Credits: 3 + 0

PG 2019
Spring 2020 Semester

Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures

Fawad A. Najam
Department of Structural Engineering
NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan
Cell: 92-334-5192533, Email: fawad@[Link]
 Acknowledgement

• The material for the preparation of these lectures slides are taken from different sources.

• The primary source for these lecture slides are the lectures of Dr. Naveed
Anwar and Dr. Pennung Warnitchai at Asian Institute of Technology (AIT),
Thailand

• Some other references of this training material include the following.

• Training material developed by Mr. Thaung Htut Aung at AIT Solutions, AIT, Thailand

• Various International Codes and Guidelines

Dr. Naveed Anwar Dr. Pennung Warnitchai
• Online Training Material from US Geological Survey (USGS)

• Lectures of Dr. Punchet Thammarak at Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand

• Online Educational Resources from IRIS ([Link])

• Class Notes of Prof. Dr. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai at Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand

• The material is taken solely for educational purposes. All sources are duly acknowledged.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2018 (Fawad A. Najam) 2

 Code-based Seismic Design of Structures

• The Concept of Vibration Modes of a Structure

• The Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure
• The Concept of Response Spectrum
• The Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) Procedure
• The Concept of Inelastic Response Spectra and Design Spectra
• The Code-based Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) Procedure
• The RSA Procedure in BCP (2007)

• The RSA Procedure as prescribed in ASCE 7-16 – Software Demonstration

3
 Full 3D, Nonlinear, Equations, Charts,
Partial Differential Closed Form with 2D/3D Linear Static
Inelastic Dynamic Tables, Rules,
Equations Approximations FEA/Matrix
FEA Limits

Rigorous Semi Rigorous Simplified Specified

Analytical Analytical Numerical Numerical Procedures
Structural Analysis vs. Structural Design

Structural Analysis Structural Design

• Fairly General, Unified (FEM, BEM ...) • Structural Material (RC, PSC, HRS, CFS, timber ... )

• Input: Structural Geometry, Element/Member • Design Code (ACI, BS Codes, EuroCode, JIS ... )
Cross-sections, Reinforcement details
• Design Approach (working stress, ultimate strength, limit
• Output: Element/ Member Actions, state ... )
Displacements ... etc.
• Structural Members (beams, columns, slabs, footings ... )

• Local Construction Techniques and Practices

• Input: Element/ Member Actions, Displacements ... etc.

• Output: Structural Geometry, Element/Member Cross-

sections, Reinforcement details
 Seismic Analysis Procedures

Structural
Model Linear Nonlinear
E, A, I, L, G etc. = Constant, K= Constant E ≠ Constant, EI ≠ Constant, K≠ Constant
Seismic
Loading

1. Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure Several Pushover Analysis Methods or

5. Nonlinear Static Procedures (NSPs)
Static
Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA)
2. Procedure (or Mode Spectral Analysis)
Nonlinear Modal Response History
Modal Response History (or Time History) 6. Analysis or Fast Nonlinear Analysis (FNA)
3.
Analysis Procedure (Modal RHA/THA)
Dynamic Linear Response History (or Time History) Nonlinear Response History (or Time
4. 7. History) Analysis Procedure (Direct
Analysis Procedure (Direct Integration
Linear RHA /LTHA) Integration Nonlinear RHA/THA)

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 6

 SEISMIC DESIGN CODES

There are several design methods suggested in seismic codes:

• Equivalent static analysis (ESF) method (or ELF method)

• Response spectrum analysis (RSA) method

• Time history analysis method

Equivalent static analysis method is commonly used for the seismic design of ordinary and "regular"
buildings and structures.

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 SEISMIC DESIGN CODES

Dynamic analysis methods (Response spectrum and Time history) are required for "irregular"
buildings and structures, very important structures, and structures that seismic response is not
dominated by the fundamental vibration mode. ... more tedious, more difficult.

Irregularity = Irregular geometry, non-uniform distribution of mass or stiffness, structural discontinuity,

etc.

• Vertical Structural Irregularities

• Plan Structural Irregularities

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 The Concept of Vibration Modes of a Structure

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 The Basic Concept

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 Free Vibration Analysis

• Definition
• Natural vibration of a structure released from initial condition and subjected to no external load
or damping
• Main governing equation -Eigenvalue Problem

𝑴 𝑼ሷ 𝑡 + 𝑪 𝑼ሶ 𝑡 + 𝑲 𝑼 𝑡 = 𝑷(𝑡)
• Solution gives
• Natural Frequencies
• Associated mode shapes
• An insight into the dynamic behavior and response of the structure

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 Natural Periods or Frequency

• The heartbeat of the structure

• Indicates the “stiffness” and “mass” relationship

• Basis for damping, resonance and amplification effects

• Many relationships for tall buildings (0.1 N, with Height etc.)

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 Mode Shapes

• A mode shape is a set of relative (not absolute) nodal displacements for a particular mode
of free vibration for a specific natural frequency

• There are as many modes as there are DOF in the system

• Not all of the modes are significant

• Local modes may disrupt the modal mass participation

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 Modal Analysis

• The modal analysis determines the inherent natural frequencies of vibration

• Each natural frequency is related to a time period and a mode shape

• Time Period is the time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration

• The Mode Shape is normalized deformation pattern

• The number of Modes is typically equal to the number of Degrees of Freedom

• The Time Period and Mode Shapes are inherent properties of the structure and do not
depend on the applied loads

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 Modal Analysis

• The Modal Analysis should be run before applying loads any other analysis to check the
model and to understand the response of the structure.

• Modal analysis is precursor to most types of analysis including Gravity Load Analysis,
Response Spectrum Analysis, Time History Analysis, Push-over Analysis, etc.

• Modal analysis is a useful tool even if full Dynamic Analysis is not performed.

• Modal analysis is easy to run and is fun to watch when animated.

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 Applications of Modal Analysis

• The Time Period and Mode Shapes, together with animation immediately exhibit the strengths
and weaknesses of the structure.

