websites connected to

the internet so that people can search and share information. Now, let us understand
how it works!

The Web works as per the internet's basic client-server format as shown in
the following image. The servers store and transfer web pages or information to
user's computers on the network when requested by the users. A web server is a
software program which serves the web pages requested by web users using a
browser. The computer of a user who requests documents from a server is known
as a client. Browser, which is installed on the user' computer, allows users to view
the retrieved documents.
 All the websites are stored in web servers. Just as someone lives on rent in
a house, a website occupies a space in a server and remains stored in it. The server
hosts the website whenever a user requests its Webpages, and the website owner
has to pay the hosting price for the same.

ELEMENTS OF WEB

An HTML file is made of elements. These elements are responsible for

creating web pages and define content in that webpage. An element in HTML
usually consist of a start tag<tag name>, close tag </tag name> and content inserted
between them. Technically, an element is a collection of start tag, attributes, end tag,
content between them.

Note: Some elements does not have end tag and content, these elements are
termed as empty elements or self-closing element or void elements.

Such as:

<p> Hello world!!! </p>

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>WebPage</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is my first web page</h1>
<h2> How it looks?</h2>
 <p>It looks Nice!!!!!</p>
</body>
</html>

All the content written between body elements are visible on web page.

Void element: All the elements in HTML do not require to have start tag and
end tag, some elements does not have content and end tag such elements are known
as Void elements or empty elements. These elements are also called as unpaired tag.

Some Void elements are <br> (represents a line break) , <hr>(represents a

horizontal line), etc.

Block-level and Inline HTML elements

For the default display and styling purpose in HTML, all the elements are
divided into two categories:
 Block-level element
 Inline element

Block-level element:

 These are the elements, which structure main part of web page, by dividing
a page into coherent blocks.
 A block-level element always start with new line and takes the full width
of web page, from left to right.
 These elements can contain block-level as well as inline elements.

Following are the block-level elements in HTML.

<address>, <article>, <aside>, <blockquote>, <canvas>, <dd>, <div>, <dl>, <dt>,

<fieldset>,<figcaption>, <figure>, <footer>, <form>, <h1>-<h6>, <header>, <hr>, <li>,
<main>, <nav>,<noscript>, <ol>, <output>, <p>, <pre>, <section>, <table>, <tfoot>, <ul>
and <video>.
Note: All these elements are described in later chapters.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div style="background-color: lightblue">This is first div</div>
<div style="background-color: lightgreen">This is second div</div>
<p style="background-color: pink">This is a block level element</p>
</body>
</html>
 Output:

In the above example we have used tag, which defines a section in a web page,
and takes full width of page.

We have used style attribute which is used to styling the HTML content, and
the background color are showing that it's a block level element.
Inline elements:

 Inline elements are those elements, which differentiate the part of a

given text and provide it a particular function.
 These elements does not start with new line and take width as per requirement.
 The Inline elements are mostly used with other elements.

<a>, <abbr>, <acronym>, <b>, <bdo>, <big>, <br>, <button>, <cite>, <code>, <dfn>,
<em>,<i>, <img>, <input>, <kbd>, <label>, <map>, <object>, <q>, <samp>, <script>,
<select>,<small>, <span>, <strong>, <sub>, <sup>, <textarea>, <time>, <tt>, <var>.
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<a href="[Link] on link</a>
<span style="background-color: lightblue">this is inline element</span>
<p>This will take width of text only</p>
</body>
</html>

Output:
WEB BROWSERS

Users can find, access, and view web pages with the help of a web browser,
which is a software program. The term "browser" is frequently used to refer to a
web browser. Using languages like 'Hypertext Markup Language' (HTML) and
'Extensible Markup Language' (XML), websites on the internet and other content
are generally displayed and accessed through web browsers.

Web pages and websites transmitted via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) are converted into content humans can view using browsers. They can also
display additional protocols and prefixes, such as secure 'HTTP' (HTTPS), 'File
Transfer Protocol' (FTP), 'email handling', and files (file :). Additionally, most
browsers accept third-party plug-ins to show dynamic material such as embedded
video, audio, and game content.
Distinguishes a Search Engine from a Browser

Search engines and web browsers are sometimes mistaken for one another,
yet they serve different purposes. A search engine contains searchable data about
other websites (common examples of search engines are Google, Bing, Yahoo, and
Baidu). Nonetheless, a browser must connect to a website's server and view its web
pages. These are a few examples of browsers.

Functions do web browser

Anything on the internet is accessible with a web browser, and it pulls data
from other websites and displays it on your computer or mobile device. The
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which outlines how text, pictures, and video are
communicated on the web, is used to send the information. To ensure that users of
any browser, anywhere in the globe, can access this information, it must be shared
and presented consistently.

However, not every browser developer opts to interpret the format in the same
way. This implies to users that a website may have a varied appearance and
functionality. Web standards aim to provide uniformity among browsers so that
users can utilize and enjoy the internet.

When a web browser requests data from a server connected to the internet, it
converts that data into images and text using a program known as a rendering
engine. Web browsers read the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) code
contained in this data to produce the images, sounds, and experiences of the
internet.

