Unit 3

Essentials of Medical Terminology

HPRS 1206

Unit 3 Objectives

In this unit, students will learn how to:

● Name, locate and describe anatomical structures in the nervous, sensory and endocrine
systems and their functions
● Recognize combining forms, prefixes and suffixes associated with medical terms within
the Nervous, Sense organs, and Endocrine body systems
● Identify various signs, symptoms and pathological conditions associated with the
Nervous, Sense organ, and Endocrine body systems
● Identify laboratory tests, clinical procedures, abbreviations and imaging studies related
to the pathological conditions of the Nervous, Sense organ, and Endocrine systems
● Apply new knowledge to understand medical terms in proper context
 Nervous System
Chapter 10

Definition:
The nervous system controls and coordinates all the activity of the different systems of the
body

Define the following terms:

1. Neuron – individual nerve cell
2. Nerve cells – carry _________________________ messages all over the body
3. Nerves – bundles of nerve cells

Two types of spinal and cranial nerves:

1. Sensory (afferent) nerves – carry messages ______ the spinal cord and brain
__________ the sensory organs
2. Motor (efferent) nerves - carry messages ________________ the spinal cord and
brain ___________ muscles telling them how to respond

Two major divisions of the Nervous System:

1. Central Nervous System – contains ______________________ and spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System - contains the following items:
a. _______________________ nerves - carry impulses between brain, head and
neck (except for #10). Refer to Figure 10-2
b. Spinal nerves - carry messages between spinal cord, chest, abdomen, and
extremities. Refer to Figure 10-1
c. Plexus - large _____________________ of nerves
d. Peripheral nerves – nerves functioning outside the brain and spinal cord

Autonomic Nervous System - Refer to Figures in the textbook

1. nerves function _______________________________
2. not under conscious control

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 3. carry impulses ____________ central nervous system to glands, heart, blood vessels
and involuntary muscles in intestine, stomach and urinary bladder
4. Sympathetic division
• stimulates body during stress and crisis
• increases pulse and ___________
• relaxes airways to allow body to get more oxygen
• _________________ digestion
• stimulates adrenal gland to release epinephrine
5. Parasympathetic division
• _________________________ effects of sympathetic
• decreases pulse and BP
• contracts pupils of the eye
• stimulates _______________________
• stimulates peristalsis to evacuate rectum

Anatomy of a Nerve Impulse (Refer to Figures in the textbook

1. Dendrite – branching fibers of a neuron
2. Cell body – impulse travels in _____________direction to reach the cell body
3. Cell nucleus – contained inside the cell body
4. Axon – extends from the cell body and carries nerve impulse _______________ from
the cell body
5. Myelin Sheath – insulates the axon and speeds transmission of the electrical impulse
6. Terminal end fibers – area where nerve impulse __________________ the cell
7. Synapse – space where nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to another neuron

Neurotransmitter - A chemical substance released by the neuron to aid in transfer of electrical

impulses across the synapse. Examples:
1. Acetylcholine (__________________)
2. Epinephrine (EPI)
3. Dopamine (______________________)
4. Serotonin (5HT)

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Neuroglial cells – hold the nervous system together and ward off infection and injury, do not
transmit impulses. Four types:
1. Astrocytes – transport ____________ and salts between nerve cells and capillaries
2. Microglial – phagocytes that protect neurons from inflammation
3. Oligodendroglia – makes the myelin sheath that protects axons in CNS
4. Ependymal – lines ___________________________ within brain and spinal cord

Parts of the brain (Refer to Figures in the textbook)

1. Cerebrum – __________________________ portion of the brain
Function – higher learning, personality, _____________, movement, and thought
a. Gyrus – sheets of nerve cells
b. Sulcus – grooves that separate _______________ from each other
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) – watery fluid that flows through the brain and spinal
cord to protect brain from shock
2. Thalamus - _____________________________ under conscious control, aids in
perception of pain.
3. Hypothalamus – controls body temperature, __________________________,
_____________________________________, and appetite
4. Brainstem - controls vital body functions
a. Midbrain – uppermost portion of the brainstem. Connects cerebrum to the
lower portion of the brain and structures involved with seeing and hearing.
b. Pons – contains nerve fiber tracts to connect cerebrum and cerebellum to rest of
the brain
c. Medulla Oblongata