• Modal analysis can be used to check the accuracy of the structural model
– The Time Period should be within reasonable range,
– The disconnected members are identified
– Local modes are identified that may need suppression

• The symmetry of the structure can be determined

– For doubly symmetrical buildings, generally the first two modes are translational and the third mode
is rotational
– If the first mode is rotational, the structural is un-symmetrical

• The resonance with the applied loads or excitation can be avoided

– The natural frequency of the structure should not be close to excitation frequency

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2018 (Fawad A. Najam) 16

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 17
 Eccentric and Concentric Response

Unsymmetrical Mass Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

and Stiffness

Symmetrical Mass and

Stiffness

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 18

 Modal Analysis Results
Translation in • T1 = 5.32 sec • T6 = 1.28 sec • T9 = 0.75 sec
• 18% in Minor
direction
Minor • 60% in Minor • 6.5% in Minor
direction direction direction

• T2 = 4.96 sec
Translation in

• T4 = 1.56 sec • T7 = 0.81 sec

• 66% in Major
direction

• 15% in Major • 5.2% in Major

Major

direction direction direction

T3 = 4.12 sec T5 = 1.30 sec T8 = 0.65sec

Torsional

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 Modal Response Influenced by

• Structure
Mass • Attachments
• Occupants

• Tower
• Podium
Stiffness • Basement
• Foundation
• Soil

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 The Classical Modal Analysis Procedure for Forced Vibrations

Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3

≅
+ + +…
A Detailed 3D Elastic
Structural Model

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 Modal Analysis

• To determine vibration modes of building

• To understand behaviour of building in schematic design stage
• Adequacy of lateral stiffness
• Minimize torsional response under earthquake
• Tune to structure to be dynamically regular
• Determine the principal directions of building

• Mass source

1.0 DL + 1.0 LL MEP + 0.25 LL STO

• DL = Dead load
• LL MEP = MEP and other permanent equipment live load
• LL STO = Storage live load

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 The Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) Procedure

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The Concept of Elastic Response Spectrum

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 The governing equation of motion of an SDF system subjected to a ground motion 𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡)
can be written as follows.

𝑚 𝑢ሷ 𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑢ሶ 𝑡 + 𝑘 𝑢 𝑡 = −𝑚 𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡)

𝑘 2
𝑐 =2𝑚𝜉𝜔 , 𝜔 =
𝑚

𝑢ሷ 𝑡 + 2 𝜉 𝜔 𝑢ሶ 𝑡 + 𝜔2 𝑢(𝑡) = −𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡)

Solution

𝑢 𝑡, 𝑇, 𝜉 Output of the above equation (𝑢, 𝑢,ሶ 𝑢)ሷ are the

𝑢(𝑡,
ሶ 𝑇, 𝜉) dynamic response to the ground motion for a
𝑢(𝑡,
ሷ 𝑇, 𝜉) structure considered as a single DOF

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 A plot of the “maximum” response for different ground
motion history, different time period and damping ratio
give the “Spectrum of Response”

𝑢𝑜 𝑇, 𝜉 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑇, 𝜉)

𝑢ሶ 𝑜 𝑇, 𝜉 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑢(𝑡,
ሶ 𝑇, 𝜉)

𝑢ሷ 𝑜 𝑇, 𝜉 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑢(𝑡,
ሷ 𝑇, 𝜉)

The deformation response spectrum is a plot of 𝒖𝒐 against 𝑇 for fixed 𝜉.

A similar plot for 𝒖ሶ 𝒐 is the velocity response spectrum, and for 𝒖ሷ 𝒐 is the
acceleration response spectrum.

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 (a) Ground acceleration; (b) deformation
response of three SDF systems with 𝜉 = 2%
and T = 0.5, 1, and 2 sec; (c) deformation
response spectrum for 𝜉 = 2%.

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 Elastic Response Spectra

If a record of ground acceleration 𝑢ሷ 𝑔 𝑡 is known, then the deformation response of a

linearly elastic SDOF system can be computed by the convolution integral (See Eq.(27)),
and internal forces of interest to structural engineers such as bending moments, shears can
be subsequently determined.

Equation of motion: 𝑚 𝑢ሷ + 𝑐 𝑢ሶ + 𝑘 𝑢 = −𝑚 𝑢ሷ 𝑔 𝑡

The equation can also be written in the form of

𝑢ሷ + 2 𝜉𝜔𝑛 𝑢ሶ + 𝜔𝑛2 𝑢 = −𝑢ሷ 𝑔 𝑡 (29)

It turns out that, for a given ground acceleration 𝑢ሷ 𝑔 𝑡 , the deformation response depends
only on 𝜔𝑛 (or 𝑇𝑛 ) and 𝜉 of the SDOF system.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 28

 Deformation Response of SDOF systems to the EI Centro Ground Motion

The period of vibration

is very close to the
natural period of the
structural system

For systems having same

natural period, the higher the
damping is, the lower the
peak response becomes.

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 (a) Ground acceleration

(b) (c)
Deformation response of three Deformation response spectrum
SDOF systems with 𝜉 = 0.02 for 𝜉 = 0.02

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 Deformation response spectrum
for 𝜉 = 0.02
Response Spectrum: A plot of the peak value of a response
quantity as a function of the natural vibration period 𝑇𝑛 of the
system, or related parameter, is called the response spectrum for
the quantity.

The response spectrum provides a convenient mean to

summarize the peak response of all possible linear SDOF
systems to a particular component of ground motion.

It also provides a practical approach to apply the knowledge

of structural dynamics to the design of structures and
development of lateral force requirements in building codes.

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 Let 𝑢0 be the peak displacement of SDOF system,

Once 𝑢0 is obtained from the deformation response spectrum, the corresponding peak
internal forces 𝑓𝑠0 can be determined by:

𝑓𝑠0 = 𝑘 𝑢0

or 𝑓𝑠0 = 𝑚 𝜔𝑛2 𝑢0 = 𝑚 𝐴 (30)

where 𝐴 = 𝜔𝑛2 𝑢0 (31)

Note that 𝑓𝑠0 is 𝑚 × 𝐴 not 𝑚 × 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑢ሷ 𝑡 )0

𝐴 is not the real peak acceleration response but it has units of acceleration.

𝐴 is called “Peak Pseudo-acceleration” or “Spectral Acceleration”.

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 𝑓𝑠0 can also be considered as an “equivalent static force” because if the force 𝑓𝑠0 is applied to
the structure statically it will produce the equivalent amount of peak deformation response 𝑢0 .