Users can navigate to other online pages or sites via hyperlinks. Every image,
video, and webpage has a distinct Universal Resource Locator (URL), commonly
called a web [Link] a browser requests data from a server, the web address
instructs the browser where to look for each item described in the HTML,
instructing the browser where it should appear on the web page.
Different Web Browsers

All web browsers do the same tasks. As a result, various web browsers have
been used over the years.

Several web browser examples and their unique features are covered below:

1. Google Chrome
The most widely used browser in the USA is Chrome, developed by internet
giant "Google" and regarded as quick, safe, and dependable by PC and smartphone
users. The Chrome Store offers various customization options in the form of helpful
extensions and apps that may be downloaded without charge.

Moreover, Chrome makes it simple to integrate with other Google services, like
Gmail.
Due to its popularity, Google has since expanded the "Chrome" brand name to
include more products such as the Chromebook, Chromebox, Chromecast, and
Chrome OS.

2. Apple Safari

On Apple phones, laptops, and other Apple devices, Safari is the default
browser. It is typically regarded as a reliable browser, and Apple's ethos is
reflected in its sleek appearance. Due to the dominance of iPhones and iPads,
Safari, initially designed for Macs, has grown to dominate the mobile industry.
 In contrast to other browsers mentioned, Safari is only available from
Apple, cannot be used with Android devices, and no longer receives critical
security updates from Apple for the Windows version.

3. Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer

Although being discontinued, Internet Explorer deserves to be mentioned

because it was the preferred browser in the early years of the internet revolution,
with a 95% user share in 2003. However, in the years that followed, many people
switched to Chrome and Firefox because of their generally slow startup time.
Internet Explorer 11 was the last version to be published because Microsoft
announced in 2015 that Microsoft Edge would take Internet Explorer's place as the
default browser on
Windows 10. Microsoft Edge has a smaller market share than Internet Explorer,
which is nonetheless widely used worldwide as of the time of writing.

4. Mozilla Firefox

Firefox is an open-source browser developed by members of the Mozilla

Foundation's community, in contrast to Chrome, Safari, Internet Explorer, and
Microsoft Edge. With a wide variety of available add-ons and extensions, it may be
the most individualized of the major browsers.

It had a user share of 32.21% as of the end of 2003 before steadily slipping
behind Google Chrome's influence. It still competes fiercely in the "desktop" market
but has a smaller market share on mobile devices, where Google Chrome and Apple
Safari are more popular.

5. Opera

Opera, made for Microsoft Windows, Android, iOS, macOS, and Linux
operating systems, is another web browser worth mentioning. It includes a few
unique characteristics and is usually considered a solid choice by many people.
Many of its original features have since been added to competing browsers. Also, it
offers a unique user interface. Opera has a usage rate of only 2.28% as of this
writing, yet it is nonetheless influential, if not widely.

In addition, the Opera Mini web browser, created especially for mobile users,
was released in 2005. Opera, the PC version, published in 1995 before the mobile
version, was created by Opera Software and supported an exemplary user interface.

Components of a Web Browser

Seven key elements work together to make the web browser functional. That is:

1. User Interface

When you launch a web browser, the first page you view is the user interface.
The address bar, forward/backward button, menu, bookmarking option, and a few
other options are all present on this page.

2. Browser Engine

The browser engine connects the rendering engine and the browser's user
interface. It adjusted the rendering engine to provide an output based on the input.

3. The rendering system

The production of required content for the browser and its display on the
screen is the responsibility of the rendering engine. The HTML documents are
parsed before being converted to a usable form. Every browser that we are aware of
has a different rendering engine.
  Safari makes use of WebKit.
 Blink is used by Chrome and Opera (fork of WebKit).
 Trident is used on Internet Explorer.
 Firefox uses Gecko.

The open-source rendering engine WebKit was developed for Linux, and
apple changed it to support both Mac and Windows.

4. Networking

On the internet, communication and security are handled by the network layer.
It is also utilized for HTTP queries and caches the retrieved pages to reduce network
traffic.

5. UI Backend

It is used to draw simple boxes, windows, and widgets. This is for a general-
purpose interface and is not platform-specific. Underneath all of this, UI techniques
are handled by an operating system.

6. JavaScript Interpreter

JavaScript powers all websites and web pages. These pages were all written
in JavaScript. The rendering engine uses the pages that the interpreter has translated
to display the finished product.

7. Data persistence

Cookies are an example of data that is saved locally through data persistence
or storage. The browsers allow you to store databases locally on your computer using
storage methods such as IndexedDB, WebSQL, File System, etc. User data is
managed in the same way as cookies, cache, and bookmarks are.

WEB SERVERS

Web pages are a collection of data, including images, text files, hyperlinks,
database files etc., all located on some computer (also known as server space) on
the Internet. A web server is dedicated software that runs on the server-side. When
any user requests their web browser to run any web page, the web server places all
the data materials together into an organized web page and forwards them back to
the web browser with the help of the Internet. Therefore, we can conclude that: -

A web server is a dedicated computer responsible for running websites sitting

out on those computers somewhere on the Internet. They are specialized programs
that circulate web pages as summoned by the user. The primary objective of any web
server is to collect, process and provide web pages to the users.

