STEEL DESIGN
TUTORIAL SESSION
Why we study this?
• The structural design of buildings, whether of structural steel or
reinforced concrete, requires the determination of the overall
proportions and dimensions of the supporting framework and
the selection of the cross sections of individual members.
• Loadings are forces acting on a structure.
• Subject to either axial compression or tension, shear, bending
• Loadings are forces acting on a structure.
• Subject to either axial compression or tension, shear, bending
• Static (slowly and stayed on), Impact (sudden), or Fatigue (applied
and removed many times) Loadings
Loads
• Wind exerts a pressure or suction on the exterior surfaces of a building, and
because of its transient nature, it properly belongs in the category of live
loads.
• Earthquake loads
• Snow is another live load
• Other types of live load
• hydrostatic pressure and soil pressure
Loads
• Wind exerts a pressure or suction on the exterior surfaces of a building, and
because of its transient nature, it properly belongs in the category of live
loads.
• Earthquake loads
• Snow is another live load
• Other types of live load
• hydrostatic pressure and soil pressure
Loads
• Wind exerts a pressure or suction on the exterior surfaces of a building, and
because of its transient nature, it properly belongs in the category of live
loads.
• Earthquake loads
• Snow is another live load
• Other types of live load
• hydrostatic pressure and soil pressure
DESIGN
Building Codes
SPECIFICATIONS
• Building codes are legal documents • design specifications give more specific guidance
for the design of structural members and their
that outline requirements for connections
structural safety, accessibility, and • present the guidelines and criteria that enable a
other aspects, and are typically based structural engineer to achieve the objectives
on model codes developed by mandated by a building code
organizations like the International 1. AISC - American Institute of Steel Construction
Code Council, which unified regional 1. Have the Steel Construction Manual
codes into the International Building 2. AASHTO - American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials
Code.
3. ACI – American Concrete Institute
• Do not give design procedures
4. AISI - American Iron and Steel Institute
• In Philippines, P.D. 1096 – National 5. NSCP – National Structural Code of the
Building Code of the Philippines Philippines
- Asscoiation of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
(ASEP) – have their Steel Handbook
Structural Steel
• Steel, a strong and versatile alloy of iron and carbon, became a cornerstone of modern
construction during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, with innovations like the
Bessemer process enabling mass production, leading to its widespread use in railways,
bridges, skyscrapers (e.g., the Home Insurance Building in 1885), and other infrastructure
due to its strength, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness.
• The characteristics of steel that are of the most interest to structural engineers can be
examined by plotting the results of a tensile test
Structural Steel
• Results of the Tensile Test
• Stress & Strain are linear up to the
proportional limit
• Upper yield point is quickly reached,
then level off at the lower yield point.
• Stress remain constant but strain
continues to increase.
• Load can still be applied in the
specimen, causing a rise in the curve.
• The specimen reached its ultimate
capacity, then necks down.
• Cross section is reduced in the failed
area.
Structural Steel
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
• HIGH STRENGTH • FIREPROOFING COSTS
• UNIFORMITY • SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BUCKLING
• ELASTICITY • FATIGUE
• PERMANENCE • BRITTLE FRACTURE
• DUCTILITY
• TOUGHNESS
• ADDITION TO EXISTING STRUCTURES
• MISCELLANEOUS
• CORROSION
Structural Steel
1. Linear Elastic Range: 3. Yield Plateau (Plastic Range):
• The stress and strain relationship is linear up • During this phase, the material continues to
to the proportional limit. elongate without an increase in stress.
• This part of the curve follows Hooke’s Law. • This is where ductility is most evident, as the
• If unloaded within this range, the material material can undergo significant
returns to its original shape without deformation.
permanent deformation.
2. Yield Point: 4. Strain Hardening:
• After the proportional limit, the material • After the yield plateau, strain hardening
reaches its upper yield point. occurs, where additional stress is needed for
• The stress then drops to the lower yield further elongation.
point, where it remains constant. • This is a result of the material becoming
• This is known as the yield plateau or plastic stronger due to the deformation.
range.
Structural Steel
5. Ultimate Tensile Strength: 7. Engineering Stress and Strain:
• The maximum stress the material • These are calculated using the
can withstand before it begins to original dimensions of the
neck down and eventually fracture. specimen, not the changing
• This is the peak point on the stress- dimensions during loading.
strain curve. 8. Ductility:
6. Fracture: • Measured by elongation, which is
• After reaching the ultimate tensile the percentage increase in length
before fracture.
strength, the material begins to
neck down and eventually • Ductile materials can undergo large
fractures. deformations before breaking.
For high-strength steels, which lack a clear yield point, a
yield strength is often defined using the 0.2% offset method
to ensure consistent design procedures.
Structural steels can be grouped according to
their composition as follows:
1. Plain Carbon Steels (Iron and Carbon (<1%))
2. Low-alloy Steels (Iron and Carbon (<5%) + other components)
3. High – alloy/ Specialty Steels (same with above but higher %)
Grades of structural steel (ASTM)
Grades of structural steel (ASTM)
most commonly used structural
steels is a mild steel designated as
ASTM A36, or A36 for short
A36 steel is classified as a plain
carbon stee
Figure 1.4 shows an idealized
version of this stress–strain
curve
stress–strain curve of A36
Grades of structural steel (ASTM)
most commonly used structural
steels is a mild steel designated as
ASTM A36, or A36 for short
A36 steel is classified as a plain
carbon stee
Figure 1.4 shows an idealized
version of this stress–strain
curve
stress–strain curve of A36
STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
A built-up shape must be used when a large cross-sectional area or moment of inertia is
required for a design, which a standard rolled shape steel is nor large enough.
Built-up sections are also used to strengthen an existing structure for rehabilitation or
modification.
STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
most commonly used steels for
rolled shapes and plate material are
ASTM A36, A572, and A992
Another category of steel products for structural
applications is cold-formed steel. Structural
shapes of this type are created by bending thin
material such as sheet steel or plate into the
desired shape without heating.
Concepts in Structural Steel Design
The fundamental requirement of structural design is that the
required strength not exceed the available strength
In allowable strength design (ASD) Load and resistance factor design (LRFD)
Concepts in Structural Steel Design
In allowable strength design (ASD) Load and resistance factor design (LRFD)
Concepts in Structural Steel Design
In allowable strength design (ASD) Load and resistance factor design (LRFD)
Concepts in Structural
Steel Design
In allowable strength design
(ASD)
Load and resistance factor
design (LRFD)
TENSION MEMBERS
LRFD factored tensile load is compared to the design strength
TENSION MEMBERS
ASD
yielding fracture
effective net area
STAGGERED FASTENERS/ CONNECTIONS
If the amount of stagger is
small enough, the influence
of an offset hole may be felt
by a nearby cross section,
and fracture along an
inclined path such as abcd
in Figure 3.14c is possible.
STAGGERED
FASTENERS/
CONNECTIONS
STAGGERED
FASTENERS/
CONNECTIONS
STAGGERED FASTENERS/ CONNECTIONS
BLOCK SHEAR
BLOCK SHEAR
STRENGTH
a segment or “block” of
material at the end of the
member can tear out
BLOCK SHEAR
BLOCK SHEAR
DESIGN OF
TENSION
MEMBERS
DESIGN OF TENSION
MEMBERS
DESIGN OF TENSION
MEMBERS
DESIGN OF
TENSION
MEMBERS
DESIGN OF
TENSION
MEMBERS