Dynamic Static

Stationary
at the instant where 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑢0

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 Let 𝑉𝑏0 be the peak value of base shear

𝑉𝑏0 = 𝑓𝑠0 = 𝑚 𝐴 (32)

𝐴
It can be written in the form 𝑉𝑏0 = 𝓌 (33)
𝑔

Where 𝓌 is the weight of the structure and 𝑔 is the gravitational acceleration.

𝐴/𝑔 may be interpreted as the base shear coefficient or lateral force coefficient*.

*It is used in the building codes to represent the coefficient by which the structural weight is
multiplied to obtain the base shear.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 34

 Response Spectra 𝝃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 for EI Centro Ground Motion

Deformation Response Spectrum

𝐷 = 𝑢0

Pseudo-Velocity Response Spectrum

𝑉 = 𝜔𝑛 𝐷

Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectrum

𝐴 = 𝜔𝑛2 𝐷
𝐴

(This graph shows 𝐴Τ𝑔)

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 35

 The Pseudo velocity 𝒱 is related to the peak values of the strain energy, 𝐸𝑠0 , stored in the
system:

1 2 1 2 1 1
𝐸𝑠0 = 𝑘𝑢 0 = 𝑘𝐷 = 𝑚𝜔 𝑛 𝐷 = 𝑚𝒱 2
2 2 (34)
2 2 2 2

The kinetic energy of the structural mass 𝑚 with velocity 𝒱 .

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 36

 Normalized pseudo-acceleration, or base shear coefficient, response
spectrum for EI Centro ground motion; 𝝃 = 𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝟎. 𝟐

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 37

Combined D-V-A Spectrum
Each of the deformation, pseudo-velocity, and pseudo-acceleration response spectra for a
given ground motion continue the same information-they are simply different ways of
presenting the same information on structural response.

Combined D-V-A response spectrum

(𝝃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐) for EI Centro ground motion
A single curve can simultaneously show
three different quantities.
• The peak deformation
• The peak pseudo-velocity which is
related to the peak strain energy
• The peak pseudo-acceleration which is
related to the peak value of equivalent
static force (and base shear).

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 38

 Combined D-V-A response spectrum for EI Centro ground motion;
𝝃 = 𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 39

 Example
A 12-ft-long vertical cantilever, a 4-in.-nominal-diameter standard steel pipe, supports a
5200-lb weight attached at the tip as shown in Fig. E6.2. The properties of the pipe are:
outside diameter, 𝑑𝑜 = 4.500 in., inside diameter 𝑑𝑖 = 4.026 in., thickness 𝑡 = 0.237 in.,
and second moment of cross-sectional area, 𝐼 = 7.23 in4, elastic modulus 𝐸 = 29,000 ksi,
and weight = 10.79 lb/foot length. Determine the peak deformation and bending stress in the
cantilever due to the El Centro ground motion. Assume that 𝜉 = 2%.

Solution 𝑓𝑆𝑜

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 Note: The unit of force is 𝒌𝒊𝒑 : 1 kip = 1000 𝑙𝑏

The unit of mass is therefore the unit of force divided by the unit of acceleration.

The unit of acceleration is 𝒊𝒏/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐

1𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/sec2 = 32.2 𝑓𝑡/ sec2 = 386 𝑖𝑛/ sec2

The unit of 𝑬 is the unit of force divided by the unit of area.

𝐹 Free-end
The lateral stiffness 𝑲 in this case is determined from
𝛿
𝐹
𝐾 =
𝛿

Fixed-End
Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 41
The lateral stiffness of this SDF system is

3𝐸𝐼 3 29 × 103 7.23

𝑘= 3 = 3
= 0.211 𝑘𝑖𝑝Τ𝑖𝑛.
𝐿 12 × 12

The total weight of the pipe is 10.79 × 12 = 129.5 𝑙𝑏, which may be
neglected relative to the lumped weight of 5200 𝑙𝑏 . Thus

𝑤 5.20
𝑚= = = 0.01347 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Τ𝑖𝑛.
𝑔 386
The natural vibration frequency and period of the system are

𝑘 0.211
𝜔𝑛 = = = 3.958 𝑟𝑎𝑑Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑇𝑛 = 1.59 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 0.01374

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 From the response spectrum curve
for 𝜉 = 2%, for 𝑇𝑛 = 1.59 sec,

𝐷 = 5.0 𝑖𝑛. = 𝑢𝑜

𝐴 = 0.20g

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The equivalent static force is
𝑓𝑆𝑜
𝐴
𝑓𝑆𝑜 = 𝑤 = 0.20 × 5.2 = 1.04 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑔

The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. (d) with the

maximum moment at the base = 12.48 kip-ft. Points A and B
shown in Fig. (e) are the locations of maximum bending stress:

𝑀𝑐 (12.48 × 12)(4.5Τ2)
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 46.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐼 7.23

As shown, 𝜎 = +46.5 ksi at 𝐴 and 𝜎 = −46.5 ksi at 𝐵 , where +

denotes tension. The algebraic signs of these stresses are
irrelevant because the direction of the peak force is not known,
as the pseudo-acceleration spectrum is, by definition, positive.

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Response Spectrum Characteristics

Combined D-V-A response spectrum

(𝜉 = 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1) and peak values
of ground acceleration, ground velocity,
and ground displacement for El Centro
ground motion

For systems with very short period,

the pseudo-acceleration 𝐴 for all
damping values approach 𝑢ሷ 𝑔0 and
𝐷 is very small.

For systems with very long period,

𝐷 for all the damping values
approach 𝑢𝑔0 and 𝐴 is very small;
thus the forces in the structures,
which are related to the 𝑚𝐴, would
be very small.
Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 45
 EI Centro Ground Acceleration
A very short period system is
extremely stiff and rigid. Its
very short
period system deformation response to the ground
(very rigid) motion is very small. So its mass
move rigidly with the ground and its
Total acceleration response peak structural acceleration should
of a SDOF system with
be approximately 𝑢ሷ 𝑔0 .
very short natural period

To drive the structural mass to move

with acceleration of 𝑢ሷ 𝑔0 , it is
necessary to have 𝑓𝑠0 ≈ 𝑚 𝑢ሷ 𝑔0 ,
Pseudo-acceleration
response of the same
system therefore, 𝐴 ≈ 𝑢ሷ 𝑔0

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 46

 EI Centro Ground Displacement
very long
period system
(very flexible)

Deformation response of a
SDOF system with very
long natural period

A very long period system is extremely flexible. The mass would be expected to remain
essentially stationary while the ground below moves.