This intercommunication of a web server with a web browser is done with the
help of a protocol named HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). These stored web
pages mostly use static content, containing HTML documents, images, style sheets,
text files, etc. However, web servers can serve static as well as dynamic contents.
Web Servers also assists in emailing services and storing files. Therefore it also uses
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) protocols
to support the respective services. Web servers are mainly used in web hosting or
hosting the website's data and running web-based applications.

The hardware of the web servers are connected to the Internet that manages
the data exchange facility within different connected devices. In contrast, the
software of web server software is responsible for controlling how a user accesses
delivered files. Typically, web server management is an ideal example of the
client/server model. Therefore, it is compulsory for all computers that host websites
(whether with state or dynamic web page content) to have web server software.

Web servers work

The term web server can denote server hardware or server software, or in
most cases, both hardware and software might be working together.
 1. On the hardware side, a web server is defined as a computer that stores
software and another website raw data, such as HTML files, images, text
documents, and JavaScript files. The hardware of the web servers are
connected to the web and supports the data exchange with different devices
connected to the Internet.
2. On the software side, a web server includes server software accessed
through website domain names. It controls how web users access the web
files and ensures the supply of website content to the end-user. The web
server contains several components, including an HTTP server.

Whenever any web browser, such as Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge or

Firefox, requests for a web page hosted on a web server, the browser will process
the request forward with the help of HTTP. At the server end, when it receives the
request, the HTTP server will accept the request and immediately start looking for
the requested data and forwards it back to the web browser via HTTP.

Let's discover the step-by-step process of what happens whenever a web

browser approaches the web server and requests a web file or file. Follow the below
steps:

1. First, any web user is required to type the URL of the web page in the address
bar of your web browser.
2. With the help of the URL, your web browser will fetch the IP address of
your domain name either by converting the URL via DNS (Domain Name
System) or by looking for the IP in cache memory. The IP address will
direct your browser to the web server.
3. After making the connection, the web browser will request for the web
page from the web server with the help of an HTTP request.
4. As soon as the web server receives this request, it immediately responds by
sending back the requested page or file to the web browser HTTP.
5. If the web page requested by the browser does not exist or if there occurs
some error in the process, the web server will return an error message.
6. If there occurs no error, the browser will successfully display the webpage.

NOTE: A single web server can host multiple domains as well.

Examples of web server uses

Web servers are mostly used for:

 Sending and receiving mails on Internet by using SMTP (Simple Mail transfer
Protocol) fetching requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files; and designing,
developing, and publishing websites.
 Many Web servers, even the basic one, also support the server-side scripting
technique. Server-side scripting is a web development method used to employ
scripts on a web server that produces a customized response for each user. This
technique operates on the server machine and consists of an extensive feature set,
including database access. The server-side scripting process will have various
scripting languages such ASP, PHP, Java, JavaScript, Python, ruby and many more.
This technique also enables the HTML files to be created dynamically.

Static web servers vs. Dynamic web servers

A web server can be used to store, process or deliver either static or dynamic web
pages.

Let's understands the definition of static and dynamic web servers with
the help of their difference table given below:

[Link] Static Web Servers Dynamic Web Servers

.
Static web servers refer to the
Dynamic web servers refer to the servers
servers, which serve only the static
1 where the content of the page can be
content i.e., the content is fixed
updated and altered.
and being shown as it is.
A static web server includes a A dynamic web server also includes a
2 computer and the HTTP (Hyper computer with plenty of other software,
Text Transfer Protocol) software. unlike an application server and database
model.
It is called static; the web pages It is called dynamic because the
content won't change unless the application server is used to update the
3
user manually changes it, and the web pages files at the server-side, and due
server will deliver web files as is to to which, it can change on every call
the web browser. requested by the web browser.
The Dynamic web server can only
produce the data when it is requested
Static web servers take less time to
4 from the database.
load the data.
Therefore, it is time consuming and
more complicated when compared
 to static web servers.

PROXY SERVERS

The proxy server is a computer on the internet that accepts the incoming
requests from the client and forwards those requests to the destination server. It
works as a gateway between the end-user and the internet. It has its own IP address.
It separates the client system and web server from the global network.

In other words, we can say that the proxy server allows us to access any
websites with a different IP address. It plays an intermediary role between users and
targeted websites or servers. It collects and provides information related to user
requests. The most important point about a proxy server is that it does not encrypt
traffic.

There are two main purposes of proxy server:

 To keep the system behind it anonymous.

 To speed up access to a resource through caching.

Mechanism of Proxy Server

The following figure depicts the mechanism of the proxy server.

 The proxy server accepts the request from the client and produces a response
based on the following conditions:

1. If the requested data or page already exists in the local cache, the proxy
server itself provides the required retrieval to the client.
2. If the requested data or page does not exist in the local cache, the proxy
server forwards that request to the destination server.