● Connects spinal cord with rest of brain

● Nerve fibers _________________ over in this area from left to right and from

_______________ to left

● Vital centers for:

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 - Respiratory
- __________________
- Vasomotor functions such as blood pressure
5. Cerebellum – coordinates _________________________________ movement and
maintains balance and posture

Spinal Cord - Column of nervous tissue extending from medulla oblongata to _______ vertebra
1. Grey matter – __________________ region containing cell body and dendrites
2. White matter – outer region containing nerve fiber tracts with myelin sheath
3. Cauda Equina – fan of nerve fibers below _____________ of spinal cord (horses tail)

Meninges - Three layers of connective tissue that ______________________ the brain and
spinal cord (Refer to Figures in the textbook)
1. Dura mater – outermost layer, has channels that contain blood
2. Arachnoid membrane – ______________________ layer (spider web)
3. Pia mater – innermost layer closest to brain and spinal cord; contains connective
tissues that have rich supply of blood vessels

Word parts – define each word part and the example medical term using word part definitions
from the glossary in the textbook.

lept/o = lept/o/mening/itis =

-esthesia = an/esthesia =

-asthenia = my/asthenia =

kines/o = kinesi/o/logy =

-lepsy = epi/lepsy =

comat/o = comat/ose =

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-paresis = hemi/paresis =

-plegia = para/plegia =

-phasia = a/phasia =

syncop/o = syncop/al =

tax/o = a/tax/ia =

Pathological Conditions
1. Hydrocephalus - abnormal accumulation of CSF fluid in the brain; relieved by
_____________________ from the ventricle to the peritoneal space in abdomen
2. Spina Bifida (Refer to Figures in the textbook) - congenital defect in ________________
spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts
a. Meningocele – protrusion (herniation) of ________________________ through
vertebrae to outside of body
b. Myelomeningocele – protrusion of the _____________________ cord and
meninges through the vertebrae to outside of body
3. Epilepsy – chronic brain disorder characterized by ________________________ seizure
activity. A seizure is a _____________________, excessive electrical discharge in the
brain; Types of seizures include:
a. Tonic / Clonic (grand mal) – sudden loss of consciousness, falling down,
stiffening and _________________________ movement of extremities, loss of
bowel or bladder function is common
b. Absence – ________________________ clouding of consciousness (blank stare,
appear to not be listening)
4. Alzheimer Disease – __________________________ deterioration of mental capacity
beginning in middle age, cause ______________________, may be genetic.
5. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) – destruction of __________________ _____________ in
the CNS and replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue; prevents conduction of
nerve impulses resulting in muscle weakness, unsteady gait and ________________;

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 cause is unknown but may be autoimmune, leading neurologic disability in 20-40 year
old clients.
6. Palsy – paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function). Two types:
a. Cerebral palsy – ________________________ paralysis and lack of muscle
coordination caused by loss of oxygen during pregnancy and/or delivery
b. Bell’s palsy – paralysis on ___________ side of the face, most likely caused by a
virus
7. Parkinson’s Disease (Refer to Figures in the textbook) – degeneration of neurons in the
brain caused by the loss of neurotransmitter ____________________
a. Symptoms: stooped posture, shuffling gait, muscle stiffness, and
_____________
b. Treatment: give drugs to increase dopamine but only relieve symptoms and is
__________ a cure
8. Meningitis - Inflammation of the meninges due to bacteria or virus
a. Symptoms: ___________________, headache, light sensitivity, stiff neck
b. Diagnosis: made by Lumbar puncture to examine CSF
c. Treatment: antibiotics or _______________________ depending on the cause
9. Cerebral Concussion – traumatic brain injury cause by an _______________ to the
head; may or may not have loss of consciousness; Tx – rest
10. Cerebral Contusion – ________________________ of brain tissue following trauma
to the head; may be associated with other injuries such as a skull fracture,
increased pressure within the skull, or______________________
11. Stroke (Refer to Figures in the textbook) – also called cerebrovascular accident
(___________); disruption in normal blood supply to the brain; Three causes:
a. Thrombotic – blood clot in arteries ______________________ to brain cause
occlusion in vessel and decreased blood flow to brain
b. Embolic – dislodged thrombus travels to arteries _______ the brain and occludes
brain blood vessel
c. Hemorrhagic – blood vessel ________________ and bleeding occurs in the brain