Thus 𝑢 𝑡 ≅ −𝑢𝑔 𝑡 that is 𝐷 ≅ 𝑢𝑔0

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 47

Response Spectrum Characteristics

Combined D-V-A response spectrum

(𝜉 = 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1) and peak values
of ground acceleration, ground velocity,
and ground displacement for El Centro
ground motion

The reduction of response due to

additional damping is different for the
different spectral regions- greatest in
the velocity-sensitive region.

The effectiveness of damping in

reducing the structural response also
depends on the ground motion
characteristics.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 48

 • For Mexico city 1985 earthquake where ground motion is nearly harmonic over many
cycles, the effect of damping would be large for a system near “resonance”.

• For Park Filed 66 earthquake where ground motion is very short and shock like, the effect
of damping would be small, as in the case of half cycle sine pulse excitation.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 49

 Response Spectra

• The construction of response spectra plots requires the solution of single degree of
freedom systems for a sequence of natural frequency and of the damping ratio in the
range of interest.

• Every solution provides only one point (the maximum value) of the response spectrum.

• Since a large number of systems must be analyzed in order to fully plot each response
spectrum, the task is lengthy and time consuming even with the use of computer.

• Once these curves are constructed and are available for the excitation of interests, the
analysis for the design of structures subjected to dynamic loading is reduced to a
simple calculation of natural frequency of the system and the use of response spectra.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2018 (Fawad A. Najam) 50

 Response Spectra

• Dynamic analysis of a system with 𝒏 degree of freedom can be transformed to the problem of
solving n systems in which each one is a single degree of freedom system

• The understanding and mastery of the concepts and methods of solutions for a single degree
of freedom system is quit important.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2018 (Fawad A. Najam) 51

 Pseudo-velocity response spectrum

• Consider a quantity 𝑉 for an SDF system with natural frequency 𝜔 related to its peak
deformation 𝐷 ≡ 𝑢𝑜 due to earthquake ground motion:

2𝜋
𝑉 = 𝜔𝐷 = 𝐷
𝑇

• The quantity 𝑉 has units of velocity. This is pseudo-velocity.

• Using the above expression, the displacement response spectrum can be converted to
the Pseudo-velocity response spectrum.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 52

 Pseudo-acceleration response spectrum

• Consider a quantity 𝐴 for an SDF system with natural frequency 𝜔 related to its peak
deformation 𝐷 ≡ 𝑢𝑜 due to earthquake ground motion:

2
2𝜋 2
𝐴=𝜔 𝐷= 𝐷
𝑇

• The quantity 𝐴 has units of acceleration. This is pseudo-acceleration.

• Using the above expression, the displacement response spectrum can be converted to
the Pseudo-acceleration response spectrum.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 53

 Response spectra (𝜉 = 0.02) for El Centro ground
motion: (a) deformation response spectrum; (b)
pseudo-velocity response spectrum; (c) pseudo-
acceleration response spectrum.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 54

 Pseudo-acceleration response spectrum

• The quantity 𝐴 is related to the peak value of base shear 𝑉𝑏𝑜 or the peak value of the
equivalent static force 𝑓𝑠𝑜 .
𝑉𝑏𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠𝑜 = 𝑚𝐴

• The peak base shear can be written in the form

𝐴 𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑜 = 𝑤 , 𝑓𝑠𝑜 = 𝑤
𝑔 𝑔

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 55

 Combined D-V-A response spectrum

• The three spectra (deformation, pseudo-velocity, and pseudo-acceleration) are simply different
ways of presenting the same information on structural response for a given ground motion.

• Knowing one of the spectra, the other two can be obtained by algebraic operations mentioned
earlier.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2018 (Fawad A. Najam) 56

 Combined D–V –A
response spectrum for El
Centro ground motion

𝜉 = 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 57

 Construction of Response Spectrum

The response spectrum for a given ground motion component 𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡) can be developed by
implementation of the following steps:
1) Numerically define the ground acceleration 𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡); typically, the ground motion
ordinates are defined every 0.02 sec.
2) Select the natural vibration period 𝑇 and damping ratio 𝜉 of an SDF system.
3) Compute the deformation response 𝑢(𝑡) of this SDF system due to the ground
motion 𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡) by any of the numerical methods.
4) Determine 𝑢𝑜 , the peak value of 𝑢(𝑡).

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 58

 Construction of Response Spectrum

5) The spectral ordinates are 𝐷 = 𝑢𝑜 , 𝑉 = (2𝜋/𝑇)𝐷, and 𝐴 = 2𝜋/𝑇 2 𝐷.

6) Repeat steps 2 to 5 for a range of 𝑇 and 𝜉 values covering all possible systems of
engineering interest.
7) Present the results of steps 2 to 6 graphically to produce three separate spectra or
a combined spectrum.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 59

 Sample Response Spectra

Spectral Acceleration (g) Design Spectrum

Actual Spectra of Ground Motions

Time Period (sec)

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2018 (Fawad A. Najam) 60

 Spectra For Different Soils

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2018 (Fawad A. Najam) 61

The Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) Procedure for Buildings –
Mathematical Formulation

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 62

 The Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) Procedure

Arturo Danusso (1880 - 1968) Theodore von Karman (1881 - 1963) Maurice Anthony Biot (1905 - 1985)

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 63

Earthquake Response of MDF Structures

A shear building subjected to ground displacement 𝒖𝒈 (𝒕):

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 64

Earthquake Response of MDF Structures

Mathematical Formulation:

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 65

Using Modal
Orthogonality:

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 66

Uncoupled Equations of Motion:

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 67

 Uncoupled Equations of Motion

Elastic Modal Response Response Spectrum

History Analysis (RHA) Analysis (RSA) Procedure
Procedure

Solve the uncoupled equation of Directly pick the peak response

motion for each significant mode of each significant mode
(represented by an SDF system) (represented by an SDF system)
and sum the dynamic responses and approximately combine
to get the dynamic response of those peak responses to get the
MDF system peak response of MDF system

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 68

The “Elastic” Response
Spectrum Analysis Procedure

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 69

The “Elastic” Response
Spectrum Analysis Procedure

The “Equivalent Static Forces” for each Mode

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 70

The “Elastic” Response
Spectrum Analysis Procedure

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 71

The “Elastic” Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure

Summary:

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 72

The “Elastic” Response
Spectrum Analysis Procedure

Notes:

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 73

The “Elastic” Response
Spectrum Analysis Procedure

Notes:

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 74

The “Elastic” Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 75

 How to Use Response Spectra?