3. The proxy servers transfer the replies to the client and also being cached to
[Link], it can be said that the proxy server acts as a client as well as the
server.

Types of Proxy Servers

There are many types of proxy servers available. The two most common types
of proxy servers are forward and reverse proxy servers. The other proxy server has
its own feature and advantages. Let's discuss each in detail.

1. Open or Forward Proxy Server: It is the most widely recognized type of

intermediary worker that is gotten to by the customer. An open or forward
proxy server refers to those sorts of intermediaries that get demands from
web clients and afterward peruse destinations to gather the mentioned
information. After collecting the data from the sites, it forwards the data to
the internet users directly. It bypasses the firewall made by authorities. The
following image shows forward proxy configuration.

2. Reverse Proxy Server: It is a proxy server that is installed in the

neighborhood of multiple other internal resources. It validated and
processes a transaction in such a way that the clients do not communicate
directly. The most popular reverse proxies are Varnish and Squid. The
following image shows the reverse proxy configuration.

3. Split Proxy Server: It is implemented as two programs installed on

two different computers.
4. Transparent Proxy: It is a proxy server that does not modify the request or
response beyond what is required for proxy authentication and identification.
It works on port 80.
5. Non-Transparent Proxy: It is an intermediary that alters the solicitation
reaction to offer some extra types of assistance to the client. Web demands
are straightforwardly shipped off the intermediary paying little mind to the
worker from where they started.
6. Hostile Proxy: It is used to eavesdrop upon the data flow between the client
machine and the web.
7. Intercepting Proxy Server: It combines the proxy server with a gateway. It
is commonly used in businesses to prevent avoidance of acceptable use
policy and ease of administration.
8. Forced Proxy Server: It is a combination of Intercepting and non-intercepting
policies.
9. Caching Proxy Server: Caching is servicing the request of clients with the
help of saved contents from previous requests, without communicating with
the specified server.
10. Web Proxy Server: The proxy that is targeted to the World Wide Web is
known as a web proxy server.
11. Anonymous Proxy: The server tries to anonymizing the web surfing.
12. Socks Proxy: It is an ITEF (Internet Engineering Task Force) standard. It
is just like a proxy system that supports proxy-aware applications. It does
not allow the external network components to collects the information of
the client that had generated the request. It consists of the following
components:
o A dient library for the SOCK.
o A dient program such as FTP, telnet, or internet browser.
o A SOCK server for the specified operating system.
13. High Anonymity Proxy: The proxy server that doesn't contain the proxy
server type and the client IP address in a request header. Clients using the
proxy can't be tracked.
14. Rotating Proxy: It assigns a unique IP address to each client who is
connected to it. It is ideal for users who do a lot of continuous web scrapping.
It allows us to return the same website again and again. So, using the rotating
proxy requires more attention.
15. SSL Proxy Server: It decrypts the data between the client and the server. It
means data is encrypted in both directions. Since proxy hides its existence
from both the client and the server. It is best suited for organizations that
enhance protection against threats. In SSL proxy, the content encrypted is
not cached.
16. Shared Proxy: A shared proxy server is used by more than one user at a time.
It provides an IP address to the client that can be shared with other clients. It
also allows users to select the location from where the user wants to search.
It is ideal for users who do not want to spend a lot of money on a fast
connection. Low cost is an advantage of it. The disadvantage of it is that a
user can be get blamed for someone else's mischievous activity. For this
reason, the user can be blocked from the site.
17. Public Proxy: A public proxy is available free of cost. It is perfect for the user
for whom cost is a major concern while security and speed are not. Its speed
is usually slow. Using a public proxy puts the user at high risk because
information can be accessed by others on the internet.
18. Residential Proxy: It assigns an IP address to a specific device. All requests
made by the client channeled through that device. It is ideal for the users who
want to verify ads that display on their websites. Using the residential proxy
server, we can block unwanted and suspicious ads from competitors. In
comparison to other proxy servers, the residential proxy server is more
reliable.
19. Distorting Proxy: It is different from others because it identifies itself as a
proxy to a website but hides its own identity. The actual IP address is
 changed by providing an incorrect one. It is perfect for clients who do not
want to disclose their location during surfing.
20. Data Center Proxy: It is a special type of proxy that is not affiliated with the
ISP. It is provided by other corporations through a data center. These servers
can be found in physical data centers. It is ideal for clients who want quick
responses. It does not provide high-level anonymity. For this reason, it can
put client information at high risk.
21. HTTP Proxy: HTTP proxies are those proxy servers that are used to save
cache files of the browsed websites. It saves time and enhances the speed
because cached files reside in the local memory. If the user again wants to
access the same file proxy itself provides the same file without actually
browsing the pages.

Advantages of Proxy Server

There are the following benefits of using the proxy server:

 It improves the security and enhances the privacy of the user.

 It hides the identity (IP address) of the user.
 It controls the traffic and prevents crashes.
 Also, saves bandwidth by caching files and compressing incoming traffic.
 Protect our network from malware.
 Allows access to the restricted content.

