Check the adequacy of a tubular section of 2.
0 m outer diameter and 20 mm thickness following API-
RP-2A-WSD for a 10 m long unbraced member experiencing 20 MN axial compression along with 10
MNm bending moment. Excerpts of useful sections from API-RP-2A WSD are attached in the
following pages. Given, yield stress = 315 MPa, Young’s modulus = 200 GPa, effective length factor
= 1, Cm = 0.8. Assume “no buoyancy” for the member.
Ans (Using WSD)
From section 3.2.1, calculation of allowable axial tensile stress = 0.6 × F y= 189 MPa
Here, D/t = 100, which is > 60
2 CEt
Now, elastic local buckling streaa F xe = = 2×0.3×2×105×0.02/2 = 1200 MPa (Section 3.2.2b)
D
Inelastic local buckling stress = F xc = 315×[1.64-0.23(D/t)0.25] = 287.5 MPa
From section 3.2.2, calculation of allowable axial compressive stress
Given, K = 1, l = 10 m, r =
√ I .
A
π 4
For the given section, I =
64
[ 2 − (2−2× 0.02 )4 ]= 0.06097 m4, A = 0.1244 m2,
Hence, r = 0.7 m
√
2
C c= 2 π E = 117.18 (note: here Fy is replaced by Fxc as D/t > 60, following Section 3.2.2a)
Fy
KL
Now, = 1×10/0.7 = 14.28
r
KL
Hence, /C c= 0.12186
r
KL
Since < CC, we get
r
2 2
1−0.5 ×0.12186 1−0.5 × 0.12186
F a= F y= F xc
5 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 =
+ × 0.12186− ×0.12186 + ×0.12186− × 0.12186
3 8 8 3 8 8
0.5797×287.5 = 166.6 MPa (note: here also Fy will be replaced by Fxc as D/t > 60)
From section 3.2.3, calculation of allowable bending stress
We got, D/t = 100 which is < 300 and more that 20680/ F y = 59.1
[
Hence, F b= 0.72−0.58
Fy D
Et ]
F y = [0.72-0.58×315×2/(2E5×0.02)]×315 = 198 MPa
From section 3.2.4, calculation of allowable shear stress
F v =0.4 F y = 126 MPa
Applied stresses
Axial compressive stress = 161 MPa, bending stress = 164 MPa
Check for combined stress using Section 3.3
AISC (p 411), Chapter H, combined stress
f bx , f by = computed bending stress
Given, Cm = 0.8
161 0.8 √ 164 2
+
Hence, ratio1 = 182.7 161
1− ' 198
Fe ( )
2 5
' 12 × π × 2× 10
Fe = 2 = 5046 MPa
23× ( 1× 10/0.7 )
Hence, ratio1 = 1.56, which is > 1, hence the section is unsafe
161 164
Ratio2 = + = 1.68, which is > 1, hence the section is unsafe
0.6 ×315 198
{check if 30 mm thickness will be safe}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Checking the above design using LRFD approach (Section D, p-108)
This design is based on factored load. Assume the loads to be environmental load and so load factor =
1.35 for all given loads (p-105).
Hence applied stresses are: 1.35x161=217.3 MPA in axial compression, 221.4 MPa in bending
Checking for axial compression (Section D.2.2)
Factored axial compressive stress = 1.35 × 161 = 217.35 MPa
Resistance factor = 0.85.
[ ]
0.5
1× 10 315
Take K = 1, column slenderness parameter = = 0.18, which is < √ 2
π × 0.7 2 ×105
Hence, F cn=[ 1−0.25 ×0.182 ] F y (1)
Checking for local elastic and inelastic buckling,
5 0.02
F xe =2 × 0.3× 2× 10 × = 1200 MPa
2
( ) [ ( ) ]
1 /4
D 2
F xc for given =100 = 1.64−0.23 × × 315 = 287.5 MPa
t 0.02
From this, we get F cn = 285.17 (inserting min of F xe , F x c in Eq. 1, see description of Section D2.2)
With given resistance factor, ϕ c F cn = 242.4 MPa, which is > f c (factored axial compressive stress =
217.35 MPa).
Hence, axial compressive check is OK.
Checking for bending
Follow section D2.3
F y =315 MPa ,
20680/Fy = 65.6
FyD Z
Hence F bn=[0.94−0.76 ] F
Et S y
Note, Z/S is known as shape factor. Use the figure below to evaluate Z.
S = 0.06097 m3 , Z = 0.07841 m3
For the given dimension, Z/S = 1.286
F bn= 332.3 MPa
Allowable bending stress = 332.3 x 0.95 = 315.7 MPa
Applied factored bending stress = 221.4 MPa Hence ok
Checking for combined effect
Follow section D.3.2
Note: effective length factor K is taken as 1. C m is given as 0.8 in the problem.
{[ ]}
2 0.5
217.35 1 0.8 ×221.4
+ +0
0.85 ×285.17 0.85× 332.3 217 .35
Following D.3.2.1, 1− , the ratio = 1.54
315
0.85 × 2
0.18
Note: in this equation, the variable in the denominator is f c , not f e
0.5
Similarly, the second ratio = 1−cos
π
[ 217.3
+ ]
[ 221.4 2 +0 ] = 1.53
2 0.85 × 287.5 0.95× 332.3
Since the ratios are > 1, the section is not safe in combined effect.
For practice, check the section with outer dia = 2.5 m, and thickness = 30 mm.