1) For each mode of free vibration, corresponding Time Period is obtained.

2) For each Time Period and specified damping ratio, the specified Response Spectrum is read
to obtain the corresponding Acceleration.
3) For each Spectral Acceleration, corresponding velocity and displacements response for
the particular degree of freedom is obtained.
4) The displacement response is then used to obtain the corresponding stress resultants.
5) The stress resultants for each mode are then added using some combination rule to
obtain the final response envelop.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2018 (Fawad A. Najam) 76

 ELF vs. Response Spectrum Analysis

• Static methods specified in building codes are based on single mode response and appropriate
for simple and regular structures
• Dynamic analysis should be used for complex buildings to determine significant response
characteristics
• Effects of structure’s dynamic characteristics on vertical distribution of lateral forces
• Increase in dynamic loads due to torsional motions
• Influence of higher modes, resulting in an increase in story shear and deformations

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2018 (Fawad A. Najam) 77

The Concepts of Inelastic Response Spectra and Design Spectra
(Evolution of Seismic Design Factors (𝑅, 𝛀 and 𝐶𝑑 ) in Building Codes)
(Evolution of the Concept of Ductility in Building Codes)

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 78

Basic Design Objective of Seismic Resistant Design:
• To protect the life safety of the building occupants and the general public.
• To control the severity of damage in small or moderate earthquakes.

Expected Seismic Performance of Buildings:

• Resist a minor level of earthquake ground ❑ Elastic or lightly inelastic response

motion without damage ❑ Drift control
Need Elastic Response Spectrum
• Resist a moderate level of earthquake ground
motion without structural damage, but possibly o Acceleration spectra for strength design
experience some non-structural damage o Displacement spectra for stiffness (Drift)
design

• Resist a major level of earthquake ground ❑ Inelastic response

motion having an intensity equal to the strongest ❑ Control of inelastic deformation
either experienced or forecast for the building Need Inelastic Response Spectrum
site, without collapse, but possibly with some
o Inelastic strength Demand spectra for
structural as well as nonstructural damage
strength design
Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 79
 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE Comparison of base shear coefficient from elastic design spectrum
and Uniform Building Code (a US. code) :
Base shear coefficient
𝑉𝑏 : Peak base shear induced in a linear elastic
system by strong ground motion (PGA=0.4g)
𝑊 : The weight of the system
Most buildings are designed for base shear much
smaller than the elastic base shear associated
with the strongest shaking that can occur at the site.

Buildings design by the code forces will be deformed

beyond the limit of linearly elastic behavior when
subjected to ground motions represented by the 0.4g
design spectrum. Thus it should not be surprising that
Natural period T, sec buildings suffer damage during intense ground shaking.
The design should be based on The challenge to the engineer is to design the structure
Inelastic Response Spectrum. so that the damage is controlled to an acceptable degree.
Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 80
 FORCE-DEFORMATION RELATIONS

During an earthquake, structures undergo oscillatory motion with reversal of deformation.

The experimental results from cyclic loading conditions indicate that the cyclic force-deformation
behavior of a structure depends on
o the structural material (concrete, steel)
o the type of structural members (beam, shear member, axial member)
o how members are assembled into the structural system.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 81

 Force-deformation relation of a steel beam

Force 𝑭

Deformation 𝒖

Hysteresis loop under cyclic deformation because

of inelastic behavior.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 82

 Force-deformation relations of a structural steel component

Hysteresis Loop

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 83

Force-deformation relation of a reinforced concrete structure
Force

Deformation

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 84

Force-deformation relation of a masonry structure

Force

Deformation

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 85

Typical force-deformation hysteresis loop shapes for concrete and masonry structural elements

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 86

 ELASTOPLASTIC IDEALIZATION

Force-deformation curve during initial loading: Actual and elastoplastic idealization

𝑢𝑚 : Maximum deformation 𝑓𝑦 : Yield strength

𝑢𝑦 : Yield deformation 𝐾: Stiffness in elastic range

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 87

ELASTOPLASTIC IDEALIZATION
Force-deformation curve of an elastoplastic system for a typical cycle of loading, unloading, and
reloading:

Force The simplest model of inelastic behavior of simple

structure under cyclic loading

Deformation
𝜇 = 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑢𝑚 /𝑢𝑦

The ductility factor is commonly used as an

index of seismic-induced inelastic damage.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 88

ELASTOPLASTIC IDEALIZATION

Elastoplastic system and its corresponding linear system

(having the same 𝑘 in their initial loading phases)

In order to understand the effects of the inelastic force-deformation relation on the earthquake
response, it is necessary to evaluate the peak deformation of an elastroplastic system and
compare this deformation to the peak deformation of the corresponding linear system.
Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 89
 RESPONSE OF ELASTOPLATIC SYSTEM TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION

𝑑2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 2 𝑢𝑔
Equation of motion: 𝑚 2 + 𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝑢 = −𝑚
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

where 𝑓𝑠 𝑢 is a nonlinear function of 𝒖 (as shown earlier).

𝑑 2 𝑢𝑔
The response 𝑢 𝑡 to an earthquake ground motion can be computed from the above equation
𝑑𝑡 2
by a step-by-step direct integration.

The nonlinear resisting force 𝑓𝑠 can also be obtained from the elastoplastic force-deformation
relation.

