Group # 4
12 Humss G
Practical Research 2
A CORRELATIONAL STUDY ON GADGET ADDICTION AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
OF HUMSS STUDENT AT COMPOSTELA
A Research paper presented to the Senior High School Department Compostela
National High School Day Class
In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research 2
Bartolome, Rena Lynneth M.
Aguilar, Cassandra
Morales, kayecille
Corales, Lylle
Dinoy, Jhun Phogz
Jumawan, klen
Udtohan, Mark June
Villamor, Jerlo
MR. PIAMONTE, ERIC DANE
SUBJECT TEACHER
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This section of the research paper provides a synthesis of related literature and
studies, identified through a thorough and focused search by the researchers. The
information presented expands the researchers’ knowledge by integrating insights from
relevant and comparable investigations.
The rise of digital technology has dramatically transformed the educational landscape,
particularly among senior high school students. Gadgets such as smartphones, tablets,
and laptops have become essential tools for communication, learning, and
entertainment. While these devices offer advantages, such as easy access to information
and virtual collaboration, excessive and uncontrolled use has led to a phenomenon
known as gadget addiction. Gadget addiction is characterized by compulsive gadget use,
difficulty in limiting screen time, and negative consequences on one’s mental, physical,
and academic well-being (Meng et al., 2022). This section reviews relevant literature to
understand the theoretical foundation of gadget addiction and its potential impact on
academic performance, especially among Humanities Men Social Sciences (HUMSS)
senior high school students.
In today’s digital era, gadgets such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops have become
essential tools for communication, education, and entertainment. These devices provide
easy access to information, facilitate collaboration, and support learning activities.
However, excessive use of gadgets has raised concerns among educators and
researchers, particularly regarding its potential negative impact on students’ academic
performance. For senior high school students, especially those in the Humanities and
Social Sciences (HUMSS) strand at Compostela National High School, gadgets play a
dual role. While they are valuable for academic research and completing school tasks,
they may also serve as sources of distraction when used excessively for non-academic
purposes such as gaming and social media.
Concept of Gadget Addiction
Gadget addiction refers to the uncontrollable or excessive use of digital devices,
particularly for leisure activities, that interferes with one’s daily responsibilities, including
academic tasks. Griffiths (2019) explained that this form of addiction is behavioral in
nature, characterized by compulsive patterns of use that disrupt normal routines.
Students who spend long hours on gadgets for recreational purposes tend to experience
decreased productivity and reduced focus on their studies (Sohn et al., 2021).
In the school setting, gadget addiction may manifest in students’ tendencies to prioritize
gadget-related activities over academic work. According to Buctot et al. (2021), students
who engage excessively with gadgets often face challenges such as procrastination and
ineffective time management, which directly affect their academic performance. This is
particularly relevant among HUMSS students who are expected to excel in reading,
writing, and analytical [Link] addiction is defined as a behavioral pattern
characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and compulsive use of electronic devices
such as smartphones, tablets, and computers (Kim et al., 2020). Roberts and David
(2016) argue that this form of addiction is fueled by constant access to social media,
gaming, and entertainment, which provides short-term gratification but long-term
negative effects on productivity and well-being. Gadget addiction is a growing issue
among students due to the integration of technology into both academic and personal
spaces (Montag et al., 2021).
According to Hussain et al. (2020), students are particularly vulnerable to gadget
addiction because they rely on these devices for communication and learning. However,
when usage becomes excessive, it leads to poor time management, decreased attention
span, and difficulty completing academic tasks. Leung et al. (2022) further note that
gadget addiction shares similarities with behavioral addictions such as gambling, where
compulsive behavior interferes with essential responsibilities.
Academic performance refers to a student’s ability to achieve specific educational
outcomes, often measured through grades, test scores, and overall learning progress
(Azizi et al., 2021). Various factors influence academic performance, including study
habits, motivation, peer relationships, and environmental conditions (Duckworth et al.,
2019).
The increased presence of technology in education has introduced both opportunities
and challenges. While gadgets can provide access to educational resources and tools,
Junco (2012) emphasizes that unregulated gadget use can hinder learning by causing
distractions during study sessions and classes. Lim and Lee (2019) highlight that
students who integrate gadgets effectively into their academic routines experience better
engagement and performance.
Academic Performance and Its Determinants
Academic performance refers to the measurable outcomes of a student’s learning
process, typically expressed through grades, test scores, and class participation. It
reflects a student’s ability to understand and apply the lessons taught in school (York et
al., 2015). For HUMSS students at Compostela National High School, academic
performance plays a vital role as their curriculum involves extensive research, critical
analysis, and communication skills.
Several factors influence academic performance. Internal factors include motivation,
study habits, and cognitive skills, while external factors involve family support, peer
influence, and the learning environment (Fernandez, 2024). Technology use, especially
gadgets, has been identified as both a facilitator and a hindrance to academic success.
Moderate and purposeful use of gadgets can support learning, but excessive recreational
use often results in decreased study time and lower academic achievement (Cabello,
2023).
Relationship Between Gadget Addiction and Academic Performance
The relationship between gadget addiction and academic performance has been a
significant focus of educational research. According to Buctot et al. (2021), students who
exhibit higher levels of gadget use for non-academic purposes tend to have lower
academic performance. This relationship is explained by the time displacement theory,
which suggests that time spent on gadgets replaces time that could have been devoted
to studying or other productive activities (Zhang et al., 2024).