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Clinical Procedures
1. Cerebral angiography – x ray imaging of _____________________ blood vessels in
brain after injection of contrast material
2. Computerized tomography (CT scan) – computerized x-ray technique generating
multiple images of the brain and spinal cord
3. Electroencephalography (EEG) – recording of the ____________________________
activity of the brain; used to diagnose seizures
4. Lumbar puncture (Refer to Figures in the textbook) – CSF is withdrawn from between
two ___________ vertebra for lab analysis; helps diagnose meningitis

Abbreviations:

1. CNS –

2. CSF –

3. CVA –

4. EEG –

5. LP –

6. MRI –

7. MS –

8. PNS –

9. TBI –

10. TIA -

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 The Sense Organs, part 1
The Ear
Chapter 17

Combining forms for the ear:

_______________________, aur/o, and __________________________

Two actions of the ear:

1. ___________________________
2. Equilibrium (balance)

Three separate regions of the ear:

1. ________________________
2. Middle ear
3. ________________________

Outer Ear: Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook

1. Auricle (pinna) – projecting flap where sound waves _______________________
2. Auditory canal leads from pinna to middle ear
3. Produces ______________________ (ear wax) which lubricates and protects the ear

Middle Ear: Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook

1. Sound waves travel through the auditory canal and strike a membrane between the
outer and middle ear. _________________________ = tympanic membrane
2. This membrane is called the tympanic membrane or ______________________.
The tympanic membrane vibrates with sound waves and causes movement of three
small bones in the middle ear. These small bones are called
______________________.
The three small bones (ossicles) also have individual names:
a. Malleus – the TM moves the malleus first
b. Incus – ______________________ of the malleus moves the incus next
c. Stapes (staped/o) – vibrates last and touches the next membrane called
the oval window

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 3. _______________________ window separates the middle ear from the inner ear

4. Eustachian Tube (salping/o) leads from the middle ear to the pharynx
a. Is normally closed, except when ___________________________
b. Aids in prevention of damage to eardrum and shock to the middle and
inner ear when air pressure is greater in the middle ear than in
atmospheric air
Inner Ear: Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook
Also called the_________________________ because of its circular, maze-like structure
1. Cochlea (cochle/o) leads from the oval window; small, snail shaped; has two parts:
a. Auditory Liquids
i. Perilymph
ii. ____________________________
iii. Vibrations travel through these liquids
b. Organ of Corti – sensitive auditory receptor; are tiny hair-like cells that
receive vibrations from auditory liquids and relay sound waves to
auditory ______________________ fibers
2. Auditory Nerve Fibers – receive sound vibrations from the auditory liquids and end
in the ______________________________ center of the cerebral cortex of the brain
where impulses are heard and interpreted
3. Vestibule – connects the cochlea to three semicircular ____________________ for
balance
4. Semicircular canals (Organ for Equilibrium) – contain endolymph and hair cells that
fluctuate in response to movement of the head; nerve fibers send message to brain
and brain sends message to muscles to maintain _____________________

**Students will want to review Figure(s) in the textbook and be able to list the order of sound
wave transmission to the brain. Students will also need to identify which anatomical
structures are in the outer, middle and inner ear**

Using the glossary, define the following word parts and the example medical term using word
part definitions from the glossary of the textbook.