For a low-level ground motion, the system may behave like a linear elastic system with

1 𝑘
𝑓= 𝑇 = 1ൗ𝑓 ,
2𝜋 𝑚
where 𝑘 = initial stiffness in the elastic range.
Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 90
 EFFECTS OF INELASTICITY ON EARTHQUAKE RESPONSES

Response of a linearly elastic system with 𝑇=0.5 sec and 𝜉 = 0 to El Centro ground motion:

Deformation
𝑢𝑡

𝑓
Force 𝑠ൗ𝑊

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 91

EFFECTS OF INELASTICITY ON EARTHQUAKE RESPONSES

Response of an elastoplastic system

having the same mass and initial
𝑢𝑡
stiffness as the linear system (𝑇 =
0.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜉 = 0) to El Centro ground
motion.
𝑓𝑠ൗ
𝑊

Time intervals
of yielding

The yield strength 𝑓𝑦 of the system is set to

𝑓𝑠
0.125 𝑓0, that is 𝑓𝑦 = 0.125 𝑓0 = 0.125 × ൗ𝑊
1.37 𝑊 = 0.17𝑊

𝑢𝑡
Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 92
 EFFECTS OF INELASTICITY ON EARTHQUAKE RESPONSES

Deformation response and yielding

of four elastoplastic systems due to 𝑢𝑡
El Centro ground motion;
𝑇 = 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝜉 = 0.05
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓0 , 0.5𝑓0 , 0.25 𝑓0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.125 𝑓0

All four systems have identical properties

in their linearly elastic range, but they
differ in their yield strength.

Systems with lower yield strength yield

more frequently and for longer intervals.

With more yielding, the permanent

deformation 𝑢𝑝 of the structure after the
ground stops shaking tends to increase.
Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 93
 DUCTILITY FACTOR Ductility factor for the four elastroplastic systems:

System Yield strength Yield deform. Max. Deform. Ductility factor

𝒇𝒚 𝒖𝒚 (𝒊𝒏) 𝒖𝒎 (𝒊𝒏) 𝝁
A 𝑓0 2.25 2.25 1.00
B 0.5𝑓0 1.125 1.62 1.44
C 0.25𝑓0 0.562 1.75 3.11
D 0.125𝑓0 0.281 2.07 7.36

• For each system, the computer ductility factor 𝜇 is the “ductility demand” imposed on
elastoplastic system by the ground motion.

• The system should be designed such that its “ductility capacity” (i.e. the ability to
deform beyond the elastic limit) exceeds the “ductility demand”.

Decreasing in Yield Strength → Increasing in “Ductility Demand”.

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 94

 CONSTANT-DUCTILITY SPECTRUM
The procedure to construct the response spectrum for elastoplastic systems corresponding to
specified levels of ductility factor is shown by a flow chart below.

Please see next slides for

enlarged flow chart

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 95

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 96
Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 97
 DUCTILITY DEMAND Ductility demand for elastroplastic system due to El Centro ground motion:
𝜉 = 0.05 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓0 , 0.5𝑓0 , 0.25𝑓0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.125𝑓0 .

Ductility
demand For systems with long natural periods,
𝜇 The ductility demand 𝜇 ≈ 𝑓0 /𝑓𝑦

For systems with short natural period,

The ductility demand 𝜇 can be longer
than 𝑓0 /𝑓𝑦 .

It may be more appropriate to design

these short-period systems to remain
elastic: otherwise, the inelastic
deformation and ductility demand may
be excessive.

Natural period 𝑇, sec

 DUCTILITY DEMAND Ductility demand for elastroplastic system due to El Centro ground motion:
𝜉 = 0.05 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓0 , 0.5𝑓0 , 0.25𝑓0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.125𝑓0.
Ductility
demand If the acceptable value of ductility
𝜇 factor 𝜇 is specified, it is possible to
determine the corresponding yield
strength 𝑓𝑦 by an interpolative
procedure.

This "𝑓𝑦 ” may be considered as the

“yield strength demand” for the
desired ductility factor 𝜇.

Natural period 𝑇, sec

 YIELD STRENGTH DEMAND
Yield strength demand for elastroplastic systems (𝜉 = 0.05) for specified ductility
𝜇 = 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8; El Centro ground motion.
The structure having the specified ductility
Yield strength
demand factor 𝜇 should be designed such that its
yield strength exceeds the “yield strength
𝑓𝑦 demand”.
ൗ
𝑊
The yield strength demand is reduced with
increasing values of the ductility factor.

The design yield strength 𝑓𝑦 for a simple

structure permitted to undergo inelastic
deformation can be much lower than the
strength required for the structure to remain
elastic.

Natural period 𝑇, sec

 Combined 𝐷𝑦 − 𝑉𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 plot of the above constant ductility response spectrum

Note:
𝐷𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦
the yield deformation

𝑉𝑦 = 𝜔𝑛 𝑢𝑦
the yield pseudo-velocity

𝐴𝑦 = 𝜔𝑛2 𝑢𝑦
the yield pseudo-acceleration

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 101
 DESIGN OPTIONS

A structure may be designed for earthquake resistance by making it strong, by making it

ductile, or by designing it for economic combinations of both properties.

Consider a simple structure with 𝑇 = 0.5 sec 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜉 = 0.05

𝑓𝑦
If the structure is designed for strength 𝑓0 = ൗ
𝑊
0.919 𝑊 or larger, it will remain within its linearly
elastic range during the El Centro ground motion;
therefore, it needs not to be ductile.

On the other hand, if it can develop a ductility factor

of 8, it needs to be designed only 12% of the
strength 𝑓0 (that is only 0.11𝑊 !)

Alternatively, it may be designed for strength

equal to 37% of 𝑓0 and a ductility capacity of 2.

Natural period 𝑇, sec

Normalized strength 𝑓𝑦ҧ of elastoplastic systems as a function of natural vibration period
𝑇𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜇 = 1, 1.5, 2, 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8; 𝜉 = 5%; El Centro ground motion.
 DESIGN OPTIONS

A structure may be designed for earthquake resistance by making it strong, by making it

ductile, or by designing it for economic combinations of both properties.

Consider a simple structure with 𝑇 = 0.5 sec 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜉 = 0.05

𝑓𝑦
ൗ
𝑊
For some types of materials and structural member,
ductility is difficult to achieve. In such cases, the
structure should be designed to have a high yield
strength and low ductility.
For others, providing ductility is much easier than
providing lateral strength. So, the structure in this
case should be designed for low yield strength and
high ductility.

Economic combinations of strength and ductility

properties.
Natural period 𝑇, sec
RELATIVE EFFECTS OF YIELDING AND DAMPING

Response spectra for elastoplastic systems and EL Centro ground motion;

𝜉 = 2, 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10% and 𝜇 = 1, 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8.