Need of Proxy Server

 It reduces the chances of data breaches.

 It adds a subsidiary layer of security between server and outside traffic.
 It also protects from hackers.
 It filters the requests.

Working of Proxy Server

As we have discussed above, the proxy server has its own IP address and it
works as a gateway between the client and the internet. The client's computer knows
the IP address of the proxy server. When the client sends a request on the internet,
the request is re-routed to the proxy. After that, the proxy server gets the response
from the destination or targeted server/site and forwards the data from the page to
the client's browser (Chrome, Safari, etc.).
Overall, it can be said that the proxy server accesses the targeted site, on
behalf of the client, and collects all the requested information, and forwards them to
the user (client). The following figure clearly depicts the working of the proxy
server.

SEARCH ENGINES

A search engine is an online answering machine, which is used to search, understand,

and organize content's result in its database based on the search query (keywords) inserted
by the end-users (internet user). To display search results, all search engines first find the
valuable result from their database, sort them to make an ordered list based on the search
algorithm, and display in front of end-users. The process of organizing content in the form
of a list is commonly known as a Search Engine Results Page (SERP).

Google, Yahoo!, Bing, YouTube, and DuckDuckGo are some popular

examples of search engines.

In our search engine tutorial, we are going to discuss the following topics -

Advantages of Search Engine

Searching content on the Internet becomes one of the most popular activities all
over the world. In the current era, the search engine is an essential part of everyone's
life because the search engine offers various popular ways to find valuable,
relevant, and informative content on the Internet.

A list of advantages of search engines is given below -

1. Time-Saving

Search engine helps us to save time by the following two ways -

 Eliminate the need to find information manually.

 Perform search operations at a very high speed.

2. Variety of information

The search engine offers various variety of resources to obtain relevant and
valuable information from the Internet. By using a search engine, we can get
information in various fields such as education, entertainment, games, etc. The
information which we get from the search engine is in the form of blogs, pdf, ppt,
text, images, videos, and audios.

3. Precision

All search engines have the ability to provide more precise results.

4. Free Access

Mostly search engines such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo allow end-users to
search their content for free. In search engines, there is no restriction related to a
number of searches, so all end users (Students, Job seekers, IT employees, and
others) spend a lot of time to search valuable content to fulfill their requirements.
5. Advanced Search

Search engines allow us to use advanced search options to get relevant,

valuable, and informative results. Advanced search results make our searches more
flexible as well as sophisticated. For example, when you want to search for a specific
site, type "site:" without quotes followed by the site's web address.

Suppose we want to search for java tutorial on javaTpoint then type "java
site:[Link]" to get the advanced result quickly.

To search about education institution sites (colleges and universities) for

[Link] in computer science engineering, then use "computer science engineering
site:.edu." to get the advanced result.

6. Relevance

Search engines allow us to search for relevant content based on a particular

keyword. For example, a site "javatpoint" scores a higher search for the term "java
tutorial" this is because a search engine sorts its result pages by the relevance of the
content; that's why we can see the highest-scoring results at the top of SERP.

Disadvantages of Search Engine

There are the following disadvantages of Search Engines -

 Sometimes the search engine takes too much time to display relevant,
valuable, and informative content.
 Search engines, especially Google, frequently update their algorithm,
and it is very difficult to find the algorithm in which Google runs.
 It makes end-users effortless as they all time use search engines to solve
their small queries also.

Components of Search Engine

There are the following four basic components of Search Engine -

1. Web Crawler

Web Crawler is also known as a search engine bot, web robot, or web spider. It plays
an essential role in search engine optimization (SEO) strategy. It is mainly a software
component that traverses on the web, then downloads and collects all the
information over the Internet.

There are the following web crawler features that can affect the search results –

 Included Pages
  Excluded Pages
 Document Types
 Frequency of Crawling

2. Database

The search engine database is a type of Non-relational database. It is the place

where all the web information is stored. It has a large number of web resources.
Some most popular search engine databases are Amazon Elastic Search Service and
Splunk.

There are the following two database variable features that can affect the search
results:

 Size of the database

 The freshness of the database

3. Search Interfaces

Search Interface is one of the most important components of Search Engine.

It is an interface between the user and the database. It basically helps users to search
for queries using the database.

There are the following features Search Interfaces that affect the search results -

 Operators
 Phrase Searching
 Truncation

4. Ranking Algorithms

The ranking algorithm is used by Google to rank web pages according to the
Google search algorithm.

There are the following ranking features that affect the search results -

 Location and frequency

 Link Analysis
 Click through measurement

Search engines work

There are the following tasks done by every search engines -

1. Crawling
Crawling is the first stage in which a search engine uses web crawlers to find, visit,
and download the web pages on the WWW (World Wide Web). Crawling is
performed by software robots, known as "spiders" or "crawlers." These robots are
used to review the website content.
2. Indexing

Indexing is an online library of websites, which is used to sort, store, and organize
the content that we found during the crawling. Once a page is indexed, it appears
as a result of the most valuable and most relevant query.