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acous/o - acoustic -

audi/o - audi /o/ gram -

audit/o - auditory -

-cusis presby/cusis -

-otia macrotia -

microtia -

Types of Deafness:
1. Conduction – caused by impairment of the middle ear ___________________ and
membranes that transmit sound waves into cochlea.
2. Nerve – caused by impairment of the _______________________ or auditory nerve

Pathological Conditions:
1. Otitis Media (Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook) – inflammation of _____________ ear,
caused by infection (staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria)
2. Tinnitus – tinkling sound in the ear; can be ringing, buzzing, whistling, etc….
3. Vertigo – sensation of irregular or whirling ______________________ of oneself or
external objects; equilibrium and balance are affected
4. Meniere’s Disease – disorder of ________________________ marked by elevated
endolymph pressure.
a. Symptoms include tinnitus, vertigo, and loss of hearing
b. Cause is ____________________________
c. Bedrest, sedation and drugs for nausea and vertigo are commonly given
5. Otosclerosis – bone growth around oval window and stapes leading to fixation
(stiffening) causing improper conduction of sound _______________________.
Corrected with _____________________________ and replacement by
prosthesis

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Practice: Break into word parts and define these pathological conditions using word part
definitions from the glossary of the textbook.

1. otomycosis –

2. myringotomy –

3. myringitis –

4. otopyorrhea –

5. ossiculoplasty –

Ear Procedures: Break into word parts and define the procedure using word part definitions
from the glossary of the textbook.

1. audiometry –

2. audiometer –

3. audiogram –

4. otoscopy –

Define the following abbreviations related to the Ear:

1. AD

2. AS

3. AU

4. ENT

5. EENT

The Sense Organs, part 2

The Eye
Chapter 17

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Directions: Students will use Figure(s) in the textbook to identify and define the anatomy of the
eye. Become familiar with the pathway of light through the eye all the way up to the cerebral
cortex.

Structures:
1. cor/o and pupil/o
a. Light passes into the eye
b. Pupil - __________________ center of the eye
2. corne/o and kerat/o
a. Cornea – a fibrous, transparent ________________ that extends over the
________________ of the eye and iris
b. Helps with refraction of light
c. Considered avascular which means _________ blood vessels
3. phak/o and phac/o
a. Lens lays __________________ for distant vision and ____________________
for near vision
b. Also helps with refraction of light
4. retin/o
a. Retina – thin, nerve layer that contains ______________ and _______________
i. Rods are for ______________________ lighting and peripheral vision
ii. Cones are for color and _____________________ vision
5. conjunctiv/o
a. conjunctiva is a ______________________ membrane, it coats anterior portion
of eyeball; dust and smoke dilate blood vessels to produce redness
6. scler/o
a. Sclera - _________________________ of the eye. The sclera does have blood
vessels on the outer surface
7. Choroid
a. dark brown membrane inside the _______________________. Provides
nutrients to the eye
8. ir/o

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 a. The iris is the _____________________ portion of the eye. It is also a muscle
that surrounds the pupil of the eye.
b. If light is bright, the iris contracts (gets ___________________) and the pupil
constricts (gets _______________________)
c. If light is dim, the iris relaxes and the pupil dilates (gets larger).
i. Mi/o – smaller or less; Ex: miosis = constriction of the pupil
ii. Mydr/o – wider, enlarge; Ex: mydriasis = enlargement of the pupil
9. cycl/o
a. Ciliary Body – a muscle located next to the lens that serves two functions:
i. Thickens and thins the lens for ___________________________
ii. Secretes “Aqueous humor” (AH)
10. Aqueous Humor
a. fluid that maintains the shape of _________________________ portion of eye
and provides nourishment to structures in the same area.
11. vitre/o
a. Vitreous humor is located inside vitreous chamber and helps to maintain the
shape of the _______________________ eye
b. Vitreous humor is not constantly produces
c. Loss of vitreous humor may result in _____________ of vision in the affected eye
d. Both AH and VH help to refract light rays
12. Optic disc
a. Area where optic nerve meets the retina
b. Has no light receptors, also known as the ___________________ ___________
13. Optic nerve fiber (refer to Figure(s) in the textbook)
a. Carries light impulses to the brain. As fibers enter brain, travel more medially
and eventually cross
14. Optic Chiasm (refer to Figure(s) in the textbook)
a. area where optic nerve fibers _______________________
b. Nerve fibers from right 1/2 of each retina form an optic tract via the __________