- Both yielding and damping reduce

the pseudo-acceleration 𝐴𝑦 and
hence the peak value of the lateral
force for which the system should
be designed.

- But the damping is, in general, not

as effective as yielding
INELASTIC DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA

Obtained from a comprehensive statistical study of yield strength demands on simple

structure when subjected to many different ground motions recorded in various earthquakes.

Mean Normalized Strength Demand Spectra for 𝝁 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔

𝑅𝑦 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚′𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑓𝑦

𝑚 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑃𝐺𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

The computed results are based on:

o 124 ground motions
o systems with bilinear hysteretic behavior.

𝑓𝑠 3% post-yielding
stiffness
(Miranda, ASCE [Link]. Eng., 119, No5, May, 1993) 𝑢
 INELASTIC DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA

Obtained from a comprehensive statistical study of yield strength demands on simple

structure when subjected to many different ground motions recorded in various earthquakes.

Mean Normalized Strength Demand Spectra for 𝝁 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔

𝑅𝑦 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚′𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑓𝑦

𝑚 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑃𝐺𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

(Miranda, ASCE [Link]. Eng., 119, No5, May, 1993)

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 107
 INELASTIC DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA

Obtained from a comprehensive statistical study of yield strength demands on simple

structure when subjected to many different ground motions recorded in various earthquakes.

Mean Normalized Strength Demand Spectra for 𝝁 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔

𝑅𝑦 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚′𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑓𝑦

𝑚 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑃𝐺𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇𝑔 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

(Miranda, ASCE [Link]. Eng., 119, No5, May, 1993)

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OVERSTRENGTH

Suppose that a structure is designed to resist a code-prescribed design shear 𝑉𝑏 by “Allowable

Stress Design” method.

The behavior of the structure under a monotonically increasing load would be:

The yield strength of the structural system 𝑓𝑦 is

usually considerably higher than the design base
shear 𝑉𝑏 , ( the effect of “overstrength”)

Therefore, the design base shear 𝑉𝑏 can be set

much lower than the “yield strength demand”.

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UNIFORM BUILDING CODE (1994)
𝑍𝐼𝐶
Base Shear Design Base Shear 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑊
𝑅𝑤

𝑍𝐼𝐶𝑊 = Elastic Strength Demand (𝑓0 )

𝑅𝑤 = Reduction Factor = 𝑅Ω 𝑅𝑦

𝑅𝑦 = factor for reducing “elastic strength demand” (𝑓0 ) to

“inelastic yield strength demand” (𝑓𝑦 )
𝑅𝑦 is associated with the ductility capacity of the system.

Natural period, sec

𝑅𝛺 = factor for reducing “yield strength demand” (𝑓𝑦 )
to “design base shear” (𝑉𝑏 ).
𝑅𝛺 is associated with the overstrength of the system.

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REDUCTION FACTOR

𝑅 𝑅𝑦 = factor for reducing “elastic strength demand” (𝑓0 ) to

𝑅𝑤
“inelastic yield strength demand” (𝑓𝑦 )
𝑅𝑦 is associated with the ductility capacity of the system.

𝑅𝑦
𝑅Ω 𝑅𝛺 = factor for reducing “yield strength demand” (𝑓𝑦 )
to “design base shear” (𝑉𝑏 ).
𝑅𝛺 is associated with the overstrength of the system.

Natural period, 𝑇

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REDUCTION FACTOR 𝑹𝒘

1994 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE

TABLE 16N-STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

𝑯
𝑹𝒘

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑯 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4

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REDUCTION FACTOR 𝑹𝒘 TABLE 16N-STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

𝑹𝒘 𝑯

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑵. 𝑳. = 𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 113
REDUCTION FACTOR 𝑹𝒘 TABLE 16N-STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

𝑹𝒘 𝑯

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 The Code-based Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) Procedure

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 The Code-based Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) Procedure

Ray W. Clough (1920 - 2016) Edward L. Wilson (Born 1931)

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 The Standard RSA Procedure (ASCE 7-10, IBS 2012, EC 8)

Linear Elastic Model Determine Spectral Acceleration Determine Elastic Base Shears Reduce Elastic Base Shear to account for
for each Significant Mode inelasticity

Base Shear
Spectral Acceleration (SA)
N
𝑉𝑒𝑙
Stories 𝑆𝐴3
𝑅 = Response Modification
For Initial
Viscous Damping
… Factor, ASCE 7 (or
Behavior Factor, EC 8)
𝑆𝐴2 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝜙1 𝜙2 𝜙3 𝑉𝑒𝑙
𝑉𝑖𝑛 =
𝑉𝑏1 𝑉𝑏2 𝑉𝑏3 𝑅/𝐼
𝑆𝐴1
Eigen-value Analysis 𝑁
𝕂 − 𝜔2𝕄 Φ = 𝕆 ∆𝑒𝑙 = ∆𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑏𝑛 = ෍ 𝛤𝑛 . 𝑚𝑖 . 𝜙𝑖,𝑛 . 𝑆𝐴𝑛
Determine Modal Properties 𝑇3 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑖=1
𝑇𝑖 , 𝜙𝑖 , 𝛤𝑖 Time Period (sec) 𝑉𝑒𝑙 = (𝑉𝑏1 )2 + (𝑉𝑏2 )2 + (𝑉𝑏3 )2 + … 𝑥𝑟 Roof Displacement

For members not desired to yield

𝑉𝑒𝑙
(𝑉𝑏1 )2 + (𝑉𝑏2 + (𝑉𝑏3)2 )2 + … 𝑉𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = Ω
during a design earthquake 𝑅
𝑉𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 =
𝑅/𝐼 Ω = Structural Over-strength Factor

(𝑀𝑏1 )2 + (𝑀𝑏2 )2 + (𝑀𝑏3 )2 + … 𝑟

𝐶𝑑 𝑥 𝑟
𝑀𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = Maximum Displacement during a 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑅 design earthquake 𝐼

𝐶𝑑 (∆𝑒𝑙1 )2 + (∆𝑒𝑙2 )2 + (∆𝑒𝑙3 )2 + … 𝐶𝑑 = Displacement Amplification Factor

∆=
𝑅/𝐼
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 The Standard RSA Procedure (ASCE 7-10, IBS 2012, EC 8)

Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 118
 Modal Combination Rules

• ABSSUM Rule N
• Add the absolute maximum value from each mode. Not so ro   rn 0
popular and not used in practice n =1

• SRSS
N
• Square Root of Sum of Squares of the peak response from
each mode. Suitable for well separated natural frequencies.
ro   n0
r 2

n =1

• CQC
N N
• Complete Quadric Combination is applicable to large range of
structural response and gives better results than SRSS.
ro   
i =1 n =1
r r
in i 0 n 0

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Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 120
 The Input – Output Summary

• Input needed for Response Spectrum Analysis

• Mass and stiffness distribution
• A Specified Response Spectrum Curve
• The Response Input Direction
• The Response Scaling Factors
• The number of modes to be included
• Output From Response Spectrum Analysis
• Unsigned displacements, stress resultants and stresses etc.

