CE -515: Design of Steel Structures Fall 2014
CE-515: Design of Steel Structures
M. Engg. (Civil), Fall 2015
Lecture 5
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Design of Tension Members
• Finding a member with adequate gross and net areas
• For bolted connections, loss of area because of holes has to be
accounted for.
• For rectangular cross sections, the process is straight forward.
• However, if a rolled shape is to be used, the deduction of area
can not be predicted in advance as the thickness is not known.
• A secondary consideration in the design of tension members is
slenderness. A maximum slenderness ratio of 300 is suggested.
1
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Design of Tension Members…
• The basic design requirement is to find a cross section for
which the required strength does not exceed the available
strength.
• For tension members designed by LRFD
where is the sum of the factored loads.
• To prevent yielding
• To avoid fracture
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Design of Tension Members…
• For allowable strength design (ASD), if we use the allowable
stress form
Yielding:
and the required gross area is
Fracture:
2
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Example 1:
LRFD Solution
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
LRFD Solution…
3
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
ASD Solution
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Design of Tension Members…
• If a member is less than 8 inches wide, it is
classified as a bar rather than a plate.
• It is common practice to use the PL (Plate)
designation for both bars and plates.
• If angle sections are used as tension members, the
usual fabrication practice is to punch or drill holes
in standard locations in angle legs.
4
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures CE -515: Design of Steel Fall 2014
Structures
Example 2:
LRFD Solution:
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures CE -515: Design of Steel Fall 2014
Structures
LRFD Solution…
5
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures CE -515: Design of Steel Fall 2014
Structures
Alternative values
of U for various
connections
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures CE -515: Design of Steel Fall 2014
Structures
LRFD Solution…
6
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures CE -515: Design of Steel Fall 2014
Structures
ASD Solution:
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Threaded Rods and Cables
• When slenderness is not a consideration, rods with
circular cross sections and cables are often used as
tension members.
• Rods and cables are frequently used in suspended roof
systems and as hangers or suspension members in
bridges.
• Rods are also used in bracing systems.
• In some cases, they are pretensioned to prevent them
from going slack when external loads are removed.
7
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Threaded Rods and Cables…
• The effective cross-sectional area in the threaded portion of a
rod is called the stress area.
• It is function of the unthreaded diameter and the number of
threads per inch.
• The ratio of stress area to nominal area varies but has a lower
bound of approx. 0.75.
• The nominal tensile strength of the threaded rod can be
written as
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Threaded Rods and Cables…
• For LRFD, the resistance factor is 0.75, so the strength
relationship is
and the required area is
• For ASD, the safety factor is 2.00, leading to the
requirement
8
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Tension Members in Roof Trusses
• Many of the tension members are used in roof trusses.
• Trusses when used in buildings, are usually main supporting
elements of roof systems where long spans are required.
• They are often used in industrial or mill buildings.
• Roof trusses normally are spaced uniformly along the length of the
building and are tied together by longitudinal beams called purlins
and by cross-bracing.
• The primary function of purlins is to transfer loads to the top chord
of the truss, but they can also act as part of the bracing system.
• Sag rods are tension members used to provide lateral support for
the purlins.
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
9
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Tension Members in Roof Trusses…
• Sag rods can be located at the midpoint, the third
points, or at more frequent intervals along the purlins,
depending on the amount of support needed.
• Sag rods are designed to support the component of
roof loads parallel to the roof.
• Each segment between purlins is assumed to support
everything below it.
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Example 3:
10
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Solution:
LRFD Solution:
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
LRFD Solution…
11
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
ASD
Solution:
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Tension Members in Roof Truss…
• For the usual truss geometry and loading, the bottom chord will be
in tension and the top chord will be in compression.
• Some web members will be in tension and others will be in
compression.
• When wind effects are included and consideration is given to
different wind directions, the force in some web members may
alternate between tension and compression.
• The affected member must be designed to function as both a
tension member and a compression member.
• In bolted trusses, double angle sections are used for both chord and
web members.
• This facilitates the connection using a single gusset plate.
12
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Example 4:
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Solution:
13
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
LRFD
Solution:
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
LRFD Solution…
14
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
LRFD Solution…
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
ASD Solution:
15
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
ASD Solution:
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Pin Connected Members
• When a member is to be pin-
connected, a hole is made in both
the member and the parts to which
it is connected and pin is placed
through the holes.
• This provides a moment-free
connection.
• The eyebar is a special type of pin-
connected member in which the
end containing the pin hole is
enlarged.
16
CE -515: Design of Steel Structures 2014
Fall 2015
Pin Connected Members…
• Pin connected members are designed for
following limit states.
17