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 c. Fibers end in the right visual field of the ____________________ ____________
(occipital lobe of the brain).
d. Same thing happens with the left half of each retina

Areas of the Brain involved in Vision (refer to Figure(s) in the textbook)

1. Thalamus
a. ___________________ fibers from the right half of each retina form an optic
tract via the thalamus. Fibers will end in the right visual field of the cerebral
cortex. Same thing happens with nerve fibers on the left half of each retina
2. Cerebral Cortex
a. surface of ________________________ where nerve cells lie in sheets. Receive
visual stimulus from thalamus from both sides of the eye
3. Visual area of cerebral cortex is in the occipital lobe of the brain

**Students should review Figure(s) in the textbook to understand the pathway of light rays
from the cornea of the eye to the cerebral cortex of the brain**

Vision Disturbances (Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook)

1. Accommodation
a. normal adjustment of the eye for seeing objects at various __________________
2. Astigmatism
a. defective curvature of the ________________________ or lens of the eye; The
image is distorted
3. Presbyopia (presby/o + opia)
a. impaired vision of the cornea or lens of the eye, associated with _____________
4. Hyperopia (hyper- + -opia)
a. farsightedness (_________________ see far, but can’t see close objects), rays of
light focus behind retina
Vision Disturbances cont’d
5. Myopia (my/o + -opia)

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 a. nearsightedness (can see near, but ___________________ see far away objects),
rays of light focus in front of the retina

Word Parts: students should use the glossary of the textbook to define the word part on the
left as well as the example term on the right

ambly/o = amblyopia =

blephar/o = blepharoptosis =

dipl/o = diplopia =

nyct/o = nyctopia =

phot/o = photophobia =

-opsia = hemianopsia =

dacry/o and lacrim/o = lacrimal ducts =

opt/o, optic/o, ophthalm/o = optic =

ophthalm/o/log/ist =

Diagnostic Procedures (see textbook)

1. Ophthalmoscopy - ophthalm/o = eye + -scopy = visual examination = visual examination
of the eye
2. Visual Acuity - ________________________ of vision is assessed
3. Visual __________________ test – measurement of the entire scope of vision (both
peripheral and central)

Surgical Treatments:
1. Keratoplasty (Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook)
a. surgical ______________________ of the cornea (as in a corneal transplant)

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 2. Vitrectomy
a. surgical removal of the ______________________ humor

Abbreviations related to the Eye

1. OD – ______________________ EYE

2. OS – LEFT EYE

3. OU – _____________________ EYES

4. VF – VISUAL FIELD

5. AH – AQUEOUS __________________________

6. VH – VITREOUS HUMOR

7. IOP – _______________________________ PRESSURE

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 Endocrine System
Chapter 18

**Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook for the anatomy of the Endocrine System**

Definitions:
1. Endocrine System is composed of ______________________ throughout the body that
secrete ____________________.
2. Hormones are chemical substances (messengers) secreted into the bloodstream.
3. _________________________ glands secrete substances directly into the bloodstream
4. _________________________ glands secrete substances into ducts and out of the
body. List examples of this type of gland:
a. ____________________________
b. ____________________________
c. ____________________________
d. ____________________________
e. ____________________________

Glands and Hormones:

1. Thyroid gland – release 3 hormones; Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook
a. Thyroxine – used to _________________________ metabolism
b. Triiodothyronine – used to increase metabolism
c. Calcitonin – helps __________________________ calcium levels in blood (sends
excess into bone)

2. Parathyroid Gland - Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook

a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – mobilizes calcium ________________ bones into
bloodstream when blood calcium is low

3. Adrenal Gland (Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook) – has two parts:

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 a. Adrenal Medulla – releases two chemicals; both are catecholamines
i. Epinephrine – increases heart rate, _________________ bronchial tubes,
stimulates production of glucose from glycogen
ii. Norepinephrine – ________________________ blood vessels and
increases blood pressure
b. Adrenal Cortex – releases three chemicals, all are corticosteroids:
i. Glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone) – _______________________ blood
glucose, useful in treating inflammatory diseases
ii. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) – increases sodium reabsorption into
bloodstream
iii. Gonadocorticoids (androgen, estrogen) – influence __________________
characteristics (development of breast tissue, pubic hair, etc…)

4. Pancreas – Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook

a. Functions as both an endocrine and an exocrine gland; releases two chemicals:
i. Insulin – __________________________ blood sugar levels
ii. Glucagon – ________________________blood sugar levels

5. Gonads – Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook; sex organs:

a. _____________________________ release two chemicals:
a. Estrogen – development of female sexual characteristics
b. Progesterone – preparation and maintenance of ___________________
during pregnancy
b. Testes release one chemical:
a. Testosterone – development of _______________sexual characteristics

6. Pineal Gland – Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook

a. Melatonin – supports biological clock, induces __________________, associated
with Seasonal Affective Disorder
7. Thymus Gland – Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook (Chapter 14)

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 a. Thymosin – develops _______________________ response in newborns

8. Pituitary Gland – Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook

also called the “master gland”, has two lobes:
a. Anterior lobe – also called __________________________________
b. Posterior lobe – also called _________________________________

Anterior Lobe Hormones:

Hormone: Abbr: Uses:
1. Growth Hormone ______ stimulates growth of bone and tissue
2. Somatotropin ______ stimulates growth of bone and tissue

3. Thyroid Stimulating ______ stimulates growth of thyroid and secretion of

hormones
4. Adrenocorticotropic ______ stimulates growth of adrenal cortex and secretion
of hormones
5. Follicle Stimulating ______ stimulates ovaries and testes
6. Luteinizing hormone ______ promotes ovulation, stimulates testes to produce
testosterone
7. Prolactin ______ stimulates milk production

Posterior Lobe Hormones:

Hormone: Abbr: Uses:
1. Antidiuretic hormone ______ Increases water reabsorption (vasopressin)
2. Oxytocin ______ stimulates labor during childbirth

Abnormal Conditions of the Endocrine System

Anterior Pituitary
1. HYPERSECRETION - Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook
a. Acromegaly – hyperfunctioning of pituitary __________________ puberty
causing enlargement of extremities
b. Gigantism – hyperfunctioning of pituitary ______________ puberty causing
abnormal overgrowth

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 2. HYPOSECRETION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY:
a. ______________________ – hyposecretion of growth hormone causing bones to
remain small.
Posterior Pituitary
1. SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH) condition of producing ________ __________
ADH leading to water retention.
2. Diabetes Insipidus – condition of producing _______ _____________ ADH. Kidneys fail
to reabsorb needed water and salts.

