Confidence Intervals & Hypothesis Testing Guide
Uploaded by
conlobmacConfidence Intervals & Hypothesis Testing Guide
Uploaded by
conlobmacCommon questions
Powered by AIAs the sample size increases, the standard error decreases because it is inversely proportional to the square root of the sample size. This decrease in standard error leads to a larger Z score or t statistic for a given difference, improving the power of the test. Consequently, the p-value decreases, making it easier to reject the null hypothesis .
Two conditions necessary for a valid confidence interval for proportions are: 1) the sample must be randomly selected, ensuring independence of observations, and 2) the sample size must be large enough that the number of successes and failures both exceed 5. This can be checked with np ≥ 5 and n(1-p) ≥ 5, where n is the sample size and p is the proportion of successes .
The degrees of freedom for a t statistic using pooled standard deviations can be calculated as n1 + n2 - 2, where n1 and n2 are the sample sizes of the two populations. In this case, from the example with sample sizes of 100 and 82, the degrees of freedom is 180 .
Calculate the t-statistic using the formula: t = (sample mean - population mean)/(sample standard deviation/√n). Here, t = (1.7 - 0.9) / (1/√37), resulting in t ≈ 4.39 . This t-statistic is then compared to critical t-values to assess significance.
For a 99.9% confidence interval, the Z score corresponds to the value that leaves 0.05% in each tail of the standard normal distribution. The Z score is approximately 3.291 . This is found using statistical tables that provide Z scores for given confidence levels.
To calculate the 95% confidence interval, use the formula: CI = mean ± Z*(standard deviation/√n). Here, mean = 102.4, standard deviation = 8.6, sample size n = 42, and Z = 1.96 for 95% confidence. So, CI = 102.4 ± 1.96 * (8.6/√42) = (100.0, 104.8).
The paired t-test is appropriate here. Calculate the t-statistic: t = mean difference / (standard deviation/√n) = 3/(1/√30). Compare this t value to critical t-value at the desired confidence level (e.g., 95%). If the calculated t is greater than the critical value, there is significant evidence to claim males have worse senses of humour .
The two conditions that must be met are: 1) the samples must be drawn randomly from the population, and 2) the sampling distribution of the sample mean is approximately normally distributed, which can often be satisfied if the sample size is large enough (Central Limit Theorem).
The standard error of the mean (SEM) is calculated by dividing the sample standard deviation by the square root of the sample size. With SEM = 0.5 and population standard deviation = 50, the sample size calculation follows: SEM = standard deviation/√n => 0.5 = 50/√n => √n = 100 => n = 10,000 . This illustrates that a large sample size reduces the SEM.
An increase in the standard deviation from 5 cm to 10 cm would require a larger sample size to maintain the same margin of error. This is because sample size is directly proportional to the square of the standard deviation when keeping other factors constant . With a greater variability, more samples are needed to precisely estimate the population mean.