Sohn et al. (2021) conducted a meta-analysis of 41 studies and concluded that excessive
gadget use negatively impacts students’ focus and academic outcomes. Similarly, Lo et
al. (2016) found that students who frequently use gadgets late at night experience
reduced concentration and academic engagement during classes. These findings
highlight the importance of managing gadget use to prevent adverse effects on learning.
For HUMSS students at Compostela National High School, where academic tasks
require extensive reading and writing, uncontrolled gadget use may hinder their ability to
meet academic demands. When gadgets are used primarily for leisure, students risk
falling behind in their studies due to distractions and poor time management.
Theoretical Framework
This study is supported by two theoretical foundations. The Uses and Gratifications
Theory explains that individuals use technology to satisfy various needs, including
entertainment, social interaction, and information seeking (Katz et al., 1974). When these
needs become excessive, they may lead to behaviors that interfere with academic
responsibilities. Additionally, the Cognitive Load Theory suggests that overuse of gadgets
may overwhelm the brain’s processing capacity, reducing focus and hindering learning
efficiency (Sweller, 2011).
This study is grounded in two primary theories. First, the Displacement Theory, proposed
by Neuman (1988), suggests that time spent on leisure activities such as non-academic
gadget use displaces time that could be allocated to studying and academic work.
Second, the Self-Regulation Theory by Zimmerman (2000) explains how a student’s
ability to control their behaviors and habits affects their academic performance.
Students with poor self-regulation are more likely to succumb to gadget addiction, which
in turn negatively impacts their studies.
Synthesis
The reviewed literature consistently demonstrates that excessive gadget use negatively
affects academic performance by reducing study time, causing distractions, and
impairing focus. While many international and local studies support this relationship,
there remains a limited focus on HUMSS students, whose academic requirements are
unique. For Compostela National High School, understanding this relationship is crucial,
as it provides insight into how gadget use patterns influence the performance of HUMSS
students. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the extent to which gadget
addiction impacts the academic performance of these students, providing a basis for
developing effective interventions and policies.
This chapter reviews existing literature related to gadget addiction and academic
performance. It provides a foundation for understanding the impact of excessive gadget
use on the academic outcomes of students, particularly those in the Humanities and
Social Sciences (HUMSS) strand. By examining previous studies and theoretical
perspectives, this review identifies key factors, relationships, and research gaps that the
present study aims to address.
Synthesis of Literature
The literature reviewed demonstrates a consistent pattern: gadget addiction poses
significant risks to students’ academic performance. While gadgets can serve as
effective educational tools, their misuse can lead to procrastination, distraction, and
lower productivity. Most studies emphasize the importance of balance and regulation in
gadget use. However, research focusing specifically on HUMSS students remains limited,
indicating a gap that this study aims to fill.
Definition of Terms
Academic Performance
Academic performance refers to measurable learning outcomes expressed through
grades, test scores, and overall scholastic achievement (Reyes & Dela Cruz, 2020)
Gadget Addiction
Gadget addiction is the excessive and compulsive use of technological devices such as
smartphones, tablets, and laptops that interferes with an individual’s daily functioning
and academic responsibilities (Samaha & Hawi, 2016).
Digital Distraction
Digital distraction refers to the diversion of attention from academic tasks due to
engagement with gadgets for non-educational purposes (Meng et al., 2022).
Time Management
Time management is the strategic allocation of time to complete tasks and achieve
academic goals (Agostini & Petrucco, 2023).
Academic Procrastination
Academic procrastination refers to the deliberate delay of academic tasks despite
potential negative consequences (Simbolon & Daulay, 2022).
HUMSS Students
HUMSS students are senior high school learners enrolled in the Humanities and Social
Sciences strand, which focuses on disciplines such as literature, philosophy, and
communication (DepEd, 2023).
References
Azizi, S. M., Roozbahani, N., & Khatony, A. (2021). Factors affecting the academic
performance of students: A systematic review. Journal of Education and Health
Promotion, 10, 159.
Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., & Tsukayama, E. (2019). Self-control and academic
achievement. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 373–399.
Hussain, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Sheffield, D. (2020). An investigation into problematic
smartphone use: The role of narcissism, anxiety, and personality factors. Journal of
Behavioral Addictions, 9(3), 663–672.
Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in
Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58(1), 162–171.
Kim, H., Cho, M., & Kim, J. (2020). Understanding smartphone addiction and its
association with social anxiety: A review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(9), 45.
Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2015). The relationship between cell phone use,
academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students.
Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350.
Leung, L., Chen, J., & Chen, C. (2022). Digital addiction: Psychological mechanisms and
interventions. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 843955.
Lim, S., & Lee, J. (2019). The role of smartphone usage in academic performance among
university students. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67(5), 1225–
1242.
Montag, C., Wegmann, E., Sariyska, R., Demetrovics, Z., & Brand, M. (2021). How to
overcome social media addiction? The role of self-regulation and identity. Addictive
Behaviors Reports, 14, 100391.
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell
phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners.
Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134–141.
Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress,
academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57,
321–325.
Yeboah, J., & Ewur, G. D. (2014). The impact of WhatsApp messenger usage on students’
performance in tertiary institutions in Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(6),
157–164.