Thyroid Gland – Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook

1. Hyperthyroidism – ___________________________ thyroid gland. Common symptoms
include:
a. rapid pulse,
b. higher body __________________________
c. Hyperactivity and weight loss,
d. _____________________ peristalsis (causing diarrhea)
e. Types:
i. Graves disease is the most common form
f. Goiter – enlargement of thyroid gland is also common
g. _______________________________________is another common side effect

2. Hypothyroidism – underactive thyroid gland. Common symptoms include:

a. fatigue; muscular and ________________________ sluggishness
b. weight gain,
c. fluid retention and _____________________________,
d. low body temperature,
e. __________________________ heart rate
[Link] types:
i. Myxedema – advanced hypothyroidism in ______________________
ii. ____________________________ – extreme hypothyroidism in infancy
or childhood leading to lack of normal physical and mental growth

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Adrenal Cortex: Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook
1. HYPERSECRETION:
a. Cushing Syndrome – abnormal condition of _______ ___________ cortisol
production
2. HYPOSECRETION:
a. Addison’s Disease – abnormal condition of ______ ____________ steroid
production

Diabetes Mellitus - Refer to Figure(s) in the textbook, and Table 18-3 in the textbook
Better known as “diabetes"
1. A chronic disease associated with high levels of glucose in the blood
2. Diabetes is due to one of two mechanisms:
a. Inadequate production of insulin; this is also called:
i. Childhood diabetes, Insulin dependent, or Type 1 diabetes
b. Inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin; this is also called:
i. Old age diabetes, Non-insulin dependent, or Type 2 diabetes

There are several Tables, Figures and Diagrams in the textbook that will aid in the students’
study efforts. Please review: Table 18-2 and Table 18-4

Abbreviations:

ACTH –

ADH –

DKA –

DM –

FBS –

FSH –

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GH -

HCG –

LH –

PTH –

SIADH –

T3 –

T4 –

TSH -

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 Practice Activities
Recall from Unit 1 the various different methods to break down and define a medical term.

1. Break the following terms into word parts and identify the type of word part:
a. Neuralgia = neur/algia = neur/o = root word, -algia = suffix

b. Kinesiology =

c. Lacrimal =

d. Keratoplasty =

2. Break the following terms into word parts and define each word part:

a. Aphasia = a- = no, not or without, -phasia = speech

b. Otoscopy =

c. Hemianopsia =

d. Hypothyroidism =

3. Break the following terms into word parts and write a definition of the term using the
literal definition of each word part:

a. Angiography = angi/o/graphy = process of recording the vessels

b. Thrombotic =

c. Macrotia =

d. Vitrectomy =

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 Student Learning Outcomes/Review Sheet for Exam/Unit #3
Upon Completion of this unit, the student should be able to:

Chapter 10 - Nervous System

● Identify the anatomical structures and function of the nervous system

● Be able to label various anatomical figures in the textbook.

● Review the parts of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges

● Recall the prefixes, combining forms and suffixes associated with the nervous system

● Recall pathological conditions, clinical procedures, and abbreviations discussed in the

course notes

Chapter 17 – Sense Organs “Eyes and Ears”

● Identify the anatomical structures and function of the sensory organs

● Label the parts of the diagrams associated with the eye and ear in the textbook

● Identify the parts of the eye and their purpose: some examples:

o iris o retina

o ciliary body o cones

o pupil o rods

o lens o cornea

● Hyperopia } What is the difference between the two?

● Myopia

● Identify the parts of the ear and the order of transmission of sound waves

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 ● Recall the prefixes, combining forms and suffixes associated with the sensory organ
system (both eyes and ears)

● Recall pathological conditions, clinical procedures, and abbreviations discussed in the

course notes for this chapter

Chapter 18 – Endocrine System

● Identify the glands associated with the endocrine system and what hormone is secreted
from each

● Identify what area of brain releases what hormones:

Ex: Adenohypophysis → Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

mineralocorticoids

Adrenal Cortex → corticosteroids

glucocorticoids

● Differentiate the abnormal conditions that can arise from the various glands:

o What is the condition called when Adenohypophysis secretes increased growth

hormone?
o What is the condition called when Adenohypophysis secretes decreased growth
hormone?

● Recall the abbreviations from the endocrine system

To achieve these learning outcomes for this unit do the following:

Review exercises in the textbook
Make note cards for each combining form, prefix, or suffix in the chapters

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