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 The RSA Procedure in UBC 97

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 Dynamic Analysis Procedure in IBC 2000

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 The RSA Procedure in IBC 2000
Design Spectral Values
• Adjust Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) values of 𝑆𝑠 and 𝑆1 for local site effects
𝑆𝑀𝑆 = 𝐹𝑎 × 𝑆𝑠
𝑆𝑀1 = 𝐹𝑣 × 𝑆1

• Calculate the spectral design values

𝑆𝐷𝑆 = 2/3 × 𝑆𝑀𝑆
𝑆𝐷1 = 2/3 × 𝑆𝑀1

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 Routine Design Office Practice

• Run equivalent static analysis according to code Scaling the Results

• Reduce the elastic response for design purpose, but

• Find principal directions from modal base shear
design base shear is not less than elastic base shear

• Run response spectrum analysis along principal divided by R.

directions with scale factor of 9.81 (m/s^2) • Design base shear shall not be less than 85% of static
lateral force base shear according to ASCE 7-05.
• Find the scale factor for scaling elastic response • In ASCE 7-16, base shear shall be scaled to 100% of
spectrum results to equivalent static base shear
static lateral force base shear.

• Run response spectrum analysis with calculated

scale factor in principal directions

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 Principal Directions
• Lack of definitions of the principal directions in code
• The direction of the base reaction of the mode shape associated with the fundamental frequency of the
system is used to define the principal direction.

• Run modal analysis

• Extract base shear of mode 1
• Find angle between X and Y components of base shear
• Another direction is 90 degrees apart

Courtesy: Mr. Thanung Htut Aung (AIT Solutions)

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 Directional and Orthogonal Effects

• Seismic forces act in both principal directions of the building simultaneously.

• But seismic effects in two directions are unlikely to reach their maxima simultaneously.
• 100% of seismic forces in one principal direction combined with 30% of seismic forces in the orthogonal
direction.

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 Accidental Torsion
• Arise from several factors • Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C,
• Rotational components of ground motions D, E, or F, where Type 1a or 1b torsional irregularity
• Effects of non-structural elements exists, accidental torsional moment needs to be
• Actual distribution of dead and live loads amplified.
• Uncertainties in defining building’s material
properties for dynamic analysis
• Generally 5% of eccentricity from center of mass is
considered

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Seismic Design as per
ASCE 7-10

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 The RSA Procedure (ASCE 7-10)

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 The RSA Procedure
(ASCE 7-10)

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 The RSA Procedure (ASCE 7-10)

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 The RSA Procedure (ASCE 7-10)

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 The RSA Procedure (ASCE 7-10)

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 Strength Design Load Combinations (ASCE 7-16)

Gravity Load Combinations 𝐸𝑄 = 𝜌 𝐸ℎ ± 𝐸𝑣

1) 1.4𝐷𝐿 𝐸𝑣 = 0.2 𝑆𝐷𝑆 𝐷𝐿
2) 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
e.g. If 𝑆𝐷𝑆 = 0.7 and 𝜌 = 1.3,
𝐸𝑣 = 0.2 × 0.7 × 𝐷𝐿 = 0.14 𝐷𝐿
Seismic Load Combinations
1) 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.0𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 0.3𝐸𝑄𝑌 + 0.5𝐿𝐿 1) (1.2 + 0.14)𝐷𝐿 + 1.3𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 0.39𝐸𝑄𝑌 + 0.5𝐿𝐿
2) 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 0.3𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 1.0𝐸𝑄𝑌 + 0.5𝐿𝐿 or 1.34𝐷𝐿 + 1.3𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 0.39𝐸𝑄𝑌 + 0.5𝐿𝐿
3) 0.9𝐷𝐿 + 1.0𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 0.3𝐸𝑄𝑌 2) 1.34𝐷𝐿 + 0.39𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 1.3𝐸𝑄𝑌 + 0.5𝐿𝐿
4) 0.9𝐷𝐿 + 0.3𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 1.0𝐸𝑄𝑌 3) (0.9 − 0.14)𝐷𝐿 + 1.3𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 0.39𝐸𝑄𝑌
or 0.76𝐷𝐿 + 1.3𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 0.39𝐸𝑄𝑌
4) 0.76𝐷𝐿 + 0.39𝐸𝑄𝑋 + 1.3𝐸𝑄𝑌

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 Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure in BCP (2007)

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 Design Response Spectrum (UBC 1997, p 2-38)

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Performance-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Semester: Spring 2020 (Fawad A. Najam) 149
 The Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) Procedure

• The RSA Procedure in IBC 2003 • The RSA Procedure in EC 2003/2008

• Check yourself • Check yourself
• The RSA Procedure in ASCE 7-05 • The RSA Procedure in AS Codes
• Check yourself • Check yourself
• The RSA Procedure in IBC 2006 • The RSA Procedure in BS 8110
• Check yourself • Check yourself
• The RSA Procedure in IBC 2009 • The RSA Procedure in CSA Codes
• Check yourself • Check yourself
• The RSA Procedure in ASCE 7-10 • The RSA Procedure in IS Codes
• Check yourself • Check yourself
• The RSA Procedure in IBC 2012 • The RSA Procedure in MNBC
• Check yourself • Check yourself
• The RSA Procedure in ASCE 7-16 • The RSA Procedure in NZS
• Check yourself • Check yourself
… …

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 The RSA Procedure as prescribed
in ASCE 7-16

Software Demonstration
ETABS v 2016

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Thank you