3. Ranking and Retrieval

The ranking is the last stage of the search engine. It is used to provide a piece of
content that will be the best answer based on the user's query. It displays the best
content at the top rank of the website.

To know more about how the search engine works click on the following link -

Search Engine Processing

There are following two major Search Engine processing functions -

1. Indexing process

Indexing is the process of building a structure that enables

searching. Indexing process contains the following three

blocks -

i. Text acquisition

It is used to identify and store documents for indexing.

ii. Text transformation

It is the process of transform documents into index or features.

iii. Index creation

Index creation takes the output from text transformation and creates the indexes or
data searches that enable fast searching.
2. Query process

The query is the process of producing the list of documents based on a user's search

query. There are the following three tasks of the Query process -

i. User interaction

User interaction provides an interface between the users who search the content and
the search engine.

ii. Ranking

The ranking is the core component of the search engine. It takes query data from the
user interaction and generates a ranked list of data based on the retrieval model.

iii. Evaluation

Evaluation is used to measure and monitor the effectiveness and efficiency. The
evaluation result helps us to improve the ranking of the search engine.
ISP ( INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER )

ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. It is a company that provides access
to the internet and similar services such as Website designing and virtual hosting.
For example, when you connect to the Internet, the connection between your
Internet-enabled device and the internet is executed through a specific transmission
technology that involves the transfer of information packets through an Internet
Protocol route.

Data is transmitted through different technologies, including cable modem,

dial-up, DSL, high speed interconnects. Accordingly, based on the method of data
transmission, the Internet access provided by ISPs can be divided into many types,
some of which are as follows:Dial-up Internet access: It is the oldest technology to
provide Internet access by modem to modem connection using telephone lines. In
this method, the user's computer is connected to a modem with a telephone line. This
method has become outdated today due to slow connection speed. However, in
remote areas, this method can be used where the broadband network is not available.

DSL: DSL, which stands for 'digital subscriber line' is an advanced version of
the dial-up Internet access method. It uses high frequency to execute a connection
over the telephone network and allows the internet and the phone connection to run
on the same telephone line. This method offers an Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
(ADSL), where the upload speed is less than the download speed, and a Symmetric
Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), which offers equal upload and download speeds.
Out of these two, ADSL is more popular among users and is popularly known as
DSL.

Wireless Broadband (WiBB): It is a modern broadband technology for

Internet access. It allows high-speed wireless internet within a large area. To use this
technology, you are required to place a dish on the top of your house and point it to
the transmitter of your Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP).

Wi-Fi Internet: It is the short form for "wireless fidelity," which is a wireless
networking technology that provides wireless high-speed Internet connections using
radio waves. To use the internet, you are required to be within the range of wi-fi
network. It is commonly used in public places such as hotels, airports, restaurants
to provide internet access to customers.

ISDN: It is a short form of Integrated Services Digital Network. It is a

telephone system network which integrates a high-quality digital transmission of
voice and data over the same standard phone line. It offers a fast upstream and
downstream Internet connection speed and allows both voice calls and data transfer.

Ethernet: It is a wired LAN (Local Area Network) where computers are

connected within a primary physical space. It enables devices to communicate with
each other via a protocol (a set of rules or common network language). It may
provide different speeds such as 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps and 10 Gbps.

TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTION

We will understand the types of Internet connection.

Internet Connection

A user can connect to the Internet either by dialing into an ISP's computer or
by directly connecting to the ISP. A dial-up connection is the one you initiate by
dialing into a modem over a telephone link whereas a direct connection is a
continuous connection to an ISP through a dedicated phone line.
 The various types of Internet connections are:

 Dial-up connection
 ISDN
 Leased Line or TI/T3 connections
 DSL
 Cable TV Internet connections
 Satellite Internet Connections
 Wireless Internet Connections

The DSL, Cable TV Internet, Satellite Internet and wireless Internet

connections are used for providing high speed or broadband Internet access.

Dial-up connection

A dial-up connection is one of the most common types of Internet connection

offered by ISPS. This connection uses a telephone line to connect your computer to
the Internet. In order to access using such a connection, a hardware device known
as a modem is needed. A modem acts as an interface between your computer and a
telephone line A communication program (such as Dial Up Networking) instructs
the modem to place a telephone call to a specific phone number provided by an ISP,
establish a connection and then connect your computer to the Internet.

In dial-up connection, a connection is not always on. You connect only when
you want to access the services provided by the Internet and when you are finished
using it just disconnect.

The dial-up connection uses either the SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or
PPP (Point to Point Protocol) protocols. However, most of the dial up connections
are PPP protocol.

Most ISPs support modems at a speed upto 56 kbps, so these basically used
to read Emails and for Internet browsing. However, this type of connection has
problems with video connections, high speed gaming and multimedia intensive
websites. While using a dial up connection to access the Internet, you cannot talk on
the phone. Thus a dial-up connection does not allow simultaneous talking and
Internet access.

Advantages of Dial-up Connection:

 It is fast enough to read information and download small files.
 It is easy to set up and most widely available Many ISPs provide this type of service.
 It is the cheapest form of Internet access in a limited way.
 Hardware cost in establishing such a connection is minimum.

Disadvantages of Dial-up connection:

1. Very slow connection You must wait several minutes for reading e-mails
with large file attachments, viewing videos on the net, listening to music and
appearance of web pages containing a lot of pictures, animations etc.
2. Connection is not always You need to dial up every time you want to
use Internet services.
3. Using this connection, you cannot use the Internet and receive
phone calls simultaneously. A busy signal will be received by the
person who calls you.
4. It is the slowest connection available, especially when multiple users on the
network need to access the Internet.

Isdn, ti and t3

ISDN was one of the first widely available truly digital services that stands
for Integrated Services Digital Network. Like a dial-up connection, it also
establishes a connection to your ISP over a phone line when required. However,
unlike dial-up connection it uses an upgraded phone line which carries the digital
signals instead of analog signals to provide fast internet access as well as regular
voice calls simultaneously. It also provides an interface for connecting other devices
such as fax machines, video phones etc.

ISDN services are generally delivered in one of two techniques:

 BRI (Basic Rate Interface)

 PRI (Primary Rate Interface).

Basic Rate Interface:

A BRI ISDN service consists of three distinct channels on a single ISDN line:
two 64 Kbps B (Bearer) channels and one 16 Kbps D (Delta or Data) channels. The
B channels can carry digital data, digitized voice, images, and video at a speed of
64 Kbps. By combining two B channels, a data transfer rate upto 128 kbps may be
achieved. Besides this you can use each B channel for different purposes. One may
be used to talk on the phone and the other may be used to access the Internet.
However, this would temporarily limit your data transmission rate (bandwidth) to
64 Kbps as only one of the B channels is used for the Internet. The D channel is
intended for the purpose of signaling and control, messaging, and network
management. It can also be used for packet data transmission if not in use for
signaling purposes. However, it does not have the voice capability. BRI is basically
used for residential, small business and telecommuting applications that are not
particularly bandwidth intensive.

Primary Rate Interface

PRI consists of 23 B channels plus one D channel. Both B and D channels

operate at the speed of 64 Kbps making a total transmission rate of 1.544 Mpbs. This
level of transmission rate is equivalent to that of T1 service. The individual B
channels carry user information such as data, video, voice calls etc. and D channel
is reserved for signaling information.

In addition to T1 service, many telephone companies provide more data

transmission speeds. T3 service is the one which uses 672 channels of 64 Kbps
each making the total transmission speed of 44,736 Mbps. Several other fractional
T services are also being provided between the levels of BRI and PRI as per the
requirements of companies on the basis of their cost and needs.

In order to connect your computer to the ISDN line, Terminal Adapters are
used which are also known as ISDN modems. These modems come with phone
jacks that allow you to plug in your telephone, computers, fax machine and video
conferencing devices and use the ISDN line just like a normal phone line.

Advantages of ISDN:

1. It is faster than dial-up connection as its maximum speed is upto 128

Kbps (HRT) compared to 56 Kbps of dial-up connection.
2. It allows you to access Internet and talk on the phone simultaneously
3. It is suitable for accessing the Internet in a LAN provided a limited
number of computers (2 to 8) are attached to it.
Disadvantages of ISDN:
1. It is difficult to set up and troubleshoot
2. It is not widely available as it is only available in some limited areas.
3. It is expensive as compared to dial-up connection as per minute charges
can make it costly when a lot of Internet access is required.
4. It has limited expendability. It is not practical for more than 6 computers
depending upon the usage.

Dsl:

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line which has emerged as a new Internet
access technology that has brought high connection speeds to home users and
business organizations. It is one of the most common forms of broadband
connection as it provides fast Internet access over ordinary telephone lines. Several
versions of DSL technology are available for home and business use which is the
reason why it is also known as xDSL.
Some of the most common DSL are:

 Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)

 Rate adaptive DSL (RADSL)
 Very high bit-rate DSL (VSDL)
 Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
 High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
 ISDN DSL (IDSL)

All these differ depending on their upload and download speeds, bits transfer
rate, levél of service, distance, and other factors. ADSL is the most popular and
widely used high speed broadband connection that allows digital information to be
sent at a very high speed over ordinary phone lines. Using this connection, the same
phone line is splitted into two separate channels, one for data and one for voice.
Thus it allows you to talk on the phone without disconnecting from the Internet. It
is called asymmetric because the download speed is different from the upload
speed. These speeds vary according to the location from the phone company.
Some of the common download/upload speeds are 256 Kbps/128 Kbps, 512
Kbps/128 Kbps, 1Mbps/256 Kbps etc. The speed varies from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps
and uploads speed ranges from 64 Kbps to 256 Kbps.
 SDSL is like ADSI. With the difference that in the former both the upload and
download speeds are the same, In order to access the Internet using this connection,
DSL modem is required for the home users and DSL router is required for
connecting network computers.

Advantages of DSL connection:

1. It is always on connection and users need not wait as in case of dialup connection.
2. It allows you to use a telephone and Internet simultaneously.
3. It is ideal for downloading video games, watching movies online,
online video conferencing etc.
4. It is faster than ISDN and dial-up connection.
5. It eliminates the performance overhead associated with standard dial-up
connection as there is no need to convert analog signal to digital signal and
digital to analog signals.
Disadvantages of DSL Connection:

1. Limited Availability only in limited areas.

2. It is expensive in terms of setup and equipment costs.
3. Upload speed is much slower than download speed.

Cable tv internet connection

Cable TV Internet Connection is a high speed Internet connection service

provided through existing Cable TV lines. You can watch TV in a normal manner
and at the same time access the Internet. It is one of the most widely growing
services in homes because of its affordability and ease of use. The cable TV lines
use the coaxial cable which transfers data at much higher speed than common
telephone lines. Its speed usually ranges from 256 Kbps to 1 Mbps.
 In order to access this service, a cable modem is used which is provided by a
Cable TV operator. A cable modem typically has two connections, one for the
Internet service and other for the Cable TV signals. These modems are specially
designed so that data transmission doesn't interfere with TV signals, making it
possible to use both the services simultaneously.

Cable TV Internet connections share a set amount of bandwidth with a group

of customers. So the data transfer speed available to a user depends upon how many
customers are using the Internet at the same time. Data transfer speeds can be
extremely fast when only a few customers are online but it reduces drastically as the
number of customer’s online increases.

Cable TV Internet Services are far more available in residential communities

than in business organizations.

Advantages of Cable TV Internet Connection:

1. Data transfer speed is very fast.

2. It provides continuous and instantaneous connectivity i.e. connection is always ON.
3. There is no internet login required and the user never gets busy signals
as in case of dialup connection.

Disadvantages of Cable TV Internet Connection:

1. As the connection may be shared by multiple customers this may slow

down the connection to the Internet during peak time.)
2. Only available in areas with Cable TV connections
3. Customers are not able to telecommunicate host websites, use video
teleconferencing and many other bandwidth eating applications.
4. It is inexpensive as compared to other types of connections though.
5. Its initial cost may be high
6. Customers sharing the same cable network with other customers pose
 certain security risks such as unauthorized monitoring and hacking, denial
of service etc.

Satellite internet connection

Satellite Internet Connection offers yet another option for accessing the
Internet. It is the most expensive alternative for getting a high speed connection to
the Internet. These connections are aimed for those remote areas where other
Internet connections such as dial-up. ISDN, DSL cannot be used.

Satellite Internet connection can either be a one way connection or a two way
connection.
In one way connection, you can only download data but in order to upload the data
you need a dialup access through an ISP over telephone line. However, in a two way
connection, downloads and uploads are done by the satellite without a need of dialup
connection.

In order to use this connection, you need a satellite dish, a coaxial cable and
communication software. In addition, we may also need a phone line and a dial-up
Internet connection if the user has to upload also.

The download speed for these connections varies from 400 Kbps to 6 Mbps
and the upload speed is limited upto a maximum of 128 Kbps.
Advantages of Satellite Internet Connection:

1. This connection is available almost everywhere even in small villages

where Cable TV connection is not possible.
2. Bandwidth is not shared as in case of Cable Internet Connection.
3. It is easy to reinstall as the dish can be easily removed and reinstalled unlike
Cable TV connection where cables generally go to waste.
Disadvantages of Satellite Internet Connection:

1. It is more expensive to set up than other high speed Internet Connections

2. Provides high speed downloading as compared to uploading
3. In case of one way connection, you cannot communicate on the phone
when you are uploading

Wireless internet connection

With the recent advancement in wireless technology, the high speed Internet
access is not limited to the desktop but it is now accessible on laptops, PDA's,
mobiles also, Wireless Internet is the broadband Internet connection that uses the
radio frequency bands to connect to the Internet instead of using a telephone line or
a cable network. This type of connection provides a very high speed, usually more
than 10 Mbps and costs considerably less than the equivalent other wired versions.
Its speeds range from 256 Kbps to 10 Mbps. It is possible to use this type of
connection to transmit data over long distances. This type of connection is used by
business travelers and persons who are away from home as long as they are within
the network's coverage area.

(wi-fi): A number of ISP's have placed 802.11b (wi-fi) network standards in

public places such as hostels, coffee shops, airports, convention centers. These
networks provide easy access to the Internet for anyone with a compatible device
(e.g. Laptop or PDA).

Bluetooth: It is also used for Internet access although it doesn't have the
potential of wi-fi due to its limited distance. It was primarily promoted as it
eliminated the need for cables between devices such as keyboard, computers,
cellular phones, PDA's etc. The current standard allows upto 8 devices to be
connected to it.

Advantages of Wireless Internet Connection:

1. It is an extremely fast connection.

2. It provides greater mobility and covers a very long distance.
3. It provides an always on connection.

Disadvantages of Wireless Internet Connection:

1. It has limited availability wi-fi connection is usually available in public

areas like airports, railways stations etc. Bluetooth connection is available
in areas where mobile companies have network coverage.
2. Depending upon the signal quality, its speed varies
3. Initial cost